Capulong, Nicole CE 5B 15-00728

I. DEEP FOUNDATION
-are structural elements that transfer loads through
weak, compressible soils to underlying competent soils or
rock
- are used to transfer design loads from shallow soils
down to geologic material with a greater load bearing
capacity (usually bedrock).

II. TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION

A. PILE
-a kind of deep foundation, is
actually a slender column or
long cylinder made of materials
such as concrete or steel which
are used to support the
structure and transfer the load
at desired depth either by end
bearing or skin friction.
-They are formed by long,
slender, columnar elements
typically made from steel or
reinforced concrete, or
sometimes timber. A foundation
is described as 'piled' when its depth is more than three times
its breadth.

B. BORED PILE
-also called drilled shaft, is a type of reinforced-concrete
foundation that supports structures with heavy vertical loads. A
bored pile is a cast-in-place concrete pile, meaning the pile is
cast on the construction site. This differs from other concrete
pile foundations, like spun pile and reinforced concrete square
pile foundations, which use precast concrete piles. Bored piling
is commonly used for bridge work, tall buildings, and massive
industrial complexes, all of which require deep
foundations.construction of bridges.
Capulong, Nicole CE 5B 15-00728

C. CAISSON
-is a box-like
structure commonly
used in civil
engineering projects
where work is being
carried out in areas
submerged in water.
Such projects might
include:

 Bridge piers.
 Abutments in lakes and rivers.
 Break water and other shore
protection works.
 Wharves and docks.
 Large water front structures.
Caissons differ from cofferdams in that
cofferdams are removed after completion
of the work, whereas caissons are built
to remain in place as a part of the
completed structure.

Caissons can be made of materials including timber, steel,

masonry and reinforced concrete, and may be constructed onshore
then floated to the required location, where they are sunk into
place, enabling access to the bed and excavation of foundations
to the required depth.

They are particularly suitable for the construction of underwater

foundations or where the water is deep, as they are strong enough
to withstand significant vertical and horizontal loads, as well
as lateral forces such as waves.

IV. TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

Pile foundations can be classified based on function, materials
and installation process, etc. Followings are the types of pile
foundation used in construction:

a. Based on Function or Use

1. Sheet Piles
Capulong, Nicole CE 5B 15-00728

2. Load Bearing Piles

3. End bearing Piles

4. Friction Piles

5. Soil Compactor Piles

b. Based on Materials and Construction Method

1. Timber Piles

2. Concrete Piles

3. Steel Piles

4. Composite Piles

Sheet Piles
This type of pile is mostly used to provide lateral support.
Usually, they resist lateral pressure from
loose soil, the flow of water, etc. They
are usually used for cofferdams, trench
sheeting, shore protection, etc. They are
not used for providing vertical support to
the structure.

Load Bearing Piles

This type of pile foundation is mainly used to transfer the
vertical loads from the structure to the soil. These foundations
transmit loads through the soil with poor supporting property
onto a layer which is capable of bearing the load. Depending on
the mechanism of load transfer from pile to the soil, load-
bearing piles can be further classified as flowed.

End Bearing Piles

In this type of pile, the loads pass through the lower tip of
the pile. The bottom end of the pile rests on a strong layer of
soil or rock. Usually, the pile rests at a transition layer of a
weak and strong slayer. As a result, the pile acts as a column and
safely transfers the load to the strong layer.
Capulong, Nicole CE 5B 15-00728

Friction Pile
Friction
pile transfers the load
from the structure to the
soil by the frictional
force between the surface
of the pile and the soil
surrounding the pile such
as stiff clay, sandy soil,
etc. Friction can be
developed for the entire
length of the pile or a
definite length of the pile, depending on the strata of the soil.
In friction pile, generally, the entire surface of the pile works
to transfer the loads from the structure to the soil.

Soil Compactor Piles

Sometimes piles are driven at placed closed intervals to
increase the bearing capacity of soil by compacting.

