CHAPTER 4: HEAT

NAME: CLASS:

4.1 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

A) HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

1. Heat is the energy transferred from hot object to cold object. The SI unit for heat is Joule(J)
2. Temperature is degree of hotness and the SI unit for temperature is °C.

B) THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

1. When two object in contact, object with higher temperature will transfer the heat to object with
lower temperature until both objects have same temperature
2. When this happen, it mean both object already reach thermal equilibrium.
3. Meaning of thermal equilibrium:
a) Both object have same temperature
b) Rate of transfer of energy between two object is same
c) Net rate of transfer of energy between two object is zero

C) THERMOMETER

1. Mercury is used in thermometer because

a) Easily to expand or contract uniformly
b) Opaque
c) Not sticky to the glass
2. The sensitivity of a liquid glass thermometer can be increased by
a) having a thin-walled bulb
b) decreasing the diameter of the capillary tube
c) decreasing the size of the bulb

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3. How to determine the reading of thermometer

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PAPER 1

1 Diagram 11 shows three blocks,P, Q and R, at temperatures T 1, T 2, and T3, are in

contact with each other.

Block P Block Q Block R

T1 T2 T3

DIAGRAM 11
Which combination of temperature show the three blocks above are in thermal
equilibrium?

T1 / ºC T 2 / ºC T 3 / ºC
A 25 25 25
B 25 15 25
C 25 35 25
D 35 25 15

2.

Determine the temperature shown in Diagram 12

A 17 ºC
B 64 ºC
C 75 ºC
D 78 ºC
E 91 ºC

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3. If there is no net flow of heat energy between two objects that are in thermal contact,
then the two objects must have the same …………….
A mass
B temperature
C specific heat capacity
D specific latent heat of fusion

4. Diagram 8 shows two metal blocks of different temperature placed together in contact,.

Which of the following statement about thermal equilibrium

A The temperature of block P is equal to the temperature of block

B No net heat flow between block P and block Q
C Equals heat quantity block P and block Q

5. Diagram 15 shows block L and block M of different material are in thermal

equilibrium .

Thermometer
Thermometer
L M

Diagram 15

Which of following statements is true?

A specific heat capacity of L = specfic heat capacity of M

B The net rate of heat transferred is equal
C The net rate of heat transferred is zero
D Temperature of L is higher than temperature of M.

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7. Diagram 14 shows a mercury thermometer when the thermometer is placed in hot water.
Calculate the temperature of the hot water.

Diagram 14/ Rajah 14

A 17.0 ºC

B 34.6 ºC

C 65.4 ºC

D 75.0 ºC

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8. A mercury thermometer is used to measure the temperature of liquid X. The length of the
mercury column at the melting point of ice and steam point are 5 cm and 55 cm respectively.
When the thermometer is immersed in liquid X, the length of the mercury column is 35 cm.
What is the temperature of liquid X?

A 35.0 0C
B 40.0 0C
C 60.0 0C
D 70.0 0C

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PAPER 2 SECTION A

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4.2 UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

A) WHAT IS HEAT CAPACITY

- Heat capacity is the amount of heat energy need to increase 1°C of an object
-
The SI unit for heat capacity J °C-1
-
Example: 200 J °C-1 = 200 J of heat energy need to increase 1°C of an object
-
The larger the heat capacity , the larger amount heat energy need to increase 1 °C

B) SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

- Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy need to increase 1°C for 1 kg object
- The SI unit for specific heat capacity J kg-1 °C-1
- Example: 200 J kg-1 °C-1 for substance A = 400 J of heat energy need to increase 1 °C for 1 kg substance A

Q = quantity heat energy need (SI unit = Joule(J))

m = mass (SI unit = kg)
c = specific heat capacity ( SI unit = J kg-1 °C-1)
- Based on principle conservation of energy we can conclude

