TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

APPLICATION OF VERTICAL AXIS HELICAL-SHAPED

WIND TURBINE TO POWER A STAND-ALONE LED
STREET LAMP IN TPLEX

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN

ME 506: ME PROJECT STUDY I

SUBMITTED BY:
CRUZ, MEG CELINE S.
MAATA, MARK JAMES
SAYSON, ORLIE KEN NIÑO D.
VIVAS, ROWEL CHRISTIAN A.

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JESUS V. DELA CRUZ, PME
INSTRUCTOR

OCTOBER 2019
ABSTRACT

Throughout the technological advances in the Philippines, gas-fired lamps were succeeded by

durable and energy-conserving electrical lamps. Without any doubts, street lighting is a benefit for all of

us today – it offers safety and comfort during the dark hours. However, the lighting networks and power

grids put some serious problems in the safety of the people, and the inconvenience of maintenance of

the lighting network especially when the power grid poses a problem.

This study attempts to explore the possibility of a stand-alone LED street lamp with a wind-

powered hybrid microgeneration unit to be fully embedded into it. Wind is the an environmental, pollution-

free and hazardless source or renewable energy. The abundance of high velocity winds in the seashore

and expressways of North Luzon makes this application relevant to South Luzon Expressway and

possibly in seaside applications. The key feature of this new concept is the arrangement of a multiple

Savonius vertical-axis wind turbine with helical blades. The energy is collected by a power conversion

equipment along with the storage device which ensures the lighting also during windless nights.

The aim of this innovation is to come up with a prototype that is more cost-efficient than existing

lighting systems and solar-powered standalone street lamp units. Materials exploration is essential to

determine the cost and efficiency of the helical blades such that a material must have availability, is

lightweight, durable, cost-efficient and malleable in order to have ease in fabrication.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The proponents of this thesis study would like to express our sincere gratitude to our advisor

Prof. Engr. Jesus V. Dela Cruz, PME for providing us the proper guidance in the drafting of our project

study.

We would like to acknowledge the unending support of our parents in supporting us financially

and morally through the pursuit of knowledge with regards to our thesis. To our Batchmates at TIP

Mechanical Engineering Department who have shown resilience and a sense of community as

graduating students, that served as a guiding light and a motivation for us to study well.

Last but not the least, the researchers would like to raise our deep gratitude to our Lord God for

always ensuring our safety and giving us the strength to balance our academic endeavors and well

beings.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………………… 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………………… 4

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………… 6

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………………… 7

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…………………………………………………………….. 8

HYPOTHESIS……………………………………………………………………………………. 9

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………………… 9

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS……………………………………………………………………. 10

DEFINITION OF TERMS……………………………………………………………………….. 12

DRAWINGS………………………………………………………………………………………. 16

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………………………………. 19

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………. 24

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 GOVERNING EQUATION AND FUNDAMENTALS………………………………………….. 26

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM…………………………………………………………………….. 44

MATERIALS…………………………………………………………………………………… 46

PROCEDURES……………………………………………………………………………….. 47

AIR FLOW DIAGRAM………………………………………………………………………… 52

PROCESS FLOW…...………………………………………………………………………… 55

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND FINDINGS…………………………………………………………… 57

A. FINDINGS…………………………………………………………………………………. 58

B. ANALYSIS OF DATA…………………………………………………………………….. 64

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………… 65

CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………………………………... 68

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………………. 70

COSTING ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72

MATERIAL AVAILABILITY AND CATALOGS……………..………………………………………… 76

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

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I.A. Background of the Study

Electricity is generated through power plants from the raw material, fossil fuel. It is considered

as non-renewable resource. The continuous advancement of technology has brought an exponential

increase in the demand for it. As a result, the world’s natural reserve of fossil fuel has been depleting.

With the continuous depletion of the world’s natural reserve of fossil fuels, it is a responsibility for

researchers to find alternative sources of energy. In recent times, renewable energy sources have been

an intriguing idea for researchers as it is sustainable and has the ability to lessen our dependency on

fossil fuels. These also minimizes the adverse effects to the environment and overall public health

because unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy, like wind energy and solar energy, do not have carbon

emissions. Researchers are continually developing ways on how to harvest and store these energies

efficiently, and to utilize them productively.

The Philippines now has the greatest cumulative installed capacity for wind power generation

out of all of the ASEAN countries. The four sites on Luzon Island at Bangui Bay, Burgos, Caparispisan,

and Pililla and the two sites on the Visayas island chain at San Lorenzo and Nabasthat are currently

operating amount to 426MW. In addition to these, 30 sites (1,079MW) on Luzon Island and 10 sites

(89MW) on the Visayas island chain have been selected as candidate sites, and the adoption of wind

power will be promoted moving forward in order to meet these targets. [1]As of June, 2016, the all-time

peak demand on Luzon was 9,726 MW at 2:00 P.M. on May 2, 2016; on Visayas was 1,878 MW at 2:00

P.M. on May 11, 2016; and on Mindanao was 1,593 MW at 1:35 P.M. on June 8, 2016. [2]This shows that

although wind energy has proven to be a viable source of energy, there is still plenty of room for

improvements for it to become a major source of electricity in the country.

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This study attempts to explore an alternative location of installation for wind turbines instead of the

conventional high-altitude places or near the shorelines where the wind is constantly blowing at a high

rate. The researchers came up with the idea of harvesting the wind from the drag force produced by

speeding cars. With this in mind, the researchers intend to put the wind turbines along Philippine

expressways to harvest the high velocity wind produced by the speeding cars. In addition, the

researchers use an unconventional design for the wind turbine’s prototype with multiple Savonius

vertical-axis wind turbine with helical blades.

I.B. Statement of the Problem

Electricity has been one of the most important artificial resources to humans. From turning on

an electric fan or an air conditioner on a hot summer afternoon, to charging mobile devices before going

to school, electricity is required. Electricity is generated through power plants from the raw material, fossil

fuel. This fossil fuel is considered as non-renewable resource. However, the continuous advancement of

technology also means an increase in the demand for it. As a result, the world’s natural reserve of fossil

fuel has been depleting.

A solution that has been a focus for scientists and researchers is the generation of electricity

from renewable resources. From solar energy which uses the energy from the sun, to wave energy which

generates energy from waves, and wind energy which generates electricity from the wind via wind

turbines. This study aims to give an additional, sustainable and accessible way of generating electricity.

