Compresor scroll

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Mecanismo de una bomba de desplazamiento; aquí

dos espirales arquímedes
Operación de un compresor scroll

Un compresor scroll (también llamado

compresor espiral , bomba scroll y
bomba de vacío scroll ) es un dispositivo
para comprimir aire o refrigerante. [1] Se
utiliza en equipos de aire acondicionado ,
como un sobrealimentador de
automóviles (donde se conoce como un
sobrealimentador tipo scroll ) y como
una bomba de vacío . Muchos sistemas
de aire acondicionado y bomba de calor
central residencial y algunos sistemas de
aire acondicionado automotriz emplean
un compresor scroll en lugar de los
compresores rotativos , alternativos y de
placa oscilante más tradicionales .

Un compresor scroll que funciona en

reversa se conoce como expansor scroll
y puede usarse para generar trabajo
mecánico a partir de la expansión de un
fluido, aire comprimido o gas.

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Play media
Animation of Spinning Scroll Compressor

Léon Creux first patented a scroll

compressor in 1905 in France and the US
(Patent number 801182).[2] Creux
invented the compressor as a rotary
steam engine concept, but the metal
casting technology of the period was not
sufficiently advanced to construct a
working prototype, since a scroll
compressor demands very tight
tolerances to function effectively. In the
1905 patent, Creux defines a co-orbiting
or spinning reversible steam expander
driven by a fixed radius crank on a single
shaft.[3] However, the scroll expander
engine could not overcome the
machining hurdles of radial compliance
inherit to achieving efficiency in scroll
operation that would not be adequately
addressed until the works of Niels Young
in 1975.[4] The first practical scroll
compressors did not appear on the
market until after World War II, when
higher-precision machine tools enabled
their construction. In 1981, Sanden
began manufacturing the first
commercially available scroll
compressors for automobile air
conditioners.[5][1] They were not
commercially produced for air
conditioning until 1983 when Hitachi
launched the world's first air conditioner
with a scroll compressor.[6][7]

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A scroll compressor uses two
interleaving scrolls to pump, compress or
pressurize fluids such as liquids and
gases. The vane geometry may be
involute, Archimedean spiral, or hybrid
curves.[8][9][10][11][12]

Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the

other orbits eccentrically without
rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or
compressing pockets of fluid between
the scrolls. Another method for
producing the compression motion is co-
rotating the scrolls, in synchronous
motion, but with offset centers of
rotation. The relative motion is the same
as if one were orbiting.
Leaks from axial gaps are prevented by
the use of spiral-shaped tip seals, placed
into grooves on the tips of both
spirals.[13] These tip seals also help lower
the friction and can be replaced when
worn down.

Another variation is with flexible (layflat)

tubing where the archimedean spiral acts
as a peristaltic pump, which operates on
much the same principle as a toothpaste
tube. They have casings filled with
lubricant to prevent abrasion of the
exterior of the pump tube and to aid in
the dissipation of heat, and use
reinforced tubes, often called 'hoses'.
This class of pump is often called a 'hose
pumper'. Since there are no moving parts
in contact with the fluid, peristaltic
pumps are inexpensive to manufacture.
Their lack of valves, seals and glands
makes them comparatively inexpensive
to maintain, and the hose or tube is a
low-cost maintenance item compared to
other pump types.

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Air conditioner compressor
Vacuum pump
Superchargers for automobile
applications, e.g. Volkswagen's G-
Lader

Comparación de ingeniería
con otras bombas
Scroll compressor

These devices are known for operating

more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than
conventional compressors in some
applications.[14] Unlike pistons, the
orbiting scroll’s mass can be perfectly
counterbalanced, with simple masses, to
minimize vibration. (An orbiting scroll
cannot be balanced if Oldham coupling is
used.) The scroll’s gas processes are
more continuous. Additionally, a lack of
dead space gives an increased
volumetric efficiency.

