FN MRSA To Determine The Nonlinear Seismic Demands of Tall Bldgs

Fawad A.
Najam A Modified Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure

Pennung Warnitchai (MRSA) to Determine the Nonlinear Seismic Demands
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand
Email: fawad.ahmed.najam@ait.ac.th of Tall Buildings
The Earthquake Problem
Building
Linear/Nonlinear Analysis
Model
Characterization of Seismic
Ground Motions
Fault Future ground shaking

Rock
Site
Soil
Site Response
Estimation of Linear/Nonlinear
Ground motion Seismic Demands
can be amplified
by soil
• Global-level Responses
• Inter-story Responses
Attenuation • Component-level Responses
Seismic waves lengthen
and diminish in strength
as they travel away from
the ruptured fault.
Design of Tall Buildings: Trends and Advancements for Structural Performance (24 – 25 April 2017, NUST, Islamabad) 2
Simplified
Structural
………
Models
Triangular
Simplified
……… Seismic Simplified Estimation of Simplified ………
Analysis Seismic Demands Loading
Procedures
Any Modal Expansion

combination of
simplified
approaches
Dynamic Response of Structures – The Concept of Vibration Mode Shapes
Structural Models The World of Linear Elastic Seismic
Analysis of Structures
The Linear Response

Detailed 3D
History Analysis (LRHA)
Linear Model Procedure
(Direct Integration)
Relative Uncertainty
Low
Linear Elastic Modal Analysis, Spectral Analysis,

Standard Response Spectrum Analysis
MDF Model
(RSA) Procedure
High
The Equivalent Lateral Force
Procedure (LSPs)
Linear Elastic
SDF Model or
Seismic
Loading
Static Single Lateral Static Multiple Lateral Ground Motions
Load Vector Load Vectors
Structural Models The World of Nonlinear Seismic
Analysis of Structures
Detailed 3D The Detailed Nonlinear

Nonlinear Model Response History Analysis
(NLRHA) Procedure
Relative Uncertainty
Low
Equivalent The NLRHA Procedure

The Multi-mode Pushover
using Simplified MDF
Nonlinear MDF Analysis Procedures
Model
Model
High
The Nonlinear Static The NLRHA Procedure
Procedures (NSPs) using Simplified SDF
Model
Equivalent
Nonlinear SDF
Model
Seismic
Loading
Static Single Lateral Static Multiple Lateral Ground Acceleration
Load Vector Load Vectors Records
The Standard RSA Procedure (ASCE 7-10, IBS 2012, EC 8)
Linear Elastic Model Determine Spectral Acceleration Determine Elastic Base Shears Reduce Elastic Base Shear to account for
for each Significant Mode inelasticity
Spectral Acceleration (SA)

N
Force
𝐹𝑒𝑙
Stories 𝑆𝐴3
For Initial … 𝑅 = Response Modification
Viscous Damping Factor, ASCE 7 (or
Behavior Factor, EC 8)
𝑆𝐴2
𝜙1 𝜙2 𝜙3 𝐹𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑒𝑙
𝑉𝑖𝑛 =
𝑉𝑏1 𝑉𝑏2 𝑉𝑏3 𝑅
𝑆𝐴1
Eigen-value Analysis 𝑁
𝕂 − 𝜔2 𝕄 Φ = 𝕆 ∆𝑒𝑙 = ∆𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝛤𝑛 . 𝑚𝑖 . 𝜙𝑖,𝑛 . 𝑆𝐴𝑛
Determine Modal Properties 𝑇3 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑖=1
Time Period (sec) Displacement
𝑇𝑖 , 𝜙𝑖 , 𝛤𝑖 𝑉𝑒𝑙 = (𝑉𝑏1 )2 + (𝑉𝑏2 )2 + (𝑉𝑏3 )2 + …
Problem (𝑉𝑏1 )2 + (𝑉𝑏2 )2 + (𝑉𝑏3 )2 + …