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I.C. Hypothesis

Wind turbines start operating at wind speeds of 4 to 5 meters per second and reach maximum

power output at around 15 meters per second. A modern wind turbine produces electricity 70-85% of the

time, but it generates different outputs depending on the wind speed. The output of a wind turbine

depends on the turbine's size and the wind's speed through the rotor. An average onshore wind turbine

with a capacity of 2.5–3 MW can produce more than 6 million kWh in a year – enough to supply 1,500

average EU households with electricity. An average offshore wind turbine of 3.6 MW can power more

than 3,312 average EU households.Different streetlights consume different amounts of energy.

Incandescent lamps typically range from 25-150 watts, fluorescent lamps range from 18-95, metal halide

lamps range from 50-400 watts, and high-pressure sodium lamps range from 50-400 watts. (M.Avetisyan,

2016)

The speed of cars along expressways ranges from 60kph(minimum) to 100kph(maximum).Since

the researchers will be harvesting the wind from the drag force produced by the car, the formula for

computing the drag force will be used which shows that the velocity of the cars is directly proportional to

the drag force produced by the wind, then it is safe to say that the multiple Savonius vertical-axis wind

turbine with helical blades will be able to harvest enough energy to generate and store the needed

electricity to power the LED street lamp from sunset until sunrise.

I.D. Significance of the study

The researchers thought that if this study would be successful, it would help many sectors of the

society in terms of their electricity consumption.

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 To the Expressways Management –the results could decrease the electricity costs on highways

and expressways brought by numerous lampposts. Future study can also lead to other ways to utilize

the generated electricity to lessen the costs further.

To households and commercial building owners–the results can validate the feasibility of

installing small-scaled wind turbines and generate significant amount of electricity among establishments

like households. This could mean an accessible and a low-cost alternative source of electricity that can

reduce regular establishments’ electricity bills.

To turbines manufacturing industry – the success of this study could give additional clients and

revenue, with the increase in the demand for wind turbine parts.

To future researchers - to give an inspiration for future innovations on the wind turbine industry that can

greatly affect the Filipino people.

To the environment – that is greatly affected by the continuous increase in the demand for

electricity. The researchers hope that the success of this study can reduce the need for fossil fuels and

the harmful effects of the consequent byproducts of the electricity production process.

I.E. Scope and Limitations

This study will focus on the feasibility of Renewable Hybrid Microgeneration Unit compromising

between proportionate architecture, energy efficiency and structural effectiveness. Our study has

followed the same technological combination concept. The main idea is the full integration of renewable

power generation into the same facility which satisfies the electrical energy demand. The result is a new

prototype of wind–solar hybrid street lighting system.

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 One of the focuses of this study was its function as an outdoor generator and its efficiency of

energy generated by offshore wind, highways and railways tracks. Energy which is generated by offshore

wind is more as compared to on land. Moreover, vehicle moving in a highway suffer a lot to drive the

vehicle during night time due to lighting problem. The wind speed on the center place of highways roads

will be more than at the pedestrian walking lane as the wind is forced by passing vehicles both sides.

Also, the air which is emitted due to the high speed of trains which otherwise goes wasted could be used

for this purpose.

The scope focuses on the multi-pile supporting provided with the alternator and hardware vanes,

the multi-pile wind turbines structure which houses the three Savonius rotors through two bearings each,

aluminum propeller, top lighting and the photovoltaic body. For the multi-pile wind turbines structure, they

should stay well above pedestrian height more than 3m above the ground for the sake of safety. The

dimension of the four pillars had to be a compromise between the minimization of aerodynamic

interference with turbines and the pole stiffness. This study is principally based on aesthetic reason,

within the smooth architecture of the prototype. It will give a study on how much power can be produced

with the system designed for storage devices as well as backup power. In order to achieve the least

energy consumption, the street light is provided with LED luminaires technology, which is a promising

option for future outdoor lighting. LEDs allow energy savings along with longer lifetimes compared with

traditional lighting. The project mainly focused in helical wind turbine as an alternative source of energy

for the street light lamps as well as for backup power purposes. We will make sure that this system is for

low-income families as much as possible in order for us to help bigger communities around the world.

Furthermore, we will add some feature for this study that can brings more significant to its functions.

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I.F. Definition of Terms

1. Alternating Current (AC) - flow of electric charge that periodically reverses. It starts, say, from

zero, grows to a maximum, decreases to zero, reverses, reaches a maximum in the opposite

direction, returns again to the original value, and repeats this cycle indefinitely

2. Aerodynamics - is the study of forces and the resulting motion of objects through the air

3. Aerodynamic Efficiency - A measure that assesses a design to generate aerodynamic forces for

efficient flight parameters

4. Anemometer – a device for measuring the speed of airflow in the atmosphere, in wind tunnels,

and in other gas-flow applications

5. Angular Velocity - is the object's angular displacement with respect to time

6. Battery Bank - is group of batteries connected together using series or parallel wiring

7. Betz’Law - indicates the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind, independent of

the design of a wind turbine in open flow

8. Bracing - serves to brace a structure

9. Direct Current (DC) - flow of electric charge that does not change direction. Direct current is

produced by batteries, fuel cells, rectifiers, and generators with commutators

10. DC-DC Buck Converter – A converter that steps down voltage (while stepping up current) from

its input (supply) to its output (load)

11. Deep Cycle Battery - is a battery designed to be regularly deeply discharged using most of its

capacity

12. Drag Force – the resistance force caused by the motion of a body through a fluid, such as water

or air. A drag force acts opposite to the direction of the oncoming flow velocity. This is the relative

velocity between the body and the fluid

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13. Efficiency – the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total

energy expended or heat taken in

14. Factor of Safety - the ratio of the ultimate strength of a member or piece of material (as in an

airplane) to the actual working stress or the maximum permissible stress when in use

15. Flange - a projecting flat rim, collar, or rib on an object, serving to strengthen or attach or (on a

wheel) to maintain position on a rail

16. Fossil Fuels – is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials,

formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural

gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions

of years

17. Fuse - an electrical safety device consisting of or including a wire or strip of fusible metal that

melts and interrupts the circuit when the current exceeds a particular amperage

18. Galvanized Steel – A type of steel coated by a protective zinc coating to prevent rusting

19. Generator - is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

20. Helical Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) - consists of a rotor shaft and an electrical generator at the

apex of a tower and must be pointed into the wind

21. Helical – an object having a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly in a

single layer around a cylinder or cone, as in a corkscrew or spiral staircase.

