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What is This?
The kinetics of nonenzymatic browning at different temperatures (60, 70, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C) of
clarified apple juices, for the varieties Granny Smith and Jonagold with different soluble solids
content were studied. The browning was followed by the variation of absorbance at 420 nm (A.~,&dquo;).
Browning was described by a zero-order kinetical model. The effect of temperature on kinetic
constants can be described by an Arrhenius-type equation. The effect of soluble solids content on the
Arrhenius equation parameters are described by a power-law equation. The Granny Smith juices
present a nonenzymatic browning which was more pronounced than Jonagold juices.
INTRODUCCION
* En los zumos concentrados, uno de los motivos princi-
Address for correspondence: Departanrenf de TL’CrlOIo~~la
d’Alimellts, ETSEA, UIIÏIIC1’sitat dc Lleida, Rovira Roiire, 177 pales de deterioro es la aparici6n del pardeamiento no
2519~R Lleida, Spaill. enzimatico. Este pardeamiento se produce por la
Para mas scparatrrs de este at-tfcitlo dinjanse a: Reprints Depart- reacci6n de Maillard entre los az6cares reductores y
mellt Chapman ~~ Hall, 115 Fifth Al’enue, Nezo York. 10003 New
grupos amino libres (Hodge, 1953 and Cornwell and
York. LI SA.
Wrolstad, 1981). Este tipo de pardeamiento se ve
Additional reprirrts of this article may be obtnined from the
favorecido por las altas temperaturas existentes en la
Reprints Dchartnrerrt, Chapman t> Hall, 115 Fifth Al’enllc, New
York, Nl’ 10003. etapa de evaporaci6n en la concentraci6n de los
Received 20 February 1995; revised 3 April 1995. zumos, variando el grado de pardeamiento segun sea
el contenido en s6lidos solubles (Beveridge and Harri-
son, 1984). Es por ello, que resulta interesante realizar 1991). Tambi6n han utilizado modelos mas comple-
se
un estudio de la variaci6n del color de los zumos con jos, en los que la ecuacion cin6tica de formaci6n de
distinto contenido en s6lidos solubles, a diferentes color se puede describir por una ecuaci6n exponencial
temperaturas. Esto permite obtener las constantes de tres parametros (Toribio and Lozano, 1987; Lozano,
cin6ticas de pardeamiento, a partir de las cuales se 1985 and Toribio and Lozano, 1984). Debido a la
puede preveer el aumento de color en las condiciones simplicidad de los dos primeros modelos, son de mds
fdcil aplicaci6n, y ademas describen perfectamente el
que se dan en los evaporadores, y realizar un mejor
diseno de la etapa de evaporaci6n evitando los par- proceso de pardeamiento.
El objetivo del presente trabajo es el estudio de la
deamientos, que ademas, suelen ser de desarrollo
cinetica de pardeamiento no enzimatico de zumos de
paralelo con los cambios de sabor y aroma del zumo manzana de dos variedades (Granny Smith y Jona-
(Toribio and Lozano, 1986; Labuza, 1972 and Karel,
1984). En los pardeamientos no enzimaticos de zumos gold), y la influencia del contenido en s6lidos solubles
de manzana aparecen tres tipos de reacciones: tipo y de la temperatura de tratamiento sobre el mismo.
Maillard, de aminas con O-quinonas y entre polif-
enoles y metales pesados. De estas tres, se ha demo-
strado que las reacciones entre az6cares reductores y MATERIAL Y METODOS
aminas libres son las que mayoritariamente producen
el pardeamiento no enzimatico (Toribio and Lozano, Se emplearon dos variedades de manzana: Granny
Smith y Jonagold; las muestras de zumo se obtuvieron
1987). Los sustratos mayoritarios son los compuestos
en el laboratorio a partir de manzanas enteras con una
carbonlicos, y en primer lugar los az6cares reductores
(glucosa, fructosa, lactosa), pero tambi6n pueden serlo exprimidora. Este zumo se pas6 a trav6s de un tamiz
dcidos orgdnicos, como por ejemplo el dcido asc6rbico, de acero inoxidable de 0,8 mm de luz para eliminar
la vitamina K, ademas de polifenoles y aromas natu- parte de la pulpa y asi favorecer su posterior clarifica-
rales, entre otros (Cornwell and Wrolstad, 1981 and ci6n. A continuaci6n se afiad16 a este zumo enzimas
amiloliticos y pectinoliticos (Amyloglucosidase y Pec-
Babsky et al., 1986).