Rotations and pulse flow

The compression process occurs over

approximately 2 to 2½ rotations of the
crankshaft, compared to one rotation for
rotary compressors, and one-half rotation
for reciprocating compressors. The scroll
discharge and suction processes occur
for a full rotation, compared to less than
a half-rotation for the reciprocating
suction process, and less than a quarter-
rotation for the reciprocating discharge
process. Reciprocating compressor have
multiple cylinders (typically, anywhere
from two to six), while scroll
compressors only have one compression
element. The presence of multiple
cylinders in reciprocating compressors
reduces suction and discharge
pulsations. Therefore, it is difficult to
state whether scroll compressors have
lower pulsation levels than reciprocating
compressors as has often been claimed
by some suppliers of scroll compressors.
The more steady flow yields lower gas
pulsations, lower sound and lower
vibration of attached piping, while having
no influence on the compressor
operating efficiency.

Valves

Scroll compressors never have a suction

valve, but depending on the application
may or may not have a discharge valve.
The use of a dynamic discharge valve is
more prominent in high pressure ratio
applications, typical of refrigeration.
Typically, an air-conditioning scroll does
not have a dynamic discharge valve. The
use of a dynamic discharge valve
improves scroll compressor efficiency
over a wide range of operating
conditions, when the operating pressure
ratio is well above the built-in pressure
ratio of the compressors. If the
compressor is designed to operate near
a single operating point, then the scroll
compressor can actually gain efficiency
around this point if there is no dynamic
discharge valve present (since there are
additional discharge flow losses
associated with the presence of the
discharge valve as well as discharge
ports tend to be smaller when the
discharge is present).[15][16]

Efficiency
The isentropic efficiency of scroll
compressors is slightly higher than that
of a typical reciprocating compressor
when the compressor is designed to
operate near one selected rating point.[17]
The scroll compressors are more
efficient in this case because they do not
have a dynamic discharge valve that
introduces additional throttling losses.
However, the efficiency of a scroll
compressor that does not have a
discharge valve begins to decrease as
compared to the reciprocating
compressor at higher pressure ratio
operation. This is a result of under-
compression losses that occur at high
pressure ratio operation of the positive
displacement compressors that do not
have a dynamic discharge valve.

The scroll compression process is nearly

100% volumetrically efficient in pumping
the trapped fluid. The suction process
creates its own volume, separate from
the compression and discharge
processes further inside. By comparison,
reciprocating compressors leave a small
amount of compressed gas in the
cylinder, because it is not practical for the
piston to touch the head or valve plate.
That remnant gas from the last cycle
then occupies space intended for suction
gas. The reduction in capacity (i.e.
volumetric efficiency) depends on the
suction and discharge pressures with
greater reductions occurring at higher
ratios of discharge to suction pressures.

Fiabilidad
Scroll compressors have fewer moving
parts than reciprocating compressors
which, theoretically, should improve
reliability. According to Emerson Climate
Technologies, manufacturer of Copeland
scroll compressors, scroll compressors
have 70 percent fewer moving parts than
conventional reciprocating
compressors.[18]

In 2006 a major manufacturer of food

service equipment, Stoelting, chose to
change the design of one of their soft
serve ice cream machines from
reciprocating to scroll compressor. They
found through testing that the scroll
compressor design delivered better
reliability and energy efficiency in
operation.[19]

Size

Scroll compressors tend to be very

compact and smooth running and so do
not require spring suspension. This
allows them to have very small shell
enclosures which reduces overall cost
but also results in smaller free
volume.[20] This is a weakness in terms
of liquid handling. Their corresponding
strength is in the lack of suction valves
which moves the most probable point of
failure to the drive system which may be
made somewhat stronger. Thus the
scroll mechanism is itself more tolerant
of liquid ingestion but at the same time is
more prone to experience it in operation.
The small size and quiet operation of a
scroll compressor allow for the unit to be
built into high power density computers,
like IBM mainframes. Scroll compressors
also simplify the piping design, since
they require no external connection for
the primary coolant.