Timber Piles
Timber piles are placed under the water level. They last for
approximately about 30 years. They can be rectangular or circular
in shape. Their diameter or size can vary from 12 to 16 inches. The
length of the pile is usually 20 times of the top width. They are
usually designed for 15 to 20 tons. Additional strength can be
obtained by bolting fish plates to the side of the piles.
Pre-cast Concrete Pile
The precast concrete pile is cast in pile bed in the
horizontal form if they are rectangular in shape. Usually, circular
piles are cast in vertical forms. Precast piles are usually
reinforced with steel to prevent breakage during its mobilization
from casting bed to the location of the foundation. After the piles
are cast, curing has to be performed as per specification.
Generally curing period for pre-cast piles is 21 to 28 days.
Cast-in-Palace Concrete Piles
This type of pile is constructed by boring of soil up to the
desired depth and then, depositing freshly mixed concrete in that
place and letting it cure there. This type of pile is constructed
either by driving a metallic shell to the ground and filling it
with concrete and leave the shell with the concrete or the shell is
pulled out while concrete is poured.
Capulong, Nicole CE 5B 15-00728

Steel Piles
Steel piles may be of I-section or
hollow pipe. They are filled with
concrete. The size may vary from 10
inches to 24 inches in diameter and
thickness is usually ¾ inches.
Because of the small sectional
area, the piles are easy to drive.
They are mostly used as end-bearing
piles.

IV. TYPES OF SPLICING

Splicing is called for when pile lengths required are too
long for trucking or driving in one piece with the available
equipment, or if there is a headroom restriction. A pile may
have one or more splices. The splice should be capable of
resisting stresses induced by driving, and service loads and
conditions. Tensile stresses are highest when resistance to
driving is low and tensile waves are reflected back up the
pile. Moment capacity is particularly important in high
seismic zones, in piles possibly subject to impact, and in
difficult driving conditions. Not all splices will develop
tension and/or moment capacity.

a. Welded: steel plates with attached rebar cast into the

pile ends are field welded together. This method is
rarely used in the US and Canada as it idles expensive
field labor and equipment while the weld is performed.
b. Dowel: holes are cast or field drilled into the top of
the bottom pile section. The top pile segment with
rebar dowels protruding 1-2 meters from the end is
guided into place and the grout or epoxy in the holes
cures around the dowels. Although material cost is low,
this method is infrequently used in the US and Canada
as it requires that the pile top segment be held in
place until the epoxy or grout cures. It is useful for
“build-ups” — ex-tending a driven pile to required cut-
off elevation with a short precast or cast-in-place
section.
c. Sleeve: a “can” of steel 2-3 meters long with a stop in
the middle. It slides over the driven section and the
top pile section is then lowered into it and driving
resumes. The splice is relatively economical and easy
Capulong, Nicole CE 5B 15-00728

to use, but has very little bending and no tensile

capacity.
d. Connector ring: a short length of pipe is cast onto
each end of the usually square pile. A pipe pile splice
is set on the driven section and the top pile segment
is set into the sleeve. Intermittent fillet welds can
be used to increase the limited tensile strength of the
joint. This splice has been used extensively on Bruns
piles in the New Orleans area; these splices both in
the mould and in the field are shown below.
e. Mechanical: steel plates or castings with attached
rebar anchors approximately 2 metres long are precast
into the pile ends. Steel bars or “wedges” are inserted
into the mating surfaces when the top pile segment is
aligned on the driven section. This method is fast and
extensively used in the US and Canada for prestressed
piles since the 1970’s. Pro-prietary systems are
predominant that utilize high-strength steel bars to
lock machined plates together. The Sure-Lock mechanical
splice is made for all sizes of piling (including some
cylindrical piles) and can equal the pile in bending
and tension capacities. This splice is shown below.
f. Post-tensioned: used in large diameter cylindrical
piles. Multiple strand holes are cast longitudinally
through the center of the concrete wall. After curing,
the segments are aligned and strands are post-tensioned
to hold the sections in one long pile section.
g. Wedge: This method is generally used with precast
piles. An example of this is the Westpile, which
utilizes a wedge driven on plates attached to the pile
ends. This puts the connection at the corners to
develop resistance at the extreme fibres. This is shown
above.
h. Pinned: These use a pinned connection to secure the
splice. These are generally not used in North America.
Capulong, Nicole CE 5B 15-00728