22. Hybrid – something (such as a power plant, vehicle, or electronic circuit) that has two different

types of components performing essentially the same function

23. Light Emitting Diode (LED) – or light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source that emits

light when current flows through it

24. Light Sensor - is a passive device that converts light energy, whether visible or in the infra-red

parts of the spectrum into an electrical signal output

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25. Malleable – able to be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or

cracking

26. Microgeneration – refers to small-scale systems that generate electricity and/or heat for domestic

dwellings

27. Power Capacity – quantity of energy stored in a battery. This power is often expressed in Watt-

hours (Wh)

28. Power Coefficient – determines the efficiency of the energy conversion of a turbine from wind

energy into electricity

29. Pillar - a firm upright support for a structure

30. Pole Stiffness - is the extent to which a pole resists bending in response to an applied force

31. Rectifier - is an electrical device composed of one or more diodes that converts alternating

current (AC) to direct current (DC)

32. Renewable Energy – is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally

replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal

heat.

33. Rotor – is a moving component of an electromagnetic system in the electric motor, electric

generator, or alternator. Its rotation is due to the interaction between the windings and magnetic

fields, which produces a torque around the rotor's axis.

34. Savonius – is a drag-type Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine that operates in the same way as a cup

anemometer.

35. Solidity - the quality or state of being firm or strong in structure

36. Tip-Speed Ratio - is the ratio between the tangential speed of the tip of a blade and the actual

speed of the wind

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 37. Turbine – is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into

useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating electrical power when

combined with a generator.

38. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VWAT) – a type of wind turbine that has its main rotor shaft arranged

vertically

39. Welding - a technique used for joining metallic parts usually through the application of heat

DRAWINGS

Structure of the Lamp Post

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16
17
POSITION OF THE VERTICAL WIND TURBINE ASSEMBLY ALONG EXPRESSWAYS

Wind Turbine Assemblies

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE

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II.1. Background

II.1.1. History

According to Shahan (2014), it was during the 1st century AD when Heron of Alexandria, a Greek

mathematician and geometer, was able to successfully invent the first ever wind-driven wheel to power

a machine. New ways to use wind energy eventually spread out across the world. By 7th to 9th century,

Panemone windmill was first built in the Persian Empire to grind food crops and pump water. It was a

type of vertical axis windmill that had 6 to 12 blades covered in reed matting or cloth, and could be used

to pump water and grind grains. It was in during the 12th century when horizontal axis-type of windmill

started being used in Northern Europe for similar purposes. Many of these units were eventually replaced

by steam-powered mills during the Industrial Revolution.

The first ever known turbine to produce electricity was built in Scotland in 1887 by Prof. James

Blyth of Anderson's College, Glasgow (now Strathclyde University). It is a 10 m high, cloth-sailed wind

turbine installed in the garden of his cottage and by the help of Camille Alphonse Faure, who invented

the accumulators to be charged by the turbine,successfully powered the lighting in the cottage. Therefore,

making it the first house in the world to have its electricity supplied by wind power. It was during 1888

when the first known wind turbine was created for electricity production was built in the United States by

Charles Brush to provide electricity for his mansion in Ohio(Shahan, 2014).

Through adopting similar wind turbine designs attempted in previous decades, particularly the

curved blades on vertical wind turbines, Sigurd Johannes Savonius successfully invented the Savonius

wind turbine in 1922 (D’Ambrosio and Medaglia, 2010).

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 In 1931, Georges Jean Marie Darrieus, a French aeronautical engineer, designed a vertical-axis

wind turbine called the DarrieusWind Turbine. This type of wind turbine is still used today, but for more

niche applications like on boats, not nearly as widely as horizontal-axis wind turbines(Shahan, 2014).

The oil shortage in 1970s created an interest in developing ways to use alternative energy

sources, such as wind energy, to generate electricity. The U.S. federal government supported research

and development of large wind turbines. As a result, thousands of wind turbines were installed in

Californiabecause of federal and state policies that highly encouraged the use of renewable energy

sources by the 1980s (History of Wind Power, 2019).

In 2012, wind power became the number 1 source of new power capacity in the US. 45,100 wind

turbines are installed in the US in that year, accounting for 42% of all new US power capacity. As of

2013, China is the world’s largest wind power market with 75,324 MW cumulative capacity and 26.7%

share, behind is the US with 60,007 MW and 21.2% share (Shahan, 2014).

II.1.2. Wind Turbine

According to Schubel and Crossley (2012), the orientation of the shaft and rotational axis

determines the first classification of the wind turbineas shown as in Figure 2.1a. A turbine with a shaft

mounted horizontally parallel to the ground is known as a horizontal axis wind turbine or (HAWT). A

vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) has its shaft normal to the ground.

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 Ground

Figure 2.1a: Configurations of Wind Turbine

II.1.1 Comparison

There are two configurations of wind turbine, namely Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine and Vertical

Axis Wind Turbine. The two configurations have instantly distinguishable rotor designs, each with its

favorable characteristics. The popularity of the HAWT can be attributed to its increased rotor control

through pitch and yaw control which made it the dominant design configuration, capitalized by all of

today’s leading large scale turbine manufacturers. However, the VAWT requires no additional

mechanism to face the wind and heavy generator equipment. It can also be mounted on the ground, thus

reducing tower load (Schubel and Crossley, 2012). Therefore, the researchers of this paper design and

construct a Savonius VAWT. According to Talur et al. (2015), VAWTs target individual homes, farms, or

small residential areas as a way of providing local and personal wind energy. This produces an external

energy resource and opens up a whole new market in alternative energy technology because VAWTs

are small, quiet, easy to install, can take wind from any direction, and operate efficiently in turbulent wind

conditions. VAWT is relatively simple and its major moving component such as the rotor and the more

complex parts like the gearbox and generator are located at the base of the wind turbine. Thus, making

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the VAWT simpler to install than the HAWT. This is the rationale of the researchers of this project to

choose VAWT rather than HAWT.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

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This hybrid microgeneration unit street light is constituted into three main sub-structures:

 The first sub-structure is a much more closed construction, due to a load bearing sheet

metal basement and to the presence of battery bank where conversion of power

happens.

 The second is turned to a visibly lighter structure and more slender 1m high structure,

based on four structural steel pipes bonded together by steel plates. It was to be design

by 1m length x 0.7 m diameter of blades where motor is place along with the central

shaft together with two bearings which is connected to the shaft and serves as the

turning point of the wind turbine axis.