Electrical energy = heat energy

Pt = mcƟ

Kinetic energy = heat energy

½ mv2 = mcƟ

- Low specific heat capacity- become hot and cold easily

- High specific heat capacity – not easy to become hot and cold can contain more heat energy
- Water is used as cooling agent in car because high specific heat capacity

Application of specific heat capacity

a) Land breeze
Sea has high specific heat capacity. So it will not lose heat easily. The hot air at sea will rise up and the cool
air from the land will go to the sea

b) Sea breeze
Land has low specific heat capacity. So it will heat up easily. The hot air at land will rise up and the cool air
from sea will go to the land

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PAPER 1

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23 A meteor of mass 500 kg passes through into the earth atmosphere with velocity 2000 ms-1 and causes
the rise of temperature by 1000 0C. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the meteor.

A 500 J kg -1 0C -1
B 1000 J kg -1 0C -1
C 1500 J kg -1 0C -1
D 2000 J kg -1 0C -1

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PAPER 2 SECTION A

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PAPER 2 SECTION B

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PAPER 2 SECTION C

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11. Diagram 11 shows the cross-section of a pressure cooker.
Rajah 11 menunjukkan keratan rentas sebuah periuk tekanan.

Diagram 11
Rajah 11

The pressure cooker is used to cook food in a shorter time.

Periuk tekanan digunakan untuk memasak makanan dalam masa yang singkat.

(a) Explain how the pressure cooker works.

Huraikan bagaimana periuk tekanan berfungsi.
[ 4 marks / 4 markah ]

(b) The lid of the pressure cooker is installed with released valve. What is the function of released
valve?
Penutup periuk tekanan dipasangkan dengan injap pelepas. Apakah fungsi injap pelepas?
[ 1 mark / 1 markah ]

(c) Table 11 shows the characteristics of a pressure cooker.

Jadual 11 menunjukkan ciri-ciri sebuah periuk tekanan.

Material used
Material used
Characteristics for the handle
for the base of Thickness of
Ciri of the pot/
the pot/ the wall of the Rusting
Bahan yang
Bahan yang pot/ Effect/ Kesan
digunakan
digunakan Ketebalan pengaratan
untuk
untuk dasar dinding periuk
Pressure cooker pemegang
periuk
Periuk tekanan periuk
Copper Steel High High
P
Kuprum Keluli Tinggi Tinggi

Iron Wood Low Low

Q
Besi Kayu Rendah Rendah

Copper Wood High Low

R
Kuprum Kayu Tinggi Rendah

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 Iron Steel Low High
S
Besi Keluli Rendah Tinggi
Table 11 / Jadual 11

Study and explain the characteristics of the four pressure cookers. Determine which is
the most suitable pressure cooker which can cook food in a shorter time.
Berdasarkan ciri-ciri dalam jadual di atas, huraikan kesesuaian setiap ciri. Tentukan periuk tekanan
yang paling sesuai untuk memasak makanan dalam masa yang lebih singkat.
[10 marks / markah ]
(d) 500 g of ice at -3 oC is put into a glass and left to melt to room temperature at 30 oC.
500 g ais pada suhu -3oC diletakkan dalam gelas dan dibiarkan mencair pada suhu bilik 30oC.
(i) Sketch the temperature-time graph for the process of the melting ice.
Lakarkan graf suhu-masa bagi proses ais yang mencair itu.
[2 marks / markah]
(ii) Calculate the quantity of heat gain by the melting ice.
5 -1
The latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34 x10 J kg , the specific heat capacity
of water is 4200 J kg-1oC-1 and the specific heat capacity of ice is 2100 J kg-1oC-1
Hitung kuantiti haba yang diserap oleh ais yang mencair.
-1
Haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais ialah 3.34 x10 5 J kg , muatan haba tentu air ialah
4200 J kg-1 oC-1 dan muatan haba tentu ais ialah 2100 J kg-1 oC-1)
[3 marks / markah ]

11.