• Different modes undergoes different levels of 𝑉𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 =
𝑅
nonlinearity.
• Reducing elastic responses of every mode by the
(𝑀𝑏1 )2 + (𝑀𝑏2 )2 + (𝑀𝑏3 )2 + …
𝑀𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 =
same R factor is not correct. 𝑅
• Several ‘modified’ RSA procedures have been 𝐶𝑑 (∆𝑒𝑙1 )2 + (∆𝑒𝑙2 )2 + (∆𝑒𝑙3 )2 + …
proposed—using different R factor for different mode. ∆=
𝑅
The Original Intent of R
• Basic Idea:
45
• A structure can be economically designed for a “fraction” The elastic forces obtained from the
of the estimated elastic seismic design forces, while 40 standard RSA procedure
maintaining the basic life safety performance objective.
Story Level
35
The RSA elastic forces reduced by 𝑅
30
• The intent of R is to simplify the structural design forces The inelastic forces obtained from the
25 NLRHA procedure
such that only linearly elastic static analysis is needed for
most building design. 20 The underestimation causing a “false
sense of safety” due to directly reducing
15 the RSA elastic forces by 𝑅 factor
• “R” factor can be traced back to a “K” factor which 10

The “reward” of making
a nonlinear model
appeared in the first edition of the Blue Book (SEAOC
5
Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and
Commentary) in 1959. 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Story Shear (x106 N)
What “R” to use?
US West New
Structural Type and Material Japan Europe
Coast Zealand**
Concrete Frame 8 1.8 – 3.3 9 5.85
Concrete Structural Wall 5 1.8 – 3.3 7.5 4.4
Steel Frame 8 2.0 – 4.0 9 6.3
Steel Eccentrically Braced Frame 8 2.0 – 4.0 9 6.0
Masonry Walls 3.5 - 6 3.0
Timber Structural Walls - 2.0 – 4.0 6 5.0
Pre-stressed Wall 1.5 - - -
Dual Wall/Frame 8 1.8 – 3.3 6 5.85
Bridges 3–4 3.0 6 3.5
**Sp factor of 0.67 incorporated
Source: “Direct Displacement-based Design” by Priestley MJN et al., 2007
What “R” to use?
Our Approach
Is it justified to “equally”
modify the response of Lets separate them and
each vibration mode? check one-by-one
R ???
What actually happens to the structure during the time history analysis?
The Concept of Modal Decomposition
Modal Decomposition of Nonlinear Seismic Responses
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Classical Modal Analysis ≅

+ + +…
A Detailed 3D Elastic
Structural Model
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
The Uncoupled Modal Response ≅ F
History Analysis (UMRHA) NL F F
D
+ D NL + D
NL +…
A Detailed 3D Inelastic
Structural Model
The Uncoupled Modal Response History Analysis (UMRHA) Procedure
≅
+ + + + + +…
The Equivalent Single-degree-of-freedom (SDF) System
Full 3D Nonlinear MDF Model Monotonic Pushover Analysis Determination of Pushover Curve Idealization of Pushover Curve Equivalent SDF System
𝐹𝑛 𝑉𝑏1 𝐹1
𝑥1𝑟
.
.
.
𝐹1 𝑥1𝑟 𝐷1
𝑉𝑏1
Monotonic Pushover Analysis
A 44-story Case Study Building
No Crack
Cracked
Base Shear vs. Roof Drift Ratio
Pushover Curve (Strong Direction)

3D View Elevation View
Cyclic Pushover Analysis
Δ
Base Shear (V)
Roof Drift (Δ)
V
Mapping the Cyclic Response to an Equivalent SDF System
0.05
)
0.03
Normalized Base Shear (
0.01
-0.0075 -0.005 -0.0025 0 0.0025 0.005 0.0075

-0.01 Roof Drift ( )
Reversed-cyclic Pushover Analysis (Solid Line)

-0.03 Response of an equivalent SDF system under a
ground motion
-0.05
The CONCLUSION – Each Mode is Different …
Normalized Base Shear (𝑽𝒃𝟏 /𝑾) 𝑽𝒃𝟐 /𝑾 𝑽𝒃𝟑 /𝑾

0.1 0.2 0.4
0.08 Mode 1 0.15 0.3

Mode 2
0.06 Mode 3
0.1 0.2
0.04
0.05 0.1
0.02
0 0 0
-0.02
-0.05 -0.1
-0.04
-0.1 -0.2
-0.06
-0.15 -0.3
-0.08
-0.1 -0.2 -0.4

