Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Area of effect
What are Hormones?
Chemical Messengers
Pituitary gland
• Anterior lobe
• Posterior lobe
Figure 13.1
Major processes controlled by the endocrine
system
• Regulation of metabolism…..how? Which hormones?
• Regulation of growth and development …..how?
• Regulation of reproduction ….how?
• Regulation of stress response …..how?
• Regulation of cell permeability …..how?
Major processes controlled by the endocrine system
Synthesis,
secretion &
storage of
hormones
Review your Cell Biology lectures
Figure 45.5
Water-soluble (hydrophilic) Lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)
Polypeptides Steroids
Chemical nature
of hormones
Epinephrine Thyroxine
Hormones: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Signaling by hormones involves
three key events:
– Reception: receptors
– Signal transduction
Target cell
Hormone membrane
receptor Hormone-
receptor
complex
Nucleus
2
Gene activated
DNA
RNA
3
Examples of steroid hormones Protein synthesis
Estrogen
New protein
Progesterone
Testosterone 4
New protein alters
Cortisol cell activity
Cell cytoplasm
Aldosterone
Figure 13.2
Mechanism of
Capillary nonsteroid hormone
action on a target cell
Nonsteroid 1
Interstitial fluid hormone Hormone binds
(first messenger) to receptor
Receptor
Enzyme
Target cell Cyclic AMP
membrane (second messenger)
2
Activates the two-messenger Enzyme 1 activated
Cell cytoplasm
VIA
BLOOD
Transport
Signal receptor protein
TARGET OR
CELL Signal
receptor
Cytoplasmic
response Gene
regulation
Cytoplasmic
response Gene
regulation
NUCLEUS
(a) (b)
Review
• Compare and contrast non-steroid and steroid hormones by:
• Lipid solubility
• How they exert their effect on target cells
• How they are transported in the blood
• Why can’t lipid insoluble hormones enter cells?
• Clinical relevance: Lipid- and water soluble hormones in medicine
Why can some hormones be taken orally, but other hormones must be
injected to be effective?
http://www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/media/Regulation/conte
nt/Regulation/endo2a/screen0.swf
Review
• Functional differences between endocrine system and
nervous system
• Chemical messengers
• Functions of the endocrine system
• Hormone, receptor, target cell relationship
• Chemical categories of hormones
• Amines, peptides and steroids
• Water-soluble vs lipid soluble
Reception – location of receptors
Signal transduction & responses
Transport in blood
Learning Outcomes
• Regulation of hormone secretion
Role of hormonal feedback loops
Role of endocrine gland stimuli
• How the hypothalamus regulates hormone secretion
from pituitary gland
Hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland
Hormones Participate in Negative Feedback Loops
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0
/chapter46/positive_and_negative_feedback.html
Revise
Positive vs Negative feedback
True or False
Revise
Revise
Fig. 13.10
Application: Homeostasis
Fig. 13.8
The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland “master gland”
Brain
Hypothalamus:
Master control center of
the endocrine system
Anterior Posterior
pituitary pituitary
Oxytocin
ADH
Figure 13.5
Posterior Pituitary : oxytocin
Anterior
pituitary
Spinal cord
4
Oxytocin is transported by
2 blood to mammary glands.
Sensory and spinal nerves
carry impulses to the
neuroendocrine cells Posterior
of hypothalamus. pituitary
Milk ejected
Oxytocin
1
Nursing stimulates
nerve receptors
in nipple.
Figure 13.6
Fig. 44-19b
COLLECTING INTERSTITIAL
DUCT FLUID
COLLECTING
ADH (antidiuretic DUCT CELL
ADH
Note the location of the receptor
hormone cAMP
ADH
receptor
• Conserves water
Second messenger
in kidneys signaling molecule
Exocytosis
Aquaporin
water
H2O channels
H2O
(b)
Posterior Pituitary disorders
• Hypersecretion of ADH – syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
(SIADH)
• Effects/symptoms:
• Anterior pituitary
• Controlled by hypothalamus
• Releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus
travel to pituitary through pituitary portal system
• The release of each anterior pituitary hormone is
controlled, at least partially, by the hypothalamus
Neuroendocrine
Hypothalamus cells
1
Neuroendocrine cells
in hypothalamus produce
and secrete releasing and
inhibiting hormones
Blood flow
2
The pituitary portal blood
system carries releasing and
inhibiting hormones directly
to the anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
endocrine cells
3
Posterior
The anterior pituitary
pituitary
produces six hormones
that enter the general
circulation
Figure 13.7
Fig. 13.13
Fig. 13.15
Prolactin (PRL)
Source:
Regulation:
• How is it released?
Figure 25.8
GH: Most of its growth-promoting effects occur during childhood and
adolescence
Growth in the length of
bone is due to GH's effect
on the chondrocytes at
the epiphyseal growth
plate at either end of the In late adolescence, the
bone. This cartilage is epiphyseal growth plate stops
replaced by bone. growing and is completely
replaced by bone making a
further increase in the length of
bone impossible. This is called
epiphyseal plate closure.
Bone development
Antagonistic hormones
Insulin and Glucagon
- Type 1 diabetes
– Type 2 diabetes
– Gestational diabetes
Disorder - Hypoglycemia
People with diabetes have high levels of glucose
in their blood. People with hypoglycemia have
the opposite problem – low blood glucose levels.
Besides fasting, what else might cause
hypoglycemia and why can it be a serious
problem?
Increased _____________(hormone) by
pancreas
Decreased ______________ (hormone) by
pancreas
Overactive _______________________ cells
or underactive ___________________ cells
How the body responds to stress – adrenal gland
Activation of
sympathetic
nerves
Adrenal
medulla
Adrenal
cortex
Norepinephrine
and epinephrine
Target cells
Figure 13.11
Figure 45.21a
(a) Short-term stress response and the adrenal medulla
Stress
Nerve
cell
Nerve cell
Adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine
and norepinephrine.
Figure 13.10
Figure 45.21b
Stress
Hypothalamus
Releasing
hormone
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
ACTH Effects of Effects of
mineralocorticoids: glucocorticoids:
• Hyposecretion
• Hypersecretion
Adrenal Cortex
•Adrenal Sex Hormones - androgens (male) and
estrogens (female)
Thyroid gland hormones control the body’s
metabolism
Thyroxine
Thyroid
Hypothalamus Cold temperatures
gland
Anterior
pituitary
Figure 13.13
Disorders of the Thyroid gland
Conditions Mechanism/symptoms
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
– Digestive tract
– Kidneys
Blood Ca2+
concentration
Increase
Set point
Return of blood Ca2+
toward normal Decrease
Vitamin D
Vitamin D
• Pineal gland
– Melatonin
• May be important in synchronizing the body’s circadian cycle
Endocrine Functions of Digestive System, Heart, Kidney
• Digestive system
– Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin
• Effects on stomach, pancreas, gall bladder
• Heart
– Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
• Helps regulate blood pressure by increasing rate of sodium and water excretion in
the urine
• Kidney
– Erythropoietin
• Stimulates production of erythrocytes
– Renin
• Stimulates aldosterone secretion and constricts blood vessels
Other Chemical Messengers
• Histamine
– Secreted by mast cells in response to injury or allergy
– Initiates and enhances inflammation
• Prostaglandins
– Local control of blood flow
• Nitric oxide
– Multiple functions
• Growth factors
– Local acting, modulate development of specific tissues