 Last sub-structure is composed of light sensor and the LED Lamp. This light sensor

detects and conveys information to the electronic device and constitutes whether there

is no light in the area. The purpose for this is to give off light by the LED Lamp when the

light sensor detects no light around its area as well as if there is a storm or rain that

causes the area dim and black. Moreover, this light sensor and LED Lamp were placed

in a hard and durable materials to make sure it will not be fallen or destroy by a rain.

The dimension of the pillars had to be compromise between the minimization of aerodynamic

interference with the turbines and the pole stiffness. Within this frame are arranged with one motor on its

phase, which is directly connected with the central shaft through the use of gears. This phase has its

own motor with two bearings directly connected each other and rotate jointly with the central shaft. The

gear that is connected in the central shaft feeds mechanical energy to the gear connected to the motor

which brings electrical energy in the motor. In this process, it can create voltage which can be used for

electrical purposes. Power from the output is then transferred to the DC battery bus or battery bank,

which powers the light-emitting diode (LED)-based lamp. In order to achieve the least energy

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consumption, the street light is provided with LED luminaries technology, which is a promising option for

future outdoor lighting. LED allows energy saving along with longer lifetimes compared with traditional

lighting. Power conversion fit the electrical energy to be thrown into the DC bus at the battery voltage

level. A three-phase rectifier and a DC-DC buck converter are used in wind turbine generation. The whole

power conditioning equipment has been developed specifically for generator.

Governing Equations and Fundamentals

The central principle that lie beneath all wind turbine design is called Betz’s law, named after

German physicist Albert Betz. In this law, it indicates the maximum power that can be extracted from the

wind that is independent of the design of a wind turbine in open flow. In the year 1919, Albert Betz derived

an equation coming from the principles of conservation of mass and momentum of the air steam flowing

through an idealized “actuator disk”. Through this, it can extract energy from the wind stream. According

to his law, no wind turbine could convert more than 59.3% of the kinetic energy of the wind into

mechanical energy turning a 32 rotor. Practical utility-scale wind turbines reach at highest ranging 75%

to 80% of the Betz limit.

To make our project convenient for a small-scale wind turbine, the dimension we picked for the

turbine are 1.5 m length x 0.45 m diameter. Besides, the parameter that we, the designer, has an option

to control are we used some of the formula in designing the turbine in order to maximize its efficiency.

Therefore, we assumed that 𝐶𝑝 ≈ 0.55

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(The power coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 is a quantity that expresses what fraction of the power in the wind is

being extracted by the wind turbine.)

It was initiated and found out that the tip speed ratio for Gorlov helical wind turbine falls between

2-2.5. Based from all the resources used, the natural tip speed ratios of the Gorlov helical turbine were

found to fall within the range from 2 to 2.5, except Shiono et al. found the range to be just below 1 to 2.5.

But if we well-thought-out this lower range to be for not quite enhanced circumstances and ignored, the

tip speed ratio range of 2 to 2.5 and can be used to predict possible expected angular velocities for our

turbine using the relationship:

𝑟𝜔
λ= Equation (1)
𝑉

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Where:

λ: Tip Speed Ratio

r: Turbine radius

𝜔: Angular velocity

𝑉: Average air velocity

Rearranging equation (1) yields:

λ 𝑉
𝜔= 𝑟

0.45 m
𝑟= = 0.225 m
2

2.5+2
λ 𝑎𝑣e= = 2.25
2

V = 8 m/s

According to the figures on the right and

below, the natural wind speed along Tarlac-
Pangasinan-La Union Expressway range
from 4.4 – 5.6 m/s, with average of 5 m/s.
Considering the computed value of the wind
speed produce by a car’s draft, 13.66 m/s.
We then assumed it to be 10 m/s since the
speed can vary depending on the cars’
distance from the turbine. Furthermore, we
assumed the wind speed that is 10 m/s in
the simulation of the solid works.
𝑚 𝑚
5 𝑠 + 10 𝑠
V=
2

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 𝑚
V = 7.5
𝑠

𝑚
V≅8
𝑠

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Thus, the equation becomes:

(2.25 × 8𝑚/𝑠 )
𝜔= = 80 rad/s
0.225 𝑚

The torque of the turbine can be calculated using the following equation:

1
× 𝐶𝑝 × 𝜌 × 𝐴 × 𝑉^3
2
T= Equation (2)
𝜔

Based from the source below:

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 Where: 𝐴: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐿 × 𝑑 = 1.5 × 0.45

A= 0.675 𝑚2

𝐶𝑝: Power coefficient (but in our

computations we used 0.55)

𝜌: Air density = 1.13 kg/m3

𝑉: Wind velocity

𝜔: Angular velocity

Then, the torque becomes:

1 𝐾𝑔 8𝑚
× 0.55 × 1.13 3 × 0.675 𝑚2 ×( )^3
T= 2 𝑚 𝑠
= 1.34244 N.m
80 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

The power of the turbine can be calculated using equation (3)

1
𝑃𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 2 × 𝜌 × 𝐴 × 𝑉^3 Equation (3)

1
𝑃𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 2 × 1.13 kg/m3 × 0.675m2× (8m/s)3 =195.264W

𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑃𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 × Cp Equation (4)

𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 195.264 W × 0.55 = 107.3952W

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 Velocity (m/s) Km/h Diameter (m) Length (m) Area (m2) Power (W)

5 18 0.45 1.5 0.675 47.672

6 21.6 0.45 1.5 0.675 82.377

8 28.8 0.45 1.5 0.675 107.3952

10 36 0.45 1.5 0.675 381.375

12 43.2 0.45 1.5 0.675 659.016

14 50.4 0.45 1.5 0.675 1046.493

16 57.6 0.45 1.5 0.675 1562.112

Table 1: Power at Different Speeds

Blade Shape and Profile

Blade Shape and Profile plays an important role in the efficiency and aerodynamics of the device.

Based on the study of Battisti, Brighenti, Benini, & Castelli (2016), the NACA-0018 is the most efficient

design of a vertical turbine for low speed application. For our low-wind application, it would be appropriate

to use the NACA 0018 blade profile, since it was also commonly used in wind and marine helical turbine.

Furthermore, this NACA 0018 blade offers a medium between the optimized performance of a thin blade

and the manufacturability and durability of thick blades profile. Because of the good self-start capability

of the helical turbine, there is no need for a special cambered blade design.