Diagram 11.1/Rajah 11.1

Diagram 11.1 shows phenomenon which occur in our daily life.

Rajah 11.1 menunjukkan fenomena yang berlaku dalam kehidupan seharian kita.

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(a) What is the meant by specific heat capacity?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan muatan haba tentu?
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(b) (i) Using a physics concept, explain how the phenomenon occurs
Menggunakan konsep fizik terangkan bagaimana fenomena berlaku
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(ii) Name the phenomenon that occurs [1 mark]

Namakan fenomena yang berlaku [1 markah]

(c) A solid substance of mass 0.02 kg, is heated using an immersion heater 240V, 1kW.
Diagram 11.2 shows the heating curve of the solid.
Suatu bahan dalam keadaan pepejal berjisim 0.02 kg dipanaskan menggunakan pemanas rendam 240V,
1kW.
Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan keluk pemanasan bagi pepejal tersebut.

Diagram 11.2
Rajah 11.2

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 Calculate
Hitung
The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance,
(i)
Haba pendam tentu pelakuran bahan itu,

The specific heat capacity of the substance in liquid state,

(ii)
Muatan haba tentu bahan itu dalam keadaan cecair.
[5 marks]
[5 markah]

(d) Diagram 11.3 shows the arrangement of the apparatus to determine the specific heat capacity of
Aluminium block.
Rajah 11.3 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan muatan haba tentu bagi bongkah Aluminium.

Diagram 11.3
Rajah 11.3

Table 11.4 shows the materials that are able to be use in the arrangement of the apparatus. You are
assigned to investigate the materials shown in Table 11.4.

Explain the suitability of each material in Table 11.4, and then determine the most suitable set of apparatus
to be used to determine the specific heat capacity of Aluminium. State the reason for your answer.

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 Set of apparatus Plate X Liquid Y Material Z Power of immersion heater
Set radas Kepingan X Cecair Y Bahan Z Kuasa pemanas rendam

Copper Water Plain Paper

P 24 W
Kuprum Air Kertas biasa

Asbestos Oil Cotton

Q 48 W
Asbestos Minyak Kapas

Copper Water Cotton

R 24 W
Kuprum Air Kapas

Asbestos Oil Plain Paper

S 48 W
Asbestos Minyak Kertas biasa
[10 marks]

PAPER 3 SECTION A

1. Faqihah carried out an experiment to study the relationship between the mass of water, m, and its rise in
temperature, θ, by using 50W immersion heater. She puts 0.4 kg of water into a beaker and its initial temperature,
θ1, is recorded as shown in Diagram 1.1.

Water

Air

Diagram 1.1 / Rajah 1.1

θ 1 = …………..

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The water is then heated by the same immersion heater for two minutes, than the maximum temperature of water, θ
2, is recorded.

To power supply

Ke bekalan kuasa
Thermometer

Termometer

Immersion heater

Pemanas rendam

Diagram 1.2

m = 0.4 kg

θ 2 = …………..

θ = …………..

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Faqihah repeated the experiment for mass of water, m = 0.6 kg , 0.8 kg, 1.0 kg and 1.2 kg. Diagram 1.3, Diagram
1.4, Diagram 1.5 and Diagram 1.6 shows the respective temperature for the various masses of water.

Diagram 1.3 Diagram 1.4

Rajah 1.3 Rajah 1.4

.m = 0.6 kg m = 0.8 kg

θ 2 = ………….. θ 2 = …………..

θ = ………….. θ = …………..

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 Diagram 1.5 Diagram 1.6

m = 1.0 kg m = 1.2 kg

θ 2 = ………….. θ 2 = …………..

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 (a) Based on the experiment described above, identify :
Berdasarkan eksperimen yang diterangkan di atas, kenalpasti :

i. the manipulated variable

………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark /markah]

ii. the responding variable

pembolehubah bergerak balas

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark /markah]

iii. the fixed variable

pembolehubah dimalarkan

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/markah]

(b) (i) Based on Diagram 1.1 on page 2, record the reading of thermometer, . θ1
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1 di halaman 2, catat bacaan thermometer, θ1

θ1 = ……………….

