CONDENSATION IN DROP AND FILM FORM

AIM:

To study the condensation in the drop form and films.

APPARATUS:

1. steam generator

2. condensers
3. temperature indicator
4. selector switch
5. heater
6. main switch

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. condensers-made of copper 19mm outer dia, 150mm long, one with natural
surface and one it chrome plated surface
2. Rotameter for water flow measurement.
3. Steam generator
4. Multichannel digital temperature indicator

5. thermocouples.
6. Pressure gauge to measure pressure.
7. Necessary valves for water and steam control.

THEORY:

Condensation of vapor is needed in many of the processes, like steam

condensers, refrigeration etc. when vapor comes in contact with the surface having
temperature lower than saturation temperature, condensation occurs. When the
condensate formed wets the surface, a film is formed over the surface and the
condensation is film wise condensation. When condensate does not wet the
surface, drops are formed over the surface and condensation is drop wise
condensation.

The apparatus consists of two condensers, which are fitted inside a glass
cylinder, which is clamped between two flanges. Steam from steam generator
enters the cylinder through a separator. Water is circulated through the condensers.
One of the condenser is with natural surface finish to promote film wise
condensation and the other is chrome plated to create drop wise condensation.
Water flow is measure by rotameter. Various temperatures are measured by digital
temperature indicator. Steam pressure is measured by a pressure gauge. Thus heat
transfer coefficients in drop wise and film wise condensation can be calculated.

PROCEDURE:

Fill up water in the steam generator and close the water filling valve. Start
water supply through the condensers. close the steam control valve, switch on the
supply and start the heater. After some time, steam will be generated. Open water
flow through the condensers. Open steam control valve and allow steam to enter
the cylinder and pressure gauge show some reading. Open drain valve and ensure
that air in the cylinder is expelled out. Close the drain valve and observe the
condensers. Depending on the condensers in the operation, drowse or film wise
condensation will be observed. Wait for some time for steady state, and note down
all the readings.
OBSERVATIONS:

S.No 1 2
Steam pressure, kg/cm2
Water flow rate LPH
Steam temperature-T10C
Drop condeer. surface temperature-T20C
Film
0
condenser surface temperature-T3
3
C
Water inlet temperature-T40C
Water outlet temperature form drop
5
wise condersor-T5 0C

Water outlet temperature form film wise

condensorT60C

CALCULATION:

(Film wise condensation)

Water flow=Lph= w kg/see

0
Water inlet temp.T4= c
0
Water outlet temp. = c

(T5 for drop wise condensation T6 for film wise condensation)

Heat transfer rate at condenser wall

Q=W.CP.(T5-T4)watts.

Where cp=specific heat of water=4.2*103j/kgk

Surface area of the condenser A=9.24*10-3m3

Heat transfer coefficient,

H1=q/A (TS-TW) W/m20c

Where TS=temperature of steam= (T1)

And TW=condenser wall temperature (T2 orT3)

Theoretically, for film wise condensation

Hl= ((λ.ρ2.g.k3)/ (TS-TW).µ.L) 0.25

Where

λ= total heat of steam at TS,j/kg

ρ=density of water, kg/m3

g=gravitational acceleration/see2

k=thermal conductivity of water w/m0c

µ=viscosity o water-s/m2

L=length of condenser=0.15m

Above valves at mean temperature, Tm= (TS+TW)/20c

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Operate all the switches and controls gently.

2. Never allow the steam to enter the cylinder unless the water is flowing
through condenses.
3. Always ensure that the equipment is earthed properly before switching on
the supply.

RESULT & CONCLUSION: