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2. If the diameter of a circle is 82.6 mm, calculate the circumference of the circle.
c 16.52
Circumference, c = 2πr from which, radius, r = = = 2.629 cm
2π 2π
then 149.8 = πd
149.8
and diameter, d = = 47.68 cm
π
5. A crank mechanism is shown below, where XY is a tangent to the circle at point X. If the
circle radius 0X is 10 cm and length 0Y is 40 cm, determine the length of the connecting rod
XY.
6. If the circumference of the Earth is 40 000 km at the equator, calculate its diameter.
c 40 000
Circumference, c = 2πr = πd from which, diameter, d = = = 12 732 km = 12 730 km,
π π
correct to 4 significant figures
7. Calculate the length of wire in the paper clip shown below. The dimensions are in millimetres.
1 1
Length of wire = (12 – 2.5) + ( 2π × 2.5) + (32 – 2.5 – 6 – 2.5) + ( 2π × 2.5) + (32 – 2.5 – 3)
2 2
1
+ ( 2π × 3) + 3 + 12
2
= 72 + 8π
= 97.13 mm
π π
(a) 30° = 30 × rad = rad
180 6
π 5π
(b) 75° = 75 × rad = rad
180 12
π 45π 15π 5π
(c) 225° = 225 × rad = rad = rad = rad
180 36 12 4
2. Convert to radians, correct to 3 decimal places: (a) 48° (b) 84°51' (c) 232°15'
π
(a) 48° = 48 × rad = 0.838 rad
180
51 π π
(b) 84°51′ = 84 × = 84.85 × rad = 1.481 rad
60 180 180
π
(c) 232°15′ = 232.25 × rad = 4.054 rad
180
7π 4π 7π
3. Convert to degrees: (a) rad (b) rad (c) rad
6 9 12
7π 7π 180°
(a) rad = × = 7 × 30 = 210°
6 6 π
4π 4π 180°
(b) rad = × = 4 × 20 = 80°
9 9 π
7π 7π 180°
(c) rad = × = 7 × 15 = 105°
12 12 π
4. Convert to degrees and minutes: (a) 0.0125 rad (b) 2.69 rad (c) 7.241 rad
180°
(a) 0.0125 rad = 0.0125 × = 0.716° or 0°43′
π
180°
(c) 7.241 rad = 7.241× = 414.879° or 414°53′
π
5. A car engine speed is 1000 rev/min. Convert this speed into rad/s.
1. Calculate the area of a circle of radius 6.0 cm, correct to the nearest square centimetre.
2. The diameter of a circle is 55.0 mm. Determine its area, correct to the nearest square millimetre.
d2 55.02
π r 2 π= π
Area of circle = = = 2376 mm
2
4 4
3. The perimeter of a circle is 150 mm. Find its area, correct to the nearest square millimetre.
150 75
Perimeter = circumference = 150 = 2πr from which, radius, r = =
2π π
2
75
Area of circle = π r = π = 1790 mm 2
2
π
4. Find the area of the sector, correct to the nearest square millimetre, of a circle having a radius of
θ 75
Area of sector = (π r 2 )
= (π × 352 ) = 802 mm 2
360 360
5. An annulus has an outside diameter of 49.0 mm and an inside diameter of 15.0 mm. Find its
d12 d22 π π
Area of annulus = π r12 − π r2 2 = π −π = ( d12 − d 2 2 ) = ( 49.02 − 15.02 ) = 1709 mm 2
4 4 4 4
6. Find the area, correct to the nearest square metre, of a 2 m wide path surrounding a circular plot
7. A rectangular park measures 50 m by 40 m. A 3 m flower bed is made round the two longer
sides and one short side. A circular fish pond of diameter 8.0 m is constructed in the centre of
the park. It is planned to grass the remaining area. Find, correct to the nearest square metre, the
area of grass.
8.02
Area of grass = (50 × 40) – 2(50 × 3) – (34 × 3) – π = 2000 – 300 – 102 – 16π = 1548 m 2
4
8. With reference to the diagram, determine (a) the perimeter and (b) the area.
1
(a) Perimeter = 17 + 28 + 17 + (2π × 14) = 106.0 cm
2
1
(b) Area = (28 × 17) + (π ×142 ) = 476 + 98π = 783.9 cm 2
2
2.14 radians. Calculate also the area of the minor sector formed.
1 2 1
r θ = ( 8.32 ) ( 2.14 ) = 74.07 m 2
2
Area of minor sector =
2 2
11. If the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of diameter 82 mm is 1.46 rad, find the lengths of
82
If diameter d = 82 mm, radius r = = 41 mm
2
12. A pendulum of length 1.5 m swings through an angle of 10° in a single swing. Find, in
π
Arc length of pendulum bob, s = rθ = (1.5) 10 × = 0.262 m or 26.2 cm
180
14. Determine the length of the radius and circumference of a circle if an arc length of 32.6 cm
s 32.6
Arc length, s = rθ from which, radius, r = = = 8.67 cm
θ 3.76
15. Determine the angle of lap, in degrees and minutes, if 180 mm of a belt drive is in contact with a
250
Arc length, s = 180 mm, radius, r = = 125 mm
2
s 180 180
Since s = rθ, the angle of lap, θ = = = 1.44 rad = 1.44 × = 82.5°
r 125 π
16. Determine the number of complete revolutions a motorcycle wheel will make in travelling 2 km,
2000
Hence, number of revolutions of wheel in travelling 2000 m = = 748.08
2.6735
17. The floodlights at a sports ground spread its illumination over an angle of 40° to a distance of
48 m. Determine (a) the angle in radians and (b) the maximum area that is floodlit.
π
(a) In radians, 40° = 40 × rad = 0.69813 rad = 0.698 rad, correct to 3 decimal places
180
1 2 1
r θ = ( 48 ) ( 0.69813) = 804.2 m 2
2
(b) Maximum area floodlit = area of sector =
2 2
hand is 2 m long.
50 50
× π r 2 = × π ( 2 ) = 10.47 m 2
2
Area swept out =
60 60
19. Determine (a) the shaded area below and (b) the percentage of the whole sector that the area of
1 1 1
(a) Shaded area = (50) 2 (0.75) − (38) 2 (0.75) = (0.75) [502 − 382 ] = 396 mm 2
2 2 2
396
(b) Percentage of whole sector = ×100% = 42.24%
1
(50) 2 (0.75)
2
20. Determine the length of steel strip required to make the clip shown.
π
Angle of sector = 360° – 130° = 230° = 230 × rad = 4.01426 rad
180
21. A 50° tapered hole is checked with a 40 mm diameter ball as shown below. Determine the length
shown as x.
35 35
From the sketch below, tan 25° = from which, AC = = 75.06 mm
AC tan 25°
20 20
and sin 25° = from which, AB = = 47.32 mm
AB sin 25°
i.e. AC = 75.06 = x + 20 + AB
= x + 20 + 47.32
i.e. x = 7.74 mm
1. Determine (a) the radius, and (b) the coordinates of the centre of the circle given by the equation:
x 2 + y 2 – 6x + 8y + 21 = 0
r 2 is x 2 + y 2 + 2ex + 2 fy + c =
Method 1: The general equation of a circle ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b) 2 = 0
2e 2f
where coordinate a = – , coordinate b = – and radius r = a 2 + b2 − c
2 2
2e −6 2f 8
Hence, if x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 8 y + 21 =
0 then a = – = − = 3, b = – = − = –4
2 2 2 2
Method 2: x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 8 y + 21 =
0 may be rearranged as: ( x − 3) 2 + ( y + 4) 2 − 4 =0
i.e. ( x − 3) 2 + ( y + 4) 2 =
22 which has a radius of 2 and centre at (3, –4)
2e 2f
where coordinate a = – , coordinate b = – and radius r = a 2 + b2 − c
2 2
2e −6 2f 4
Hence, if x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 4 y − 3 =0 then a = – = − = 3, b = – = − = –2
2 2 2 2
below.
i.e. ( x − 3) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 =
42 which has a radius of 4 and centre at (3, –2)
x 2 + (y – 1) 2 – 25 = 0 i.e. x 2 + (y – 1) 2 = 25
i.e. x 2 + (y – 1) 2 = 5 2
which represents a circle, centre (0, 1) and radius 5 as shown in the sketch below.
y 2
4. Sketch the curve: x = 6 1 −
6
y 2 x y 2 x
2
y
2
=
If x 6 1 − then = 1 − and = 1−
6 6 6 6 6
which is a circle of radius 6 and co-ordinates of centre at (0, 0), as shown below.
1. A pulley driving a belt has a diameter of 300 mm and is turning at 2700/π revolutions per
minute. Find the angular velocity of the pulley and the linear velocity of the belt, assuming that
no slip occurs.
2700
Angular velocity, ω = 2πn = 2π = 90 rad/s
60π
300 ×10−3
Linear velocity v = ωr = (90) = 13.5 m/s
2
2. A bicycle is travelling at 36 km/h and the diameter of the wheels of the bicycle is 500 mm,
Determine the angular velocity of the wheels of the bicycle and the linear velocity of a point on
36 ×1000
Linear velocity, v = 36 km/h = m/s = 10 m/s
3600
(Note that changing from km/h to m/s involves dividing by 3.6)
500
Radius of wheel, r = = 250 mm = 0.25 m
2
v 10
Since, v = ωr, then angular velocity, ω = = = 40 rad/s
r 0.25
3. A train is travelling at 108 km/h and has wheels of diameter 800 mm. (a) Determine the angular
velocity of the wheels in both rad/s and rev/min. (b) If the speed remains constant for 2.70 km,
108
(a) Linear velocity, v = 108 km/h = m/s = 30 m/s
3.6
800
Radius of wheel = = 400 mm = 0.4 m
2
v 30
Since, v = ωr, then angular velocity, ω = = = 75 rad/s
r 0.4
s s 2700 m 90
(b) Linear velocity, v = hence, time, t = = = 90 s = = 1.5 minutes
t v 30 m/s 60
1. Calculate the tension in a string when it is used to whirl a stone of mass 200 g round in a
mv 2 0.20 kg × (3m/s) 2
Tension in string = centripetal force = = =2N
r 0.90 m
2. Calculate the centripetal force acting on a vehicle of mass 1 tonne when travelling around a
bend of radius 125 m at 40 km/h. If this force should not exceed 750 N, determine the reduction
mv 2
Centripetal force = where mass, m = 1 tonne = 1000 kg, radius, r = 125 m and
r
40
velocity, v = 40 km/h = m/s
3.6
2
40
(1000)
Hence, centrifugal force = 3.6 = 988 N
125
(1000)v 2
If centrifugal force is limited to 750 N, then 750 =
125
(750)(125)
from which, velocity, v = = 9.6825 m/s
1000
3. A speed-boat negotiates an S-bend consisting of two circular arcs of radii 100 m and 150 m. If
the speed of the boat is constant at 34 km/h, determine the change in acceleration when leaving
34
Speed of the boat, v = 34 km/h = m/s
3.6