(ii) Based on Diagram 1.2 to Diagram 1.6 on pages 3, 4 and 5, record the readings of θ2 in spaces
provided.

[2 marks /markah]

(iii) For each value of θ, calculate the rise in temperature, θ using the following formula:
Bagi setiap nilai θ, hitung kenaikan suhu, θ menggunakan formula:

θ = θ2 – θ1
.
Record the values, in the space provided
Catatkan nilai , dalam ruang yang disediakan
[2 marks /markah]

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 1
(c) Tabulate your result for m, θ2, θ, and 𝜃
.
1
Jadualkan nilai m, θ2, θ dan 𝜃
.

[ 3 marks/markah]
1
d) Draw a graph of against m on the graph paper provided.
𝜃
1
Lukis graf 𝜃 melawan m dalam kertas graf yang disediakan.
[5 marks / markah]
1
(d) Based on your graph, state the relationship between 𝜃
and m.
1
Berdasarkan graf anda, nyatakan hubungan antara dan m.
𝜃

……………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/markah]

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PAPER 3 SECTION B

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C) SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT

- Latent heat is the amount of heat energy need to change matter phase without change in temperature
- Specific latent heat is amount of heat energy need to change matter phase without change in temperature for
1 kg of substance. The SI unit is J kg -1

AB – solid phase
- specific heat capacity ( Q = mcƟ)
- the energy is used to increase kinetic energy

BC – solid + liquid
- latent heat of fusion (Q = ml)
- the energy used to break the bond between molecules
CD – liquid
- specific heat capacity ( Q = mcƟ)
- the energy used to increase the kinetic energy
DE – liquid + gas
- latent heat of vapourisation (Q = ml)

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 - the energy used to break the bond between molecules

- Latent heat of fusion – the amount of heat needed to change from solid to liquid phase or vice versa without
change in temperature for 1 kg of substance
- Latent heat of vapourisation – the amount of heat needed to change from liquid to gaseous phase or vice
versa without change in temperature for 1 kg of substance

PAPER 1

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21 A substance is heated at a steady rate. It changes from a solid to a liquid, and then to a gas. The graph
1 shows how its temperature changes with time.
.

Graph 1 / Graf 1

Which part of the graph 1 show a change of state taking place?

Bahagian manakah pada graf 1 yang mewakili keadaaan perubahan fasa?

A P and R
B P and S
C Q and R
D Q and S

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PAPER 2 SECTION A

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4.4 UNDERSTANDING GAS LAW

- Boyle’s Law state that pressure is inversely proportional with the volume as the temperature remains
constant

Experiment setup for Boyle’s Law

- Charles’ Law state the volume is directly proportional with the temperature as the pressure is constant

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- Temperature must be in Kelvin.
[ °C + 273 = K]
Example: 30° C to Kelvin
30 °C + 273 = 303 K

- -273°C is called absolute temperature. The kinetic energy of molecule is zero

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 Charles’ Law Experiment
\

- Pressure’s Law state that the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature as the volume is constant

- Temperature must be in Kelvin.

[ °C + 273 = K]
Example: 30° C to Kelvin
30 °C + 273 = 303 K

- -273°C is called absolute temperature. The kinetic energy of molecule is zero

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 Pressure’s Law experiment

PAPER 1

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1 Diagram 16 shows the pressure of a car tyre is 210 kPa at temperature 33°C.

After a long journey, the temperature of the tyre increased to 57°C.

What is the new pressure?
(Volume of the air in the tyre does not change)

A 121.6 kPa
B 194.7 kPa
C 226.5 kPa
D 362.7 kPa

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PAPER 2 SECTION A

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PAPER 3 SECTION B

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