32
 Figure 2: NACA 0018 Profile

The efficiency and controllability are affected by the solidity of the turbine, solidity is defined as

σ, the developed surface area of all blades divided by the swept area of the rotor, it was found that at

0.15, as a good compromise between controllability and rotor efficiency and it is calculated by using

equation (5) shown below. A turbine with high solidity allows to keep the 36 optimized turbine rotational

velocity relatively low, which minimizes the rotor vibrations and maximizes the aerodynamic efficiency.

The solidity was chosen to be high, at around 0.15, the solidity then can be calculated using the equation:

𝐵𝑐
𝜎 = 𝜋𝑑 Equation (5)

Where:
𝜎: The solidity
𝐵: Number of blades
𝑐: Chord length
𝑑: Diameter of the turbine

33
Rearranging equation (3-6) yields:

𝜎×𝜋𝑑
𝑐= 𝐵

(0.15 × 0.45𝜋)
𝑐= ≈ 0.1060287521 𝑚
2

Wind Pressure and Static Loading

Wind pressure is acquired through the use of an anemometer device. There are three tiers for

wind pressures and speed; Low speed, moderate speed and high speed. For the researchers’ study, the

category of winds to be applied is from low to moderate winds. According to Dyrbye, C., & Hansen, S.

O,Wind pressure can be obtained through graph 3. Using wind velocity of 8 𝑚/𝑠, air density of 1.13

𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , blade surface area of 0.3875653458𝑚2 calculated using SolidWorks, and with the help of

special software linked to the graph, the wind pressure on a blade is found to be 36.2 𝑁/𝑚2, therefore

the wind load is found using equation (6)

F=p*A

34
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Equation (6)

35
 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 36.2 × 0.3875653458 = 14.02986552 𝑁

Figure 3: Wind Load at Different Speeds

Shafting

The shaft is subjected to two forces and a torque, the torque resulting from the rotation of the

blades due to wind orthogonal to the shaft; the torque is previously calculated in equation (2) and was

found to be equal to 1.34244 N.m, the wind load calculated in equation (6) which is equal to

14.02986552 𝑁, and the turbine weight which is obtained through SolidWorks, was found to be 145𝑁

145𝑁
m =9.81𝑚/𝑠^2 = 14.78 𝑘𝑔

36
 Figure 4: Shaft

Therefore, the stresses on the shaft are:

𝑃𝑥
→ 𝜎𝑥 = Equation (7)
𝐴

Where:

Px: Wind load on the blade

A: Cross Section Area of the Shaft

𝜋𝑑2
𝐴= Equation (8)
4

D = 0.03 m
𝜋(0.025)2
𝐴= = 0.0007𝑚2
4

37
Therefore:

14.02986552𝑁
→ 𝜎𝑥 = = 20.0427 𝑘𝑃𝑎
0.0007𝑚^2

And

𝑊
↓ 𝜎𝑦 = Equation (9)
𝐴

Where: 𝑊: Weight of the turbine

𝐴: Cross section area of the shaft

Therefore:

145
↓ 𝜎𝑦 = 0.0007 = 207 𝑘𝑃𝑎

The torsion on the shaft can be calculated using the formula:

𝑇×𝑟
𝜏= Equation (10)
𝐽

Where:
T: The torque
r: Radius of the shaft
J: Polar moment of inertia which can be found using equation (11):
𝜋
𝐽 = (2 ) × 𝑟 4 Equation (11)

𝜋
Therefore: 𝐽 = ( 2 ) × (0.0154 ) = 7.95 × 10−8 𝑚4

Then the torsion becomes:

38
 (1.34244 × 0.015)
𝜏= = 0.253290𝑀𝑃𝑎
(7.95 × 10−8)

The principal stresses then can be calculated using the equation(14):

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎1 , 𝜎2 = ( ) ± √( ) + 𝜏2 Equation (12)
2 2

Based from this reference:

39
40
Hence:

20.0427 + 207 20.0427 − 207 2

𝜎1 = ( √
)+ ( ) + 253.2902 = 383.51 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2 2

20.0427 + 207 20.0427 − 207 2

𝜎2 = ( √
)− ( ) + 253.2902 = −156.468 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2 2

Using Von Mises Stresses theory to calculate the factor of safety:

(𝜎1 −𝜎2 )^2+(𝜎2 −𝜎3 )^2+(𝜎3 −𝜎1 )^2

𝜎′ = √ Equation (13)
2

41
42
Reference from :

Note that:
𝜎1 = 383.51 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜎2 = 0 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜎3 = −156.468 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Therefore, using equation (13):

𝜎 ′ = 0.486 𝑀𝑃𝑎

43
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Basis of Single line diagram (source): “Performance Comparison of A Small Scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine”

byKoo Hui Yee, Chua Yaw Long - College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia.

“Fig.2 shows the schematic diagram of the circuit which comprised of components such as a dynamo as generator,
a 1N4001 diode, a 4700 microFarad capacitor, a 470 ohm resistor and a red LED. When the button is not pressed
down, which is not closing the circuit connected to the LED, the generator task is to charge the capacitor up with
voltage. The generator is left to run on for some period of time as to allow the capacitor to store up efficient amount of
charges or voltages. After that, when the generator is stopped, the push button is pressed so that the circuit connected
to the LED is now closed. The LED now lights up using the voltage stored The 3rd National Graduate Conference
(NatGrad2015), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-9 April 2015.176ISBN 978-967-5770-63-0

in the capacitor due to the fact that capacitor now acts as the power source for the circuit, giving power to the
LED. However, a capacitor does not act like a battery because it dumps its charge quite fast, so the LED will only
receives power for some time. Hence, larger capacitor can be used as greater charge can be stored and the longer it
can power a device, though it takes longer to charge.”

44
FRONT VIEW OF THE ASSEMBLY SHOWING THE WIRING CONNECTIONS

45
III.1. MATERIALS

Material Specifications Quantity

Aluminumsheetsfor housing of Thickness = 3 mm Length = 2.5
m, Width = 1.5 m 1
the generator set and bracing

Aluminum sheets for helical Thickness = 3 mm, Length =

1600 mm, Width = 1600 mm 1
blades
Length = 700 mm, width = 700
Base plate mm, hole diameter = 10 mm 1

Carbon Steel Anchor bolts (J- Length = 300 mm, Diameter =

15 mm 4
bolts)
1-part cement, 1-part water, 4
Cement parts aggregates 2

Copper Wirings 6 m, 18 AWG 1

Electrical lamp 40 W LED, 12V, 4,800 LM 2
Fuse 10 A 1
Length = 5.04 m, diameter = 15
Galvanized steel shaft mm 2

Length = 1.6 m, diameter = 30

Galvanized steel shaft mm 1

Generator 400 w, 12 v 1
5 cm x 4.2 cm x 3.5 cm
Light sensor 12 Volts 1

Power Storage Unit Vmaxtanks Vmaxslr125 AGM 1

(Deep Cycle Battery) Deep Cycle 12v 125ah SLA

46
 III.2. PROCEDURES

The researchers must gather all the materials needed for the project. These are to be compiled

together with the appropriate measurements in order for the installation to be properly accomplished.