-0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 -0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 -0.006 -0.004 -0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006
Roof Drift (𝒙𝒓𝟏 /𝑯) Roof Drift (𝒙𝒓𝟐 /𝑯) Roof Drift (𝒙𝒓𝟑 /𝑯)
Cyclic pushover curve

Idealized SDF system
The CONCLUSION – Each Lollipop is Different …
≅
+ + + + + +…
From UMRHA to The Modified Response Spectrum Analysis (MRSA)
What Happens when a System Starts Experiencing Nonlinearity?
Natural Period
Elongation
Additional Hysteretic
Damping
Natural Period Elongation
The Basic Concept of Modified Response Spectrum Analysis (MRSA)
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
≅ F
NL F
F
+…
D
+ D NL + NL
D
Nonlinear Structure
Uncoupled Modal Response History Analysis (UMRHA)

Detailed 3D Nonlinear Response
History Analysis (NLRHA) ≅
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
NLRHA
F
F
EL
+…
D F
EL
+ D
+ EL
UMRHA D
𝑇𝑒𝑞1 , 𝜉𝑒𝑞1 𝑇𝑒𝑞2 , 𝜉𝑒𝑞2 𝑇𝑒𝑞3 , 𝜉𝑒𝑞3

MRSA
Modified Response Spectrum Analysis (MRSA)
The Basic Concept of Modified Response Spectrum Analysis (MRSA)
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
F
F F
≅
D
+ D + D + …
Linear Elastic Structure

𝑆𝐴 3
For Initial
Viscous Damping 𝑆𝐴 2
𝑆𝐴1
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3
Time Period (sec) Time Period (sec) Time Period (sec) Time Period (sec)
Conversion of a Nonlinear System in to an “Equivalent Linear” System
Force Force
Hysteretic K 𝑒𝑞 K 𝑒𝑞
Equal-Energy Assumption Damping (𝜉ℎ ) Equivalent Viscous
Energy dissipated by total Damping (𝜉𝑒𝑞 )
damping in a Nonlinear K𝑖
System
𝐸𝐷 (𝑥)
= ≅
Energy dissipated by
equivalent viscous damping in 𝐸𝑠𝑜 (𝑥)
an equivalent linear system
𝑥𝑜
𝑥𝑜 Displacement Displacement
1 𝐸𝐷 (𝑥 ) 𝐸𝐷 (𝑥 ) Total 𝜉𝑒𝑞 = Sum of Equivalent

𝜉ℎ = =
4𝜋 𝐸𝑠𝑜 (𝑥 ) 2𝜋 K 𝑒 𝑥𝑜 2 Inherent Damping and
Equivalent Hysteretic Damping
Converted to An Equivalent Linear System with Elongated Period and

A Nonlinear System Additional Damping
Evaluation of the MRSA Procedure - 3 Case study Buildings
• Located in Bangkok, Thailand
• Heights vary from 20 to 44 stories
• RC slab-column frames carry gravity

loads
• RC walls & cores resist lateral loads
• Masonry infill walls extensively used
• Designed for wind loads, but not for

seismic effects
• Possess configuration irregular features

commonly found in typical tall buildings,
such as podium and non-symmetrical
44 Story 33 Story 20 Story arrangement of RC walls, etc.
B1 B2 B3
Ground Motions
0.35
Spectral Acceleration (g)

Short-Period Target Spectrum and
Matched Ground Motions – Set 2
0.3
UHS Target Spectrum and Matched
Ground Motions – Set 1
0.25
Long-Period Target Spectrum

0.2 and Matched Ground Motions
– Set 3
0.15
0.1
0.05 Target
Mean of Matched
Individual Ground Motions
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time Period (sec)
0.4 0.5
Set 1 2.5%-damped Set 2
2.5%-damped

