DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEWER TUNNELS FOR THE DEEP TUNNEL

SEWERAGE SYSTEM PHASE 2 PROJECT – CONTRACT T-07

2-3-7 - INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Clause 2-3-7-
1.0 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS .......................................................... 2
3.0 INSTRUMENTATION PLANS AND RELATED DOCUMENTS ..................... 2
3.1 Instrumentation Plans ................................................................................................. 2
3.2 Instrumentation Tables ............................................................................................... 3
4.0 MINIMUM MONITORING .................................................................................... 3
4.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 3
4.2 Minimum Monitoring for Supported Excavations ...................................................... 3
4.3 Minimum Monitoring for Deep Shaft Excavations .................................................... 4
4.4 Minimum Monitoring Arrays for Tunnels .................................................................. 5
4.5 Minimum Monitoring for Areas of Ground Treatment .............................................. 5
4.6 Minimum Monitoring for Vibration ........................................................................... 5
4.7 Minimum Monitoring of Struts and Ground Anchors ................................................ 6
4.8 Minimum Monitoring of Permanent Works ............................................................... 6
4.9 Minimum Monitoring of Existing Buildings and Structures ...................................... 6
4.10 Minimum Monitoring for Tunnelling under Buildings or Structures ......................... 7
4.11 Minimum Monitoring of Pedestrian Overhead Bridge ............................................... 7
4.12 Minimum Monitoring of Open Drains ........................................................................ 7
4.13 Minimum Monitoring of Utilities ............................................................................... 7
4.14 Minimum Monitoring of Rail Structures .................................................................... 7
4.15 Minimum Monitoring of Road Structures .................................................................. 8
4.16 Minimum Monitoring of Deep Utilities ...................................................................... 8
4.17 Minimum Monitoring in Real Time ........................................................................... 8
5.0 READING FREQUENCY FOR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS ................... 9
6.0 ACCURACY AND RANGE OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS ................... 9
7.0 REVIEW LEVELS ................................................................................................. 10

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SEWERAGE SYSTEM PHASE 2 PROJECT – CONTRACT T-07
2-3-7 - INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING

1.0 GENERAL

1.1 Unless specified otherwise, the instrumentation and monitoring works shall be carried
out by the Instrumentation and Monitoring Contractor (IMC) under a separate
contract based on the Instrumentation and Monitoring Plans prepared by the
Contractor and accepted by the S.O. The Contractor shall provide all necessary
access and coordinate instrumentation and monitoring works with the IMC in a safe
and timely manner.

1.2 Notwithstanding the requirements of Clause 1.1, a limited amount of instrumentation

and monitoring works shall be undertaken directly by the Contractor. This includes,
but is not limited to the following:

a) Convergence monitoring using Type H arrays for bored tunnels where fault
lines or cavities are detected or where there is evidence that a sinkhole has
formed. Also refer to Clause 4.4.1 of this Specification.

b) Convergence monitoring using Type P arrays for mined tunnels. Also refer
to Clause 4.4.1.

c) Convergence monitoring using Type S-S arrays for caisson construction for
shafts.

d) Vibration monitoring on vibrations specifically induced by the rock blasting

works. The vibration monitoring shall in accordance with requirements of
the Authorities and owners of any special facilities which could be sensitive
to such vibrations.

e) Others instrumentation monitoring required by the Contractor during

construction of structural connections.

1.3 The Contractor shall design, plan and prepare detailed design drawings for
instrumentation and monitoring required to carry out the Works in accordance with
the Contract, Authorities and stakeholders requirements to the acceptance of the S.O.
The drawings of Instrumentation and Monitoring zones and array details are provided
in the Contract. The Contractor shall submit the detailed design drawings for the
instrumentation and monitoring works together with an Instrumentation Design
Report. The Instrumentation Design Report shall describe in detail the basis for
proposing additional instrumentation, identify, where relevant, the associated risk
items in the Contractor’s Risk Register, and propose additional entries into the IMC’s
Instrumentation Register. The Instrumentation Design Report and detailed design
drawings of additional instrumentation shall be submitted at least 6 weeks in advance
of the commencement of the Works.

1.4 The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) and other regulatory bodies require
monitored instrumentation readings to be observed against pre-defined review levels
and limits. The Contractor shall take into account all relevant Authorities’
requirements in deciding the instrumentation and defining appropriate review levels.
The Contractor shall take into account the requirement for installation and monitoring

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SEWERAGE SYSTEM PHASE 2 PROJECT – CONTRACT T-07
2-3-7 - INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING

of instrumentation by BCA and other regulatory bodies. The Contractor and

QPD(Civil/Geo) shall review the readings regularly and take appropriate actions as
required.

2.0 INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS

2.1 The instrumentation shall be designed and selected to:

a) Verify the assumptions made in the design.

b) Provide confirmation of the predicted behaviour of the support system during

excavation or tunnelling.

c) Enable the assessment of the effects of the Works on buildings, utilities and
other structures.

d) Provide a record of performance.

e) Enable construction to be carried out safely and soundly at every stage.

f) Where required, enable appropriate contingency measures to be implemented

in a timely manner.

3.0 INSTRUMENTATION PLANS AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

3.1 Instrumentation Plans

3.1.1 The Contractor shall prepare instrumentation plans at a scale not greater than 1:500
and shall clearly indicate the location and installation height/depth of all
instrumentation. Sectional drawings shall show the extent and depth of permanent
and temporary works and the strata where the instruments are to be installed. All
instruments shall be clearly identified in a unique alpha-numeric sequence. Each
drawing shall show all of the instrumentation to be installed within the area covered
in the drawing. At contract boundaries, the instruments that are necessary to be
installed outside this contract boundary shall also be shown.

3.1.2 Where multi-sensor instruments are used, they shall be clearly identified with the
reduced level and/or direction of each individual sensor. Such information shall be
provided on the drawings with tables as given in Clause 3.2 below.

3.1.3 Where buildings, structures or utilities subjected to special protection works are
encountered, a detailed instrumentation drawing shall be prepared for each individual
building, structure or utility indicating the exact location of all monitoring points,
including the reduced level of the proposed instrument(s). Sectional drawings shall
also be prepared showing clearly the extent of any existing features, cracks etc.
identified from the Contractor’s Pre-Conditions Survey which require monitoring.
Where possible, the structural layout of the building shall also be indicated on these
drawings.

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3.1.4 All drawings for buildings, structures or utilities which are subjected to special
protection works shall be prepared at a scale not greater that 1:50 except where prior
acceptance has been granted by the S.O.

3.2 Instrumentation Tables

3.2.1 Instrumentation tables shall include but not be limited to the following information
for each instrument, subjected to the acceptance of the S.O.:

a) Instrument type;

b) Unique instrument number;

c) Sensor number;

d) Proposed Easting;

e) Proposed Northing;

f) Proposed Reduced Level of all sensors;

g) Proposed reading frequency during key stages of the Works; and

h) Review levels for all sensors.

4.0 MINIMUM MONITORING

4.1 General

4.1.1 Minimum monitoring arrays shall extend along the full length of the Works,
including an additional length of at least 100 m beyond each of the contract
boundaries. At the interface between contracts, instrumentation within the
overlapping zones will be optimised in consultation with respective QP(D)s. During
the course of the Works, ground / building / structure movements may dictate an
increase in the monitoring provisions from the minimum monitoring provisions
specified. In pricing for the monitoring requirements, the Contractor is deemed to
have allowed for any increase in the instruments and monitoring provisions from the
minimum monitoring provisions specified by the relevant Authorities.

4.2 Minimum Monitoring for Supported Excavations

4.2.1 All supported excavations of depth 4.0 m or deeper from commencing level shall be
monitored by Type A, B and C monitoring arrays, as shown in Figure 1, on the
following basis:

a) Minimum one Type A array for every 25 m of retaining wall;

b) Minimum one Type B array for every 50 m of retaining wall;

c) Minimum one Type C array for every 100 m of retaining wall;

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SEWERAGE SYSTEM PHASE 2 PROJECT – CONTRACT T-07
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d) Minimum 2 array for each supported excavation including one Type B array;
and

e) Any change is subject to the acceptance of S.O.

4.2.2 The distances used to assess the number of monitoring arrays shall be taken as the
plan distance around the perimeter of the excavation measured at the top of the
retaining wall. The number of arrays required shall be rounded up to the nearest
whole number. If an excavation is being carried out in a number of adjacent sections
or cells, then the perimeter shall be taken as the distance around all of the adjacent
sections or cells, ignoring intermediate cross walls.

4.2.3 Type B and C arrays for supported excavation shall be located in areas of particular
concern, taking into account the nature and sequence of construction, the presence of
adjacent buildings / structures and the assessed ground conditions. Types B and C
arrays are not required to be evenly spaced.

4.2.4 Where any portion of the excavation is continuous over 150 m in length and there are
no structures or utilities within the monitoring zones defined by Figure 3, then the
requirement for Type B and C monitoring arrays over that portion of supported
excavation can be reduced by one half, and for unsupported excavations only, Type A
arrays can be omitted.