Furthermore, they will use the tools and equipment for the measuring and cutting purposes, as well

as assembling them into a single structure using a welding machine. This project design is composed

of three main substructures. The first substructure is a much more closed construction, due to a load

bearing sheet metal basement with rectangular base, which was designed in order for the motor

(serves as the generator) and energy storage to be placed accordingly.

Generator
Power Storage Unit

Rectangular Base

Anchor Bolt

Figure III.2.1: Front view with anchoring

47
 Rectangular Base

Figure III.2.2: Isometric view of the rectangular base with anchoring

 The materials such as shafts must be cut according to their measurements and assign them

to their designated places. After that, make sure that all the materials are properly cut and

place it correctly. The basement should be made of metal and is rectangular in shape. To

execute this, the welding machine and cutting tools will be used to make the metal,

particularly galvanized steel, to shape into rectangularly.

 The generator is located in the basement and 4 bolts are needed to attach it in there. This

base is designed according to the weight not only of the generator, but also of the materials

located above the basement. At about 0.6 ft above the first substructure, connect a square

flange, which will attach the lateral pole to the ground.

 The battery bank, wherein the conversion of power happens, is located in the first

substructure. In this part, the wirings are to be connected from the generator to the battery

bank that will store the energy produced by the motor due to rotation of the helical wind

turbine. To convert the energy produced in the motor, the rectifier will be used in order to

convert the alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). Power from the output will be

48
 then transferred to the DC battery bank, which powers the light-emitting diode (LED) based

lamp. To provide protection from overcurrent of the electrical circuit, fuse will be attached.

The current initially should pass through the light sensor that will provide signal to the lamp.

The purpose of this light sensor is to detect and convey information to the electronic device

and should constitute whether there is no light present in the area occupied. If the area is

black or dim, this light sensor will send information, then current should then flow towards

the lamps to amplify the surroundings. Moreover, the light sensor and LED lamps are

attached to durable materials to ascertain that it will endure extreme conditions.

LED Lamps (45 W)

Light Sensor

Figure III.2.3: Isometric view of post lamps with light sensor

49
 Helical Blades

Figure III.2.4: Isometric view of the vertical-axis wind turbine with its base

Bolts Fuse Box

Figure III.2.5: Front view of the base with the anchoring

50
  For installation of the second substructure, helical metal blades, which is composed of two

pieces with length of 1.5 meters, will be used. It will be connected to the basement by two

pillars that should serve as the foundation of the blades and the two lamps. In addition to

that, these two pillars will be made of galvanized steel metal, since this metal is composed

of protective zinc coating to steel, to prevent it from rusting.

Pillars

Bracing

Figure III.2.6: Wind turbine assembly

There is a bracing part that should connect the two pillars and will be the center for the

rotation of the helical blades. This bracing will be also made of galvanized steel metal and

51
 to be connected to the two helical blades by welding. The calculated thickness to the

bracing is 5 millimeters.

 The third substructure of the project will be composed of one light sensor good for two lamps.

Welding must be done in order to mount the lamps. The sensor is to be placed above one

of the two lamps to detect the brightness of the surrounding area. The purpose of the vertical

wind turbine is to produce wattage required to power the LED street lights, approximately 45

W. The turbine is expected to run at wind speeds of 4 m/s to 6 m/s. This should generate

power sufficiently at the determined wind speed and with a coefficient of performance below

Betz’ Limit of 59.3 %.

Air Flow Diagram (Using Simulation Test)

Figure III.2.7: Solidworks simulation showing the air flow

52
  To begin the foundation, dig a hole of 1 m height, 600 mm length, and 600 mm width

below the ground, and then place the poles inside. Fill the hole with concrete mixture until

it hardens. After that, drill four holes to the ground to make room for the pole anchor bolts

attached on the flange below the base substructure. Note that the end hooks of the bolts

must face inwards to the poles. Secure and tighten the bolts afterwards.

Bolts

Flange

Cement

Soil Layer

53
 Flange

Figure III.2.8 & 9: Showing the anchoring and its corresponding bolts and flanges

PROCESS FLOW

STUDY OF THE
BACKGROUND 54
KNOWING THE STUDY’S
LIMITATION

GATHERING OF DATA

KNOWING THE
MATERIALS TO BE USED

FOLLOWING THE STEPS

AND PROCEDURES IN
MAKING THE PROJECTS

CREATING A
SIMULATION

PERFORMING THE
SIMULATION TO TEST
MATERIAL’S STRENGTH

DESIGNING BLADES AND

STRUCTURE BASED ON
THE DATA RESULTS

FINALIZING THE
ASSEMBLY

55
 Conceptualization

Design Development Basic Design Detailed Design

- Components - Material
- Set up - Assembly
- Dimensions - Project Operability
- Features - 60% Model
- 30% Model

Material
Execution Fabrication 90% Model
Selection and
Acquisition

Final Design and Testing and Data Analysis and

Finished Model
Prototype Gathering Revisions

56
CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND

FINDINGS

57
IV.A. Findings

IV.A.1 Computations
 Computing for the daily electricity consumption of each lamppost.

Assuming that the lights of each lamppost will be operating at least 12 hours a day (6:00 PM –
6:00 AM).
Light wattage: 40 watts
Time: 12 hours

The equation for electricity consumption is the product of Wattage and Time, but since each
lamppost has two light bulbs each, the equation to be used will be:
Electricity Consumption = 2 * Wattage * Time
Electricity Consumption = 2 * 40 watts *12 hours
Electricity Consumption = 960 Watt-Hr

Therefore, each wind turbine should generate at least 960 Watt-hr per day for the lamppost to
operate within its target duration.

 Computing for the Drag Force (Fd) produce by a speeding car. This is necessary to determine
how much wind velocity will the turbine experience.

