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(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)
(3.4)
adder
multiplier
unit delay
adder
multiplier
unit delay
(3.5)
(3.6)
1. Direct Form
Comparing (3.6) with the convolution formula of (3.18),
correspond to the system impulse response :
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
(3.10)
and
(3.11)
Taking transform on (3.10) and (3.11):
(3.12)
and
(3.13)
Substituting (3.13) into (3.12) yields:
(3.14)
(3.15)
To save the computational complexity, we express (3.9) as:
(3.16)
where , and ,
. That is, all are normalized to 1.
(3.17)
(3.18)
and
(3.19)
(3.20)
where
(3.21)
and
(3.22)
(3.23)
and
(3.24)
Fig.9.9: Direct form of IIR filter
The direct form implementation needs memory
locations, multiplications and additions,
for computing each output value of .
2. Direct Form-II
On the other hand, we can first pass through the filter
to produce an intermediate signal . The is then
passed through the system to give :
(3.25)
and
(3.26)
Applying inverse transform, we get:
(3.27)
and
(3.28)
According to (3.18)-(3.19):
Based on (3.27)-(3.28):
Fig.3.12: Direct form of second-order IIR filter
(3.29)
(3.30)
(3.31)
where , and ,
.
(3.32)
and
and