4.3 Minimum Monitoring for Deep Shaft Excavations

4.3.1 All deep excavations shall be monitored by Type B-S and C-S monitoring arrays, as
shown in Figure 2, on the following basis:

a) Minimum one array of instrumentation for every 25 m of retaining wall;

b) Minimum two arrays of instrumentation for each deep shaft including one
Type C-S array; and

c) Any change is subject to the acceptance of S.O.

4.3.2 Type C-S arrays for deep excavation shall be located in areas of particular concern,
taking into account the nature and sequence of construction, the presence of adjacent
buildings / structures and the assessed ground conditions.

4.3.3 A minimum of one water standpipe shall be provided for each structure in the vicinity
of supported excavation and/or deep shaft excavation. The depth of the water
standpipe shall be minimum 12 m from the existing ground water table. The location
and depth of water standpipe shall be subjected to the acceptance of S.O.

4.3.4 A minimum of water standpipe / piezometer shall be provided for every two recharge
wells.

4.3.5 Minimum of one deep levelling datum, which extends to firm strata with SPT ‘N’
value not less than 100 for three consecutive intervals of 1.5 m, shall be provided for
each shaft location before the start of the Works. Precise levelling equipment

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comprising automatic digital precise levels and invar staff shall be used to establish
the reference level.

4.3.6 Prior to start of the Works, a satisfactory set of base readings comprising the mean of
at least 3 separate independent surveys shall be obtained for all monitoring points.
Each survey shall be tied to reference with deep levelling datum.

4.3.7 Deep levelling datum shall be monitored against SLA precise levelling benchmarks
once every three months in order to check the stability.

4.4 Minimum Monitoring Arrays for Tunnels

4.4.1 All tunnelling works (including bored tunnelling, pipe jacking and SCL tunnelling)
shall be monitored by Type D, E, F, H and P monitoring arrays, as shown in Figure 4
on the following basis:

a) One Type D array, for every 25 m of bored tunnel;

b) One Type E array for every 200 m of bored tunnel; and

c) One Type F array for every 1000 m of bored tunnel

d) One Type H array where cavities or fault lines are located or where sinkholes
have taken place.

e) One Type P array for every 5 m of the mined tunnel excavation.

4.4.2 Where required in areas of particular concern, taking into account the nature and
sequence of construction, the presence of adjacent buildings / structures and the
assessed ground conditions, Type E or F arrays shall be provided in lieu of Type D
arrays.

4.5 Minimum Monitoring for Areas of Ground Treatment

For any area of ground treatment, including areas adjacent to the ground treatment,
the Contractor shall propose a configuration of settlement points to monitor heave
and/or ground settlement. The Contractor shall submit his instrumentation plan for
ground treatment works to the S.O. for acceptance.

4.6 Minimum Monitoring for Vibration

Vibration monitoring shall be carried out on all structures where the construction
activity is likely to result in vibrations. With the exception of monitoring for blasting
works by the Contractor, all other vibration monitoring relating to the Contractor’s
works shall be undertaken by the IMC, for example, piling and boring in rock.
Vibration monitoring shall comply with the latest BCA, other Authorities’
requirement and owners of special facility (which is sensitive to vibration)
requirements.

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4.7 Minimum Monitoring of Struts and Ground Anchors

4.7.1 At least 15% of all struts and ground anchors (if any) shall be monitored for load
using strain gauges and/or load cells. At least 25% of the struts and anchors
monitored using strain gauges shall also be monitored using load cells. Where strain
gauges are used, a minimum of 2 strain gauges coupled with temperature monitoring
shall be installed at each monitoring location for struts, as shown in Figure 5.

4.7.2 As far as possible, the strut and anchor monitoring locations shall be selected so that:

a) every strut / anchor level at the selected locations is monitored; and

b) the strut / anchor monitoring location coincides with a Type B or C

monitoring array.

4.7.3 The minimum number of strain gauges built into a load cell shall be six.

4.7.4 Where additional struts are added to strengthen the excavation, these struts shall be
monitored using load cells at minimum one location.

4.8 Minimum Monitoring of Permanent Works

All structures found on raft foundations / base slab shall be monitored for settlement
after casting of the raft foundation/base slab until the completion of the Works.

4.9 Minimum Monitoring of Existing Buildings and Structures

4.9.1 Where any part of a building or structure falls within the monitoring zones as defined
in Figure 3, the corners of building or structure shall be monitored by building
settlement points.

4.9.2 Additional building settlement points shall be provided at 25 m spacing for building
more than 25 m length.

4.9.3 For buildings on mixed foundations, building settlement points shall be placed on
both sides of the junction between different foundation types.

4.9.4 Two Tilt meters or electro level sensor shall be provided for each building or
structure within the monitoring zones.