Mean Spectrum
Mean Spectrum 0.4

0.3
5%-damped
5%-damped 0.3 Mean Spectrum
0.2 Mean Spectrum
0.2
7.5%-damped
0.1 Mean Spectrum
0.1 7.5%-damped
Mean Spectrum
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 1 2 3 4
Period (sec) Period (sec)
0.3
5%-damped Set 3
Target 2.5%-damped
Mean Spectrum
Mean Spectrum
Mean of Matched GMs
Individual Ground Motions 0.2
0.1
7.5%-damped
Mean Spectrum
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Period (sec)
Ground Motions
Set 4
1.4
𝜉 = 2.5%
5%-damped Target Response Spectrum
Mean of Matched Ground Motions
Spectral Acceleration (g) 1.2 Individual Ground Motions
𝜉 = 5%
1
Typical Code Target Spectrum
𝜉 = 10% and Matched Ground Motions
0.8 – Set 4
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Period (sec)
Nonlinear Modeling of Case Study Buildings
Rigid Link
Fiber section Level m

element (concrete
and steel fibers) Linear shear
Linear-elastic frame spring
element (shear
Concrete and
deformation excluded)
Steel fibers
Linear shear spring
Level m-1
Masonry Infill Wall Model (FEMA 356) Lumped Fibers for RC Columns MVLEM for RC Walls
Shear wall’s steel bars begin Column’s bars begin to
to yield in compression yield in compression
0.09
Strong (𝑥) Direction Columns
begin to
0.07 Crack
Column’s steel bars
Normalized Base Shear (𝑉𝑏1 /𝑊) begin to yield in tension
0.05 Concrete crushing in
shear wall
Shear wall’s steel reinforcement
0.03 bars begin to yield in tension
Shear walls begin to crack
0.01
Brick walls begin to crack
-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

-0.01
Roof Drift (𝑥𝑖𝑟 /𝐻)
-0.03
Cyclic Pushover
Monotonic Pushover in Positive Direction
-0.05
Monotonic Pushover in Negative Direction
-0.07
-0.09
Cyclic Pushover Analysis – Strong Direction
Normalized Base Shear (𝑉𝑏 /𝑊) 𝑉𝑏 /𝑊 𝑉𝑏 /𝑊

0.06 0.08 0.1
19-story Building 33-story Building 44-story Building
0.06 0.08
0.04 Mode 1 Mode 1 Mode 1
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02 0.02
0 0 0
-0.02 -0.02
-0.02
-0.04
-0.04
-0.06
-0.04
-0.06 -0.08
-0.06 -0.08 -0.1
-0.025 -0.015 -0.005 0.005 0.015 0.025 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Roof Drift (∆/𝐻) Roof Drift (∆/𝐻) Roof Drift (∆/𝐻)
20-story 33-story 44-story
UMRHA vs. NLRHA
Displacement Envelope Inter-story Drift Ratio Story Shear Envelope Overturning Moment
45 45 45 45
40 40 40 40
35 35 35 35
30 30 30 30
No. of Stories
25 25 25 25
20 20 20 20
15 15 15 15
UMRHA
UMRHA (Combined
10 Modes) 3 Modes) 10
3(Combined 10 10
5 NLRHA
NLRHA 5 5 5
0 0 0 0
0 200 400 600 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Displacement (mm) IDR (%) Story Shear (x106 N) Moment (x106 KN m)
44-story case study building in Strong Direction

Modal Decomposition of Nonlinear Response
45 45
Mode 1
40 40
Mode 3
35 35 Mode 3
30
Level No. Mode 2 30
25 25 Mode 1
20 20
Envelope of Mode 2
Envelope of
15 Combined History 15
Combined History
10 10
5 5
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Peak Displacement (mm) Peak Inter-story Drift Ratio (%)

Modal Decomposition of Nonlinear Response
45 45
40 40
Mode 3
35 35 Envelope of
Combined History
30 Mode 2 30
Mode 2
25 25
Mode 1
20 20 Mode 1
Envelope of
15 Combined History 15
10 10
Mode 3
5 5
0 0
0 15 30 45 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Peak Story Shear (x 106 N) Peak Moment (x 106 KN m)