Este tipo de reacciones son complejas, lo que hace tinex, NOVO) en una cantidad de 50 mg por cada litro
dificil postular un mecanismo de reaccion, y por tanto, de zumo, dejdndolos actuar durante 24 h a tempera-
deducir una expresi6n cin6tica rigurosa de este pro- tura ambiente. Para evitar posibles fermentaciones se
ceso. La obtenci6n de una expresi6n cin6tica se realiza anadio formaldehido al 0,4%, y 2 h antes de su
estudiando alguna de los componentes que varian a lo filtraci6n se afiad16 bentonita para facilitar la etapa de
clarificaci6n. La filtraci6n se realiz6 en un embudo
largo del proceso. En el caso de zumos de frutas, el
color, y en concreto la absorbancia que el zumo Buchner con un filtro de 45 /.Lm de tamano de poro. El
zumo clarificado se concentr6 a vacio utilizando un
presenta a una longitud de onda de 420 nm, es la
variable que suele utilizarse a tal efecto. Este es un rotavapor Buchi modelo 461, a una temperatura de
m6todo sencillo y efectivo para estudiar este fen6me- 40°C, hasta obtener un concentrado de aproximada-
no, ya que el color es una medida indirecta de la
mente 72°Brix.
concentraci6n de los compuestos polim6ricos colorea- -
tos intermedios de la reacci6n de Maillard (Babsky et Para evaluar los cambios de color, las muestras trata-
al., 1986). das se diluyeron hasta 6°Brix y se midi6 la absorbancia
Para zumos de frutas, las reacciones de par- a 420 nm.
RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION
Cin6tica de pardeamiento no enzimatico
En la Fig. 1 se halla representada la variaci6n de la Por lo que, en principio, ambos modelos podrian
absorbancia relativa A/Ao frente al tiempo de trata- servir para describir dicho pardeamiento. Sin em-
Table 2. Zero-order kinetics of nonenzymatic browning Table 3. Parameters of Arrhenius equation for Granny
for Jonagold apple juices. Smith apple juices.
para la variedad Granny Smith, lo que indica que los Table 4. Parameters of Arrhenius
zumos de esta variedad sufrirdn un pardeamiento mas
equation for Jonagold
apple juices.
rdpido.
Efecto de la temperatura
Para cuantificar el efecto de la temperatura sobre la
cin6tica de pardeamiento no enzimatico, la variacion
de las constantes cin6ticas con la temperatura se
ajustan a una ecuaci6n tipo Arrhenius:
k = Ko exp(Ea/RT) (1)
Para las dos variedades tanto el ajuste como los valores
estimados de los parametros resultan significativos
Tabla 5. Efecto del contenido en s6lidos solubles en los par6metros de la ecuaci6n de Arrhenius.
contenido ens6lidos solubles, y para evaluar si existe and Jonagold varieties with different soluble solids
una dependencia, los resultados de estas tablas se content studied. The browning was followed by
were
ajustaron a ecuaciones tipo potencial y exponencial: the variation of absorbance at 420 nm (A420)-
The samples were prepared from the Granny Smith
and Jonagold varieties of apple. A juice with 72°Brix in
soluble-solid content were obtained by squeezing and
Los mejores ajustes se obtuvieron con el modelo depectination (enzymic treatment with amyloglucosi-
dase and Pectines, NOVO, was used to remove the
potencial (Tabla 5), obteni6ndose que tanto los ajustes
y como los estimados de los parametros resultaron pectin). The resulting juice was clarified by sedimenta-
tion and filtration and was finally concentrated by
significativos para un nivel de probabilidad del 95%.
De todo lo expuesto, desde el punto de vista indus- evaporation. Using this sample, several apple juices
trial, para los intervalos de s6lidos solubles y temper- with different soluble solids content (60, 50, 40, 30, and
aturas de tratamiento estudiados, la variedad Jon- 20°Brix) were obtained by adding distilled water.
agold seria m6s aconsejable para la produccion de The heating treatment of apple juices samples was
zumos concentrados que la variedad Granny Smith, carried out at different temperatures (70, 80, 85, 90,
ya que esta ultima presenta un deterioro mds rdpido. and 95°C) and was described in an earlier work (Ibarz
et al., 1989). In order to evaluate the color changes, the
treated samples were diluted to 6°Brix, and their
SYNOPSIS absorbance at 420 nm were measured.