4.9.5 Tensile strains shall be monitored by extensometers or by optical survey for all
buildings or structures within the monitoring zones with predicted tensile strains
greater than 0.1% and for any building or structure subjected to protection works.

4.9.6 Crack monitoring shall be carried out for existing cracks and new cracks occurring
during the Works, and on movement joints.

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4.10 Minimum Monitoring for Tunnelling under Buildings or Structures

Where a building or structure is directly above or within a horizontal distance of 6 m

from the edge of the tunnel, the following shall be implemented as a minimum:

a) A monitored zone in accordance with Clause 4.4 shall be set up and

established prior to the face of the tunnel reaching within 50 m (in plan) of
the building or structure.

b) The building shall be monitored in accordance with Clause 4.9.

c) The instrumentation in the zone and on the building shall be read when they
are within 50 m (in plan) of the location of the face of the tunnel. The
monitoring data shall be assessed at least once per every 3 rings of advance or
once a day whichever is more frequent. When abnormal readings are
observed, the frequency of reading will be raised to a level acceptable to the
S.O.

d) The Contractor shall establish a direct and effective communication channel

at all time from the tunnel team to the QPD(Civil/Geo) assessing the results
of the monitoring.

4.11 Minimum Monitoring of Pedestrian Overhead Bridge

Where any part of a pedestrian overhead bridge falls within the monitoring zones as
specified in Figure 3, minimum 8 building settlement points, 2 optical prisms and 2
tilt meters shall be provided.

4.12 Minimum Monitoring of Open Drains

Where any part of an open drain falls within the monitoring zones as specified in
Figure 3, ground settlement markers shall be provided at 10 m interval along the 2
edges of the canal extending 30 m beyond the monitoring zone.

4.13 Minimum Monitoring of Utilities

4.13.1 All utilities within the monitoring zones defined in Figure 3 shall be monitored with
settlement points placed on or just above the utility, at intervals of not more than 25
m, as defined in Figure 6. Joints in power cables with voltage higher than or equal to
6.6kV and in fibre optic cables shall be monitored for movement across the joint.

4.13.2 All connections of utility servicing buildings with deep foundations within the
monitoring zones shall also be monitored.

4.14 Minimum Monitoring of Rail Structures

The instrumentation and monitoring regime shall comply with the Code of Practice of
Railway Protection and other requirements from Land Transport Authority (LTA).

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4.15 Minimum Monitoring of Road Structures

The instrumentation and monitoring regime shall comply with ‘Guide to Carrying
Out Engineering Works within Road Structure Safety Zone and Engineering Activity
on Land Adjoining Public Streets’ and other requirements from LTA.

4.16 Minimum Monitoring of Deep Utilities

Any deep utility which lies above DTSS2 tunnel shall be monitored by Type J arrays
at every 25 m intervals within the monitoring zone, as defined in Figure 6.

4.17 Minimum Monitoring in Real Time

4.17.1 Monitoring in real time shall be provided for the following:

a) Buildings or structures on mixed foundations. Real time monitoring is

required for the junction between areas of different foundation systems.

b) Where a part of a building or structure is on foundations underlain by soft or

loose soils, real time monitoring is required for the junction between areas of
different foundation systems.

c) Buildings or structures subjected to underpinning.

d) Buildings or structures subjected to compensation grouting.

e) Buildings or structures subjected to protection works.

f) Buildings or structures located over a bored tunnel.

g) All struts and ground anchors which are monitored for load.

h) Joints in utility cables with voltage higher than 22kV and joints in fibre optic
cables.

i) Vibration monitoring where any construction activity is carried out near to

sensitive buildings, structures, utilities or equipment.

j) Any other structure where real time monitoring is considered necessary by

the S.O. or the QP(D/S).

4.17.2 Real time monitoring system for buildings or structures shall include one or more of
the following systems:

a) Electro-levels beams with a backup system of precise levelling pins at both

end of each beam; and

b) Automated total station(s) reading the movement of survey prisms.

4.17.3 Real time monitoring system for struts and ground anchors (if any) shall include one
or more of the following systems:

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a) Strain gauges installed directly on struts; and

b) Strain gauges monitoring load cells.

4.17.4 Depending on the nature of the structure and the critical activity, Linear Variable
Differential Transformers (LVDTs), tilt meters, automatic inclinometers, piezometers,
extensometers and/or other types of instruments may be used to provide additional
real time information.

4.17.5 Instruments monitored in real time shall be connected to data logging equipment and
the data shall be continuously accessible via STEMS.

4.17.6 The monitoring data from the real time monitoring shall be processed and displayed
automatically, such that the displayed data represents the most recently taken
readings.