Shear Wall Cracking
25% of Cracking Strain

Already Cracked
UHS-Matched Ground Motion 0.2 sec CMS-Matched Ground Motion 3 sec CMS-Matched Ground Motion
Set 1 Set 2 Set 3
“Equivalent Linear” Properties
𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑐,𝑖 /𝑇𝑖 Secant Periods from Envelope of Cyclic Pushover Curves
4.5
4
33 Story (Mode 3)
3.5 20-story
20 Story (Mode 3)
(Mode 1)
44 Story 44 Story (Mode 2)
3 20 Story (Mode 2)
(Mode 3)
33 Story (Mode 2)
2.5
2
33-story (Mode 1)
1.5
44-story (Mode 1)
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Roof Drift ratio, 𝑥𝑖𝑟 /𝐻 (%)
(a) 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑐,𝑖 /𝑇𝑖 vs. Roof Drift Ratio (𝑥𝑖𝑟 /𝐻 )
“Equivalent Linear” Properties
𝜉ℎ,𝑖 (%) Hysteretic Damping from Area Enclosed by Cyclic Pushover Curves
30
20-story
25 (Mode 1)
20
20-story (Mode 1) - Each
loop start from initial
15 unloaded condition
33-story
(Mode 1)
10
5 44-story
(Mode 1)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Roof Drift ratio, 𝑥𝑖𝑟 /𝐻 (%)
(b) 𝜉ℎ,𝑖 vs. Roof Drift Ratio (𝑥𝑖𝑟 /𝐻)
Performance of MRSA at Individual Mode Level – EQ 1
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

45 45 45
No. of Stories
UMRHA
40 MRSA 40 40
Standard RSA (R = 4.5)
35 35 35
30 30 30
25 25 25
20 20 20
15 15 15
10 10 10
5 5 5
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40 0 5 10 15
Story Shear (x106 N) Story Shear (x106 N) Story Shear (x106 N)
Modal Story Shears of a 44-story case study building in Strong Direction


No. of Stories
45 45 45
UMRHA
40 MRSA 40 40
35 35 35
30 30 30
25 25 25
20 20 20
15 15 15
10 10 10
5 5 5
0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20
6
Story Shear (x10 N) 6
Story Shear (x10 N) 6
Story Shear (x10 N)


45 45 45
No. of Stories
UMRHA
40 MRSA 40 40
35 35 35
30 30 30
25 25 25
20 20 20
15 15 15
10 10 10
5 5 5
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4
Story Shear (x106 N) Story Shear (x106 N) Story Shear (x106 N)

Overall Performance of MRSA – EQ Set 1
45 45 45 45
40 40 40 40
35 35 35 35
30 30 30 30
No. of Stories
25 25 25 25
20 20 20 20
15 15 15 15
10 NLRHA 10 10 10
MRSA
5 Standard RSA 5 5 5
(Cd = 4, R = 4.5)
0 0 0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 10 20 30 40 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Displacement (mm) IDR (%) Story Shear (x106 N) Moment (x106 KN m)

45 45 45 45
40 40 40 40
35 35 35 35
30 30 30 30
No. of Stories
25 25 25 25
20 20 20 20
15 15 15 15
NLRHA
10 MRSA 10 10 10
Standard RSA
5 (Cd = 4, R = 4.5) 5 5 5
0 0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 10 20 30 40 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25
Displacement (mm) IDR (%) 6
Story Shear (x10 KN) Moment (x106 KN m)

45 45 45 45
40 40 40 40
35 35 35 35
30 30 30 30
No. of Stories
25 25 25 25
20 20 20 20
15 15 15 15
NLRHA
10 10 10 10
MRSA
Standard RSA
5 5 5 5
(Cd = 4, R = 4.5)
0 0 0 0
0 250 500 750 0 0.15 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.75 0 10 20 30 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Displacement (mm) IDR (%) Story Shear (x106 KN) Moment (x106 KN m)

Local Response - Bending Moment in Columns (EQ Set 4)
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30
No. of Stories
M M
25 NLRHA25Mean
MRSA
20 Standard
20 RSA
Standard RSA × Ω
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000
Moment (x106 N mm) Moment (x106 N mm)
44-story case study building (Strong Direction)
Local Response – Shear Walls (EQ Set 4)
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 V 30 M
No. of Stories
NLRHA Mean
25 25
MRSA
Standard RSA
20 20 RSA × Ω
Standard
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -50000 -25000 0 25000 50000
Shear (x106 N) Moment (x106 N mm)