All the analytical determinations were performed
In concentrated fruit juices, one of the principal causes twice. The amount of soluble solids were determined
of deterioration is the nonenzymatic browning. The using the method of AOAC (1980) No. 932.12. Color
Maillard reaction is the principal origin of nonenzy- was determined by measuring the absorbance at 420
matic browning, which include reactions between nm in a Philips PU 8720 spectrophotometer using
carbonyl and free amino groups. It is very important 1-cm cells. The water activity was measured with a
to study the variation of the color of the juices at Novasina Humidal 1C 1 apparatus at 25°C.
different temperatures and soluble-solid concentra- In order to evaluate the nonenzymatic browning
tions to obtain the kinetic constants of the juice kinetics for the apple juices, the absorbance of diluted
browning. This allows us to estimate the juice brown- juice at different treatment times were measured for
ing under evaporators conditions, and consequently the different temperatures tested, Fig. 1 shows the
makes for a better design of the evaporation stein, to relative absorbance A/An against the time for the
decreasing the browning effects and changes odors Jonagold apple juices treated at 95°C level. Similar
and flavors. figures were obtained for other temperatures and
Usually, the kinetics of these reactions are of zero or Granny Smith apple juices.
first orders; sometimes it is difficult to distinguish The evolution of relative absorbance and time was
between these two orders. In the literature, there are fitted to straight lines, using the least squares method
cases in which either zero or first order has been for the two kinetic models. In all cases, both the fit and
applied in kinetics nonenzymatic browning studies. the parameter stimations were significant at the 95%
In this work, the kinetics of nonenzymatic brown- level. Both models gave a good description of the
ing at different temperatures (60, 70, 80, 85, 90, and nonenzymatic browning kinetics, but the zero-order
95°C) of clarified apple juices, for the Granny Smith model presented higher values of correlation coeffi-
cients. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of the fitted 2. Cornwell CJ, Wrolstad RE (1981). Causes of browning in
parameters for the zero order for the two apple juice pear juice concentrate during storage.J Food Sci 46:
varieties. It is observed that the kinetic constants 515-518.
increase as the temperature and/or the soluble solids 3. Beveridge T, Harrison JE (1984). Nonenzymatic brown-
compounds increase. The constants for the Granny ing in pear juice concentrate at elevated temperatures. J
Smith apple juices are higher than Jonagold juices; Food Sci 49: 1335-1340.
4. Toribio JL, Lozano JE (1986). Heat induced browning in
consequently, for the first juice, the nonenzymatic
browning is faster than the second one. apple juice at high temperatures. J Food Sci 51: 172.
5. Labuza TP (1972). Nutrient losses during drying and
In order to evaluate the temperature influence on
storage of dehydrated foods. CRC Crit Rev Food Technol 3:
nonenzymatic browning kinetics, the variation of the 217.
kinetics constants with temperature was fitted to the
6. Karel M (1984). Chemical effects in food stored at room
Arrhenius equation (Tables 3 and 4). It was observed
that the activation energy decreased as the water temperature.J Chem Educ 61: 335-339.
7. Toribio JL, Lozano JE (1987). Formation of 5-hydroxy
activity increased, and the soluble-solid content de- methylfurfural in clarified apple juice during heating at
creased. The Granny Smith juices present activation elevated temperatures. Lebensm Wiss Technol 20: 59-64.
energies values higher than Jonagold juices, conse- 8. Babsky NE, Toribio JL, Lozano JE (1986). Influence of
quently, for the same soluble solids content, the storage on composition of clarified apple juice concen-
Granny Smith juices are more sensitive to nonenzy- trate.J Food Sci 51: 564-567.
matic browning than the Jonagold juices. 9. Ibarz A, Casero T, Miguelsanz R, Pagan J (1989). Cinética
The Arrhenius equation parameters varied with the de pardeamiento no enzimático de concentrado de
soluble-solid content (Tables 3 and 4). In order to zumo de pera almacenado a distintas temperaturas. Rev
evaluate the influence of this content, the variation of Agroquím Tecnol Aliment 29: 407-413.
activation energy and frequency factor values with 10. Ibarz A, Bermejo ML (1991). Efecto de la temperatura de
soluble-solid content were fitted a power model (Table almacenamiento sobre zumos concentrados de pera. Rev
5). The estimates and fits were significant at the 95% Agroquím Tecnol Aliment 31: 195-204.
level. 11. Lozano JE (1985). Influencia del procesamiento sobre las
For the temperatures and soluble-solid content stud- propiedades del zumo de manzana concentrado. Informe
ied in the present work, the Jonagold juices would be anual del CONICET, Plapiqui, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
12. Toribio JL, Lozano JE (1984). Nonenzymatic browning in
better than the Granny Smith variety for the produc-
tion of concentrated juices. apple juice concentrate during storage. J Food Sci 49:
889-892.
13. Ibarz A, Casero T, Miguelsanz R, Pagan J (1989). Efecto
de la temperatura en la cinética de pardeamiento no
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