Ver también
 Compressed air battery
Gas compressor
Pump
Vacuum pump

Referencias
1. McCullough, John E. "Japanese and
American Competition in the
Development of Scroll Compressors
and its impact on the American Air
Conditioning Industry" . U.S.
Department of Energy Office of
Scientific and Technical Information
(OSTI). U.S. Department of Energy.
Retrieved 26 April 2019.
2. US 801182 , Creux, Léon, "Rotary
Engine"
3. Bush, James W.; Beagle, Wayne P.
(1994). "Co-Orbiting Scroll Design
and Operational Characteristics" .
Purdue e-Pubs. Retrieved 3 June
2019.
4. Young, Niels O. (April 1, 1975). "US
Patent 3,874,827 "Positive
Displacement Scroll Apparatus With
Axial Radially Compliant Scroll
Member".
5. "History" . Sanden Corporation.
Sanden International (Europe) Ltd.
Retrieved 9 May 2019.
6. http://www.hitachi.com/corporate/a
bout/history/1981.html
7. Gerken, David T.; Calhoun, John L.
(March 2000). "Design Review of
Cast Aluminum Scroll Compressor
Components" . SAE 2000 World
Congress. SAE International.
Retrieved 2007-02-21.
8. US 4216661 , Tojo, Kenji, "Scroll
Compressor With Means For End
Plate Bias And Cooled Gas Return To
Sealed Compressor Spaces"
9. US 4522575 , Tischer, J. & R Utter,
"Scroll Machine Using Discharge
Pressure For Axial Sealing"
10. US 4767293 , Caillat, J.; R.
Weatherston & J Bush, "Scroll-Type
Machine With Axially Compliant
Mounting"
11. US 4875838 , Richardson, Jr.,
Hubert, "Scroll Compressor With
Orbiting Scroll Member Biased By Oil
Pressure"
12. US 4834633 , Etemad, S.; D.
Yannascoli & M. Hatzikazakis, "Scroll
Machine With Wraps Of Different
Thicknesses"
13. Mitsuhiro Fukuta; Daisuke Ogi;
Masaaki Motozawa; Tadashi
Yanagisawa; Shigeki Iwanami;
Tadashi Hotta (July 14–17, 2014).
 Seal Mechanism of Tip Seal in Scroll
Compressor . 22nd International
Compressor Engineering Conference
at Purdue. p. 1255.
14. "HVAC Compressor" . Powered by
The People Resources Company.
July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
15. Jim Wheeler (November 1988).
"Scroll Compressors: The Inside
Story". Contracting Business. Penton
Media: 36.
16. Bush, James W.; Elson, John P. (July
1988). "Scroll Compressor Design
Criteria for Residential Air
Conditioning and Heat Pump
Applications". Proceedings of the
 1988 International Compressor
Engineering Conference. 1: 83–92.
17. Elson, John P.; Kaemmer, Norbert;
Wang, Simon; Perevozchikov,
Michael (14–17 July 2008). "Scroll
Technology: An Overview of Past,
Present, and Future Developments" .
International Compressor
Engineering Conference. Retrieved
9 May 2019.
18. "Scroll Compressors: Design
Benefits" . Emerson Climate
Technologies. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
19. Russell, Jill (February 2006).
"Commercial Foodservice
Equipment, A Continuous Cool" .
 Appliance Magazine. Retrieved
2007-01-10.
20. Mraz, Stephen. "Scanning for Ideas:
Air Squared developed world's
smallest continuous-duty scroll
compressor" . Machine Design.
Penton Media, Inc. Retrieved 25 May
2019.

Enlaces externos

Wikimedia Commons has media

related to Scroll compressors.

Copeland Compressors 111 , video

showing how the scroll compressor
works
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Scroll_compressor&oldid=915531604"

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