5.0 READING FREQUENCY FOR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS

5.1 The design shall include tables giving reading frequencies for all instruments.
The frequency of reading the instruments may be varied, depending on the type of
instrument and the relationship between the instrument and areas of on-going activity.
Criteria for increasing or decreasing the frequency of reading and for ceasing
monitoring shall also be given, subjected to the acceptance of the S.O.

5.2 For real time monitoring, the QP(D) shall assess the appropriate interval between
successive readings, which shall comply with the following:

a) For the monitoring to be considered ‘real time’, the time between successive
reading of the same sensor or point shall be less than 4 hours.

b) During active tunnelling under buildings or critical structures, the interval

between successive readings on critical sensors or points shall be less than 5
minutes.

6.0 ACCURACY AND RANGE OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS

6.1 The accuracy and reading range of all of the monitoring instruments shall be specified
as part of the design.

6.2 For instruments monitored in real time using automated total station monitoring,
provisions shall be made for regular manual monitoring to confirm the continued
accuracy of the system.

6.3 The depth of inclinometers shall extend beyond the influence zone of the tunnels and
excavations being monitored. As a minimum, inclinometers shall be taken down to at
least:

a) 2 m into competent ground of weathering grade III or better quality rock;

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b) 5 m below the toe level of the retaining wall or 5 m into material of SPT
N>100(for excavations), whichever is deeper; and

c) 5 m below invert level (for tunnels).

6.4 Ground settlement points shall be installed so that the movement of the ground can be
measured. Where settlement points have to be installed through road slabs,
pavements or other surface structures, they shall be anchored into the ground with
sleeves provided so that the measured settlement is not affected by the presence of the
structures.

6.5 The design shall include protection for all instruments, to ensure that they are suitably
protected against accidental damage, vandalism, and adverse climatic conditions.

7.0 REVIEW LEVELS

7.1 Prior to the start of construction, review levels shall be assigned to every instrument
installed or to be installed for each stage of construction. The values for review
levels shall form part of the design. Where appropriate, review levels shall be set for
both positive and negative readings, e.g., for ground movement points, two review
levels shall be set for settlement and heave.

7.2 There shall be three review levels: Alert Level, Action Level and Work Suspension
Level.

7.3 The Work Suspension Level is defined as the highest or lowest (as appropriate)
reading anticipated based on the design at serviceability limit state. Unless agreed
otherwise with the S.O. for particular monitoring locations, the Alert Level shall be
70% of the Work Suspension Level and the Action Level shall be 90% of the Work
Suspension Level.

7.4 If the reading on any instrument reaches the Alert Level, the Contractor shall review
the data, and unless agreed otherwise with the S.O., increase monitoring frequency.
If it is considered that the Action Level is likely to be exceeded, the Contractor shall
review the data and reassess the design. If it is considered that the Work Suspension
Level could be reached or exceeded, then the Contractor shall propose and implement
remedial measures to ensure that the Work Suspension Level is not reached.

7.5 If the reading on any instrument reaches the Work Suspension Level, the Contractor
shall immediately make the related part of the Works safe, and then suspend work in
the part of the Works where the Work Suspension Level has been reached until
proposed remedial measures have been accepted by the S.O. for implementation.

7.6 The full re-assessment shall be carried out comprehensively with careful reviews of
all design assumptions and the actual monitored behaviour of the structures. Where
back-analysis is carried out during the full re-assessment, it shall not be limited to
curve fitting of wall deflections alone. Other monitored parameters shall also be
checked in the back-analysis. There shall be clear evidence of improvement between

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computed and measured behaviour to date, i.e. from the beginning up to the stage
where back-analysis is carried out.

7.7 The review of design assumptions during back-analyses shall include appropriateness
of the models used in the original design, soil parameters, soil profiles encountered,
construction sequences, drainage conditions on site and the wall stiffness. Any
changes or revisions in the back-analysis shall not be arbitrary. There shall be a clear
rationale and substantiation, for example field or laboratory tests or additional
evidence from construction records, for all changes in the model parameters.

7.8 Changes may be proposed to the values selected as review levels after a full re-
assessment. Changes to review levels shall be justified on the basis of observed
performance and the full re-assessment, and shall be submitted for the acceptance of
the S.O.

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Figure 1: Monitoring Arrays for Supported Excavation

Figure 2: Monitoring Arrays for Deep Shaft Excavation

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Figure 3: Monitoring Zones for Excavation & Tunnelling Works

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Figure 4: Monitoring Arrays for Tunnelling Works

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Figure 5: Monitoring Arrangement for Struts

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Figure 6: Monitoring Arrays for Utilities

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