The formula to solve for the drag force is given by:

Fd= ½ * Cd * ρair * V2 * A

Where: Cd = drag coefficient

ρair= density of air
V = velocity of car
A = frontal area of car

58
 We used Toyota Vios 2019 as our sample car, since it is one of the most common cars in the
Philippines. It has a drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.28, height is 1475 mm, and width is 1700 mm.

 From these data, we can now solve for the frontal area of the car.
A = h * w * 85%
1𝑚
A = 1475 mm * 1700 mm * .85 * (1000 𝑚𝑚)2

A = 2.131375 m2

 Assume that the ambient temperature is 34oC and the pressure is 14.7 psi, we can
determine that the density of air is 1.1501 kg/m3.

 Assume that the velocities of cars range from 80 KPH (minimum allowable speed) to
100 KPH (maximum allowable speed). We can use the average speed which is 90 KPH.

We can now solve for the drag force,

1000 𝑚 2 1 ℎ𝑟
Fd = ½ * 0.28 * 1.1501 kg/m3 * 90 km/hr* 2.131375 m2 * ( ) * (3600 𝑠)2
1 𝑘𝑚

Fd= 214.4882589 Newtons

 Solving for the wind speed brought by the drag force.

Fd = mairvwind2
mair = ρair * area of impact

 Assumed area of impact is 1 m2. Therefore

mair = 1.1501 kg/m3 * 1 m2
mair = 1.1501 kg/m

Solving for the wind speed:

𝑓𝑑
vwind= √ 𝑚

59
 214.4882589 𝑁
vwind= √ 1.1501 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

vwind= 13.65632866 m/s

IV.A. SolidWorks Simulation

Figure IV.A.1: Properties of the turbine in Solidworks

60
 Figure IV.A.2: Displays the results of the Solidworks simulation

Figure IV.A.3: The results of the SolidWorks simulation with the turbine speed highlighted.

61
 Figure IV.A.4: The results summary of the simulation.

Figure IV.A.5: Closer view of the results summary of the simulation.

62
 Computations from the results of the SolidWorks Simulation

Data from the simulation:

Minimum velocity of rotational reference frame (RRF) = -0.537 m/s
Maximum velocity of rotational reference frame (RRF) = 2.524 m/s

m m
2.524 − 0.537
Average RRF = s s
2

Average RRF = 0.9935m/s

 Solving for the turbine’s angular velocity (ω)

𝑉
ω = 𝜋𝐷
0.9935 𝑚/𝑠
ω= 𝜋 (0.45 𝑚)
60𝑠𝑒𝑐
ω = 0.7027574932 rad/s * 1𝑚𝑖𝑛

N = 42.16544959 RPM

 Solving for the Power of the Turbine

The power of the turbine can be calculated using the equation:

P = ½ * 𝐶𝑝 * ρair * A * v3 * Ng * Nb

Where: 𝐴 =𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐿 × 𝑑 = 1.5 × 0.45 = 0.675 𝑚2

𝐶𝑝 = Power coefficient (ranges from 0.25 – 0.45)
𝐶𝑝 = 0.35 (assumed)
ρair= density of air
𝑉 = Wind velocity
Ng = 80% (assumed)
Nb = 80% (assumed)

63
 P = ½ * 0.35 * 1.1501 kg/m3 * 0.675 * (13.6563286)3 * .80 * .80
P = 221.4416321 watts

 Solving for electricity generated

Electricity Generated = power * time

Since the wind turbine can generate electricity the whole day, we use time = 24 hours.

Therefore,
electricity generated = 221.4416321 watts * 24 hours
electricity generated = 5314.599171 watts-hr or 5.31499171 kwh

IV.B. ANALYSIS OF DATA / RESULTS

The results of the solid works simulation and the computations using applicable concepts and
formulae show that the design proposed by the researchers is feasible. The energy needed by each
lamppost is around 1.2 kwh per day considering a 12-hour usage time. We were also able to show that
the wind turbine design can generate around 5.3 kwh of electricity per day given that it can generate
energy 24 hours. The 4.1 kwh difference between the supply and demand will be stored to our energy
storage and can be used when the electricity produced is insufficient to power the lampposts.

However, these data are mere theoretical values. The distance of the car to the turbine and the
speed of the traffic flow can affect the wind speed supplied to the turbine. Moreover, since expressways
are two-ways we can also say that the wind force on the turbine can be higher since the turbine can
generate energy from both directions of the traffic.

64
CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

65
CONCLUSION

The researcher’s prototype from this project consists of one of the very first sensor wind energy

street-lighting systems. The main innovative feature is the integration of VAWT rotor along the structure

of the lamp-post and the use of light detector sensor. This solution consents the manipulation of

considerable wind rotor area especially in Manila Expressways and then has extensive potential about

the productivity of this prototype. Furthermore, it brings a very significant importance to people who lived

near the seas. This is because, energy which is generated by offshore wind is more as compared to on

land. Moreover, most of them don’t have their own electricity and through this project, the researchers

can greatly support and aid their needs.

Through various testing and careful analysis of the vertical wind turbine, we achieved as well as

managed to draw up various conclusions on their effectiveness, and their universal and all-purpose

importance specifically in the development of clean energy within the Manila Areas. Through vigilant

testing, we compared the different characteristics of the vertical turbine with the horizontal turbine and

be able to drew up the following conclusions. Such a thorough experimental apparatus is dedicated to

give the tools for a wide-ranging study of the renewable energy system. Besides, the performance

evaluation of sensor wind devices, testing allows to examine the different control strategies related to

LED lightings. One of the important features of the vertical turbine is that it does not need to be indicated

towards the wind for it to execute and work powerfully. We chose this kind of wind turbine since it greatly

shows an effective within a territory with shifting wind course. In addition to that, due to its long-curved

propellers that are intended to be pushed by a little measure of wind, the equipped for working process

amid insignificant wind speed. So, even in the Philippines Expressways Areas can make this prototype

works. Further testing has also proven that it does not need to present at a high place. Compared to the

other turbines especially horizontal turbines, vertical wind turbines outweigh the features and work
66
process of the horizontal turbines. Also, we used LED luminaries technology which is a promising option

for future outdoor lighting. It allows energy saving along with longer lifetimes compared with traditional

lighting. The whole power conditioning equipment has been developed specifically for generator.

Moreover, to make sure that the energy simulation model is accurate in performance we will perform on-

site data that are currently being used at various latitude and wind conditions in the Philippines

Expressways.