Local Response – Axial Strain in Shear Walls (EQ Set 4)
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30
No. of Stories
NLRHA Mean
25 25
MRSA
Standard RSA
20 20
Standard RSA × Ω
15 15
Tensile
10 Tensile 10 Cracking
Cracking
5 5
0 0
-1000-750 -500 -250 0 250 500 750 1000 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
Axial Strain (x106 mm/mm) Axial Strain (x106 mm/mm)
Seismic Analysis Practice for Structural Design - The Case of Pakistan
Source: Zaman and Warnitchai (2016)
How Safe are Our Buildings Against Earthquakes?
Peak Ground
Acceleration (g)
Abbottabad, 8th October 2005
Source: Durrani et al.,

How much we understand?
Abbottabad, 8th October 2005

1
0.9
0.8 Elastic Spectrum of EW
Component
0.7
0.6
SD
0.5 SC
SB
0.4 SA
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Period (sec)
Peak Ground Acceleration

Spectral Acceleration
at 0.2 sec

Spectral Acceleration
at 1 sec

Thank you for your attention

FN MRSA To Determine The Nonlinear Seismic Demands of Tall Bldgs

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Fawad A.

Najam A Modified Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure

Fault Future ground shaking

Any Modal Expansion

The Linear Response

Linear Elastic Modal Analysis, Spectral Analysis,

Detailed 3D The Detailed Nonlinear

Equivalent The NLRHA Procedure

Spectral Acceleration (SA)

Problem (𝑉𝑏1 )2 + (𝑉𝑏2 )2 + (𝑉𝑏3 )2 + …

• “R” factor can be traced back to a “K” factor which 10

Source: “Direct Displacement-based Design” by Priestley MJN et al., 2007

Classical Modal Analysis ≅

A 44-story Case Study Building

Base Shear vs. Roof Drift Ratio

Pushover Curve (Strong Direction)

Base Shear (V)

Roof Drift (Δ)

-0.0075 -0.005 -0.0025 0 0.0025 0.005 0.0075

Reversed-cyclic Pushover Analysis (Solid Line)

Normalized Base Shear (𝑽𝒃𝟏 /𝑾) 𝑽𝒃𝟐 /𝑾 𝑽𝒃𝟑 /𝑾

0.08 Mode 1 0.15 0.3

-0.1 -0.2 -0.4

Cyclic pushover curve

Uncoupled Modal Response History Analysis (UMRHA)

𝑇𝑒𝑞1 , 𝜉𝑒𝑞1 𝑇𝑒𝑞2 , 𝜉𝑒𝑞2 𝑇𝑒𝑞3 , 𝜉𝑒𝑞3

Spectral Acceleration (SA)

Spectral Acceleration (SA)

1 𝐸𝐷 (𝑥 ) 𝐸𝐷 (𝑥 ) Total 𝜉𝑒𝑞 = Sum of Equivalent

Converted to An Equivalent Linear System with Elongated Period and

• Located in Bangkok, Thailand

• Heights vary from 20 to 44 stories

• RC slab-column frames carry gravity

• RC walls & cores resist lateral loads

• Masonry infill walls extensively used

• Designed for wind loads, but not for

• Possess configuration irregular features

Spectral Acceleration (g)

Long-Period Target Spectrum

Spectral Acceleration (g)

Mean Spectrum 0.4

Fiber section Level m

-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

Normalized Base Shear (𝑉𝑏 /𝑊) 𝑉𝑏 /𝑊 𝑉𝑏 /𝑊

20-story 33-story 44-story

44-story case study building in Strong Direction

44-story case study building in Strong Direction

44-story case study building in Strong Direction

25% of Cracking Strain

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Modal Story Shears of a 44-story case study building in Strong Direction

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Modal Story Shears of a 44-story case study building in Strong Direction

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Modal Story Shears of a 44-story case study building in Strong Direction

44-story case study building in Strong Direction

44-story case study building in Strong Direction

44-story case study building in Strong Direction

44-story case study building (Strong Direction)

Source: Durrani et al.,

Abbottabad, 8th October 2005

Source: Zaman and Warnitchai (2016)