67
 CHAPTER VI

RECOMMENDATION

68
RECOMMENDATION

Certain recommendations are to be made after the completion of the project in order to receive

better results, and more effective outcomes. The first recommendation is to decrease the height of the

generator box. It will be ideal if the vertical wind turbine blades are at the same height with the common

sedan cars and SUVs to maximize the wind draft generated by the cars. However, we experienced

difficulties creating a much smaller generator box because of the gearbox and the size of the generator

itself. This resulted to a higher installation for the vertical wind turbines. Another recommendation is to

find another type of material for the turbine blades that is lighter than aluminum. Lighter turbine blades

can generate faster revolutions per minute resulting to a higher electricity generated. We chose aluminum

after having considered other types of materials since it is accessible, budget-friendly and the appropriate

tensile strength. However, we think there other materials that can help improve this project. Third

recommendation is to create an extensive study on the volume and speeds of cars on particular sections

of the roads or expressways. This will be beneficial because it will help determine where the project be

ideally installed. We were not able to do this, as we were more focus on the design of the wind turbine.

Last recommendation is to look for the feasibility of installing the wind turbines on side streets or even in

regular households. We believe that this study has a lot of potential. We hope future improvements can

lead to the use of vertical wind turbines as an alternative source of electricity for any type establishments.

69
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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energy?fbclid=IwAR0zCJ7pTlPM_qo93_QwLaWICtcdIYpknVPT708YOvOdhasxIh3S2w7-FUM

[2] (2016, July). The Philippines Is the Largest Wind Power Generator in ASEAN. Asia Biomass Office,

New Energy Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/1607_03.html

[3] Saulon, V. (2016, September 28). “Power grid capacity rises over 1,000 MW”, Business World.

[4] Maurya, V., Khare, S., & Bajpai, S. (2015). Future Scope of Wind Energy in India. India: Integral
University.

[5] (n.d.) Capacity of Wind Power. Retrieved from http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-

2/achievements.

[6] Shahan, Z. (2014, November 21). History of Wind Turbines. Retrieved from

https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2014/11/history-of-wind-turbines.html#gref

[7] D’Ambrosio, M. & Medaglia, M. (2010, May). Vertical Axis Wind Turbines:History, Technology and

Applications.

[8] (n.d.). U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis. Retrieved

from https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/wind/history-of-wind-power.php

[9]Schubel, P. J., & Crossley, R. J. (n.d.). Wind Turbine Blade Design Review - P.J. Schubel, R.J.

Crossley, 2012. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1260/0309-524X.36.4.365

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[10] Talur, S. (2015). Selection of Material by weighted property method for Savonius Vertical Axis

Wind Turbine Rotor blade.

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gPrmjsdA419xY5wnQOFREhbVdn3G28wQ

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Turbine.

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ElectricalAnalogy. Retrieved from http://www.ijsrp.org/research_paper_feb2012/ijsrp-feb-2012-
06.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1x2nWPtPR4VUW8OI1UsbkHP5Z03HelWYnB2grV70iPT6MR8WVWptdadIM.

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St7vzR4rw

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Lighting/dp/B01MPWVWH2?th=1

71
COST STUDY

72
MATERIALS COSTS

Material Price Quantity Total

Aluminum sheets for housing
of the generator set and PHP 1,100.00 per piece 1 PHP 1,500.00
bracing
Aluminum sheets for helical
PHP 1,100.00 per piece 1 PHP 1,500.00
blades

Base plate PHP 50.00 per piece 1 PHP 50.00

Carbon Steel Anchor bolts (J-

PHP 50.00 per piece 4 PHP 200.00
bolts)

Cement PHP 225.00 per bag 2 PHP 450.00

Copper Wirings PHP 450.00 per roll 1 PHP 450.00

Electrical lamp PHP 1,200 per piece 2 PHP 2,400.00

Fuse PHP 18.00 per piece 1 PHP 18.00

Galvanized steel shaft PHP 524.00 per piece 2 PHP 1048.00

Galvanized steel shaft PHP 524.00 per piece 1 PHP 524.00

Generator PHP 7,732.22 per piece 1 PHP 7,732.22

Light sensor PHP 275.00 per piece 1 PHP 275.00

Power Storage Unit

PHP 5,866.00 per piece 1 PHP 5,866.00
(Deep Cycle Battery)

Total Cost for Materials: PHP 22,013.22

73
ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COST

 The electrical components, particularly those in the generator set, will require one preventive

maintenance check-up per year. (Check-up Service: PHP 1,000.00 per person, three persons)

 Considering the amount of dust and pollution around which the wind turbine will be installed,

for a year we expect at least two general cleaning necessary for the turbine to work at its

highest efficiency. (Cleaning Service: PHP 600.00 per person, three persons)

 The electric lamps will require replacement approximately once every two years.
𝑃𝐻𝑃 1,200.00
Cost per year = x 2 Lamps per turbine
2

Cost per year = PHP 1,200.00

 The power storage unit (battery) will require replacement approximately every five years.
𝑃𝐻𝑃 5,866.00
Cost per year = 5

Cost per year = PHP 1,173.20

 The generator set will require replacement approximately every three years.

PHP 7,732.22
Cost per year = 3

Cost per year = PHP 2,577.41

Total Maintenance Cost per year = (PHP 1,000.00 x 3) + (PHP 600.00 x 3) + PHP 1,200.00 +

PHP 283.33 + PHP 2,577.41

Total Maintenance Cost per year = PHP 8,860.74

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ANNUAL GENERATION COST OF DESIGN TURBINE

Annual Operational Cost = .96 kwh x PHP 10 per KWH x 365 days

Annual Generation Charge = PHP 3,504.00

ANNUAL GENERATION COST FOR REGULAR HIGHWAY LAMP POSTS

Assumptions: Two bulbs per pole 300 W each; PHP 10 per KWH for commercial rate; 12 hour

per day operation.

Annual Operational Cost = 12 h x 300 W x PHP 10 per KWH x 365 days x 2 bulbs

Annual Operational Cost = PHP 26,280.00

TOTAL SAVINGS FROM USING OUR DESIGN

Total Annual Savings = Annual generation cost for regular turbine – maintenance cost for

design turbine

Total Annual Savings = PHP 26,280.00 –PHP 8,860.74

Total Annual Savings = PHP 17,419.26 per year

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 MATERIAL
AVAILABILITY
(Catalogs)

76
 Aluminum Sheets

77
 Anchor Bolts

78
 Battery

79
 Cement

80
 Copper Wiring

81
 Electric Lamp

82
 Fuse

83
 Galvanized Steel Shafts

84
 Generator

85
 Light Sensor

86