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HISTOLOGY CONSTITUENT OF CELL

1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus

Dr. Neeraj PT

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• Histology is the study of microscopic structure
of the cells & tissues of the body.
• All multicellular animals develops from one
cell i.e., zygote.
• Cell is the structural & functional unit of living
beings.
1. Cell membrane is tough thin & elastic
membrane which form a boundary of the
cell.
2. Cytoplasm is a watery solution of salt,
protein, carbohydrate, lipid, RNA etc.
Two types of element found in cytoplasm:
a) Organelles, & b) Inclusion bodies (e.g.,
glycogen, pigments)

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• Shape: It may be oval, round, polygonal or • Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of

elongated. membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of
• Size: 10-20 µ a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear
oval shaped: 150 µ membrane. Ribosomes are usually attached
with it and helps in protein and lipid synthesis
skeletal muscle cell- up to 30 cm
• Golgi apparatus: A complex of vesicles and
The shape of cell may vary by its function, e.g., folded membranes within the cytoplasm of
nerve cell have different shape. most eukaryotic cells which helps in secretion
and intracellular transport
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• Mitochondria: An organelle which helps in Position: Normally at centered

cellular respiration and energy production. It At base- epithelial cell
is also called as ‘power house’ of the cell At periphery- skeletal muscle cell
Part of nucleus:
• Ribosome: A minute particle consisting of I. Nuclear membrane: It is bilaminar & lamina is
RNA and associated proteins, found in large porous.
numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They II. Nucleolus: May be 4-6 in number
bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to III. Nucleoplasm: Thick & rich in RNA
synthesize polypeptides and proteins IV. Chromatin: It is fragmented part of
chromosome. It is very rich in DNA
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TISSUE
• RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all • Tissue is a collection of cells having similar
living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger structure & function
carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the • A collection of different types of tissue having
synthesis of proteins blood supply & nerve supply is k/a organ
• DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating • There are 4 types of tissues:
material present in nearly all living organisms as the A. Epithelial tissue
main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of B. Connective tissue
genetic information
C. Muscular tissue
• Chromosome: A threadlike structure of nucleic acids
D. Nervous tissue
and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells,
carrying genetic information
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in the form of genes
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A. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
3. Nucleus is essential for all cells, except, matured • It is a collection of cell in the form of a sheet
RBC, & platelets. which lines external surface of our body or
Shape: It is of different shape, e.g., oval, which opens to the outside atmosphere.
rounded, double nucleus, attached nucleus, rod
shaped(e.g., skeletal muscles) etc. • It also lines the hollow organs.
Size: Variable Characteristics:
No. of nucleus in one cell: Cells are closely packed together
Normally one, sometimes two Intercellular substance which is k/a matrix is
Multiple nucleus- e.g., skeletal muscles cell reduced to minimum
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• Classification: Classification is depends upon

the row of cells.
1. Simple Epithelium: The row of cell is only one
& all cell is touching the basal lamina.
2. Stratified epithelium: The row of cell is two
or more in layer.
Distribution: Inner lining of blood vessels &
lymph vessels, alveoli of lung, kidney (parietal
layer of Bowmen’s capsule)
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1. Simple Epithelium
• Types of simple epithelium: II. Simple Cuboidal:
I. Simple Squamous • Single layer of cells
II. Simple Cuboidal • Cells look like a cube
III. Simple Columnar • Having some length, breadth & thickness
IV. Simple columnar ciliated • They have central rounded nucleus
V. Pseudo stratified columnar ciliated • All cells touches the basal lamina, looks like a
line of square at the surface

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I. Simple Squamous:
• Only one row of cells
• Cells are flattened, having length & bredth
but no thickness
• Looks like a mosaic appearance at the
surface
Distribution: Follicles of the thyroid gland,
Ducts of different gland

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III. Simple Columnar:

• Single layered cells
• Cells are columnar in shape, i.e., having a
length more than the breadth
• Nuclei may be at the base or in middle of the
cell
• It looks like a rows of bricks Distribution: Uterus, Fallopian tube

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V. Pseudo Stratified Columnar Ciliated:

Distribution: Gall bladder, Stomach, Small
intestine, Greater part of large intestine
• Cells are in single layer
• They seems to be in two rows, giving a false
appearance of stratification.
• Most important feature- all cells touches the
basal lamina & apex of the tall cells have got
motile cilia.

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IV. Simple Columnar Ciliated:

• Single layered cells
• They are tall columnar cell
• Nuclei may be at the base or in the middle
• These cells have got hair like processes called
cilia
• Cilia found in the surface facing the cavity or Distribution: Trachea & Bronchia
apex of the cell, these cilia may be motile or Since it is present in trachea & bronchia, hence it
non-motile is also k/a Respiratory Epithelium
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2. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
• It is classified according to the shape of the
surface layer or superficial layer of cells.
• Types of stratified epithelium:
I. Stratified squamous epithelium
II. Transitional epithelium
III. Stratified columnar Distribution: Epidermis of skin, it is found all
IV. Stratified cuboidal over the body which is exposed to
atmosphere
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I. Stratified Squamous epithelium: b. Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous:

• Cells are in many layered
• Cells are in multiple layer
• Basal cells are columnar, intermediate cells are
cuboidal or polygonal, and superficial cells are • The superficial layer of cells are squamous
squamous, that’s why this epithelium is known and cells are living and got nuclei
as stratified squamous epithelium

• It has two type:

a. Keratinized stratified squamous
b. Non-keratinized stratified squamous

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a. Keratinized stratified Squamous:

• Cells are in multilayer
• Deeper layer or basal parts of squamous layer are
living & got nuclei
• Superficial layer of cells have no nuclei and they are
all dead cells
• These cells become modified to form skills, that is k/a
Keratin cells, that’s why it is also k/a Keratinized Distribution: Mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx,
epithelium esophagus, lower end of anal canal
• The damage superficial cells are replaced by the
deeper cells.

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II. Transitional Epithelium: IV. Stratified Cuboidal:

• It is multilayered, usually 3-5 layers • It is multilayered
• All cells are living with nuclei
• All cells are cuboidal in shape
• Shape of cells are depends on whether the
organ is relaxed or extended
• Most of cells are polyhedral Distribution: Ducts
• Shape of cells in superficial layer in relaxed of sweat gland &
condition are pear shaped or umbrella shaped mammary gland,
• In extended condition the cells are flatted in also found in
superficial layer seminiferous tubules of testes, ovarian follicle

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B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• It normally joins or support other tissues
• It is derived from mesoderm
Characteristics:
• The cells are dispersed
• Intercellular substance will be maximum
Distribution: Minor calyx, major calyx of kidney;
pelvis of ureter, ureter proper, urinary bladder,
proximal part of the urethra

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III. Stratified Columnar: Classification: Its is classified according to the

• It is multilayered consistency of the intercellular substances.
• Columnar in shape 1. Connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood & lymph
Distribution: Fornix of conjunctiva

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1. Connective Tissue Proper

• Consists of matrix, fibers & cells. II. Elastic fiber:
• Intercellular substances are homogeneous and • It runs singly and the fibers branch each fibers and
transparent in living state. joins.
• This intercellular substances provides nutrition to the • It forms a network
cell, and also helps in exchange of metabolism. • The elastic fiber, when they cut then the both end
• There are three types of fiber found in connective will curve up.
tissue proper: • It can be stretchable and it can come back to its
I. Collagen fibers original length when released after stretching.
II. Elastic fibers
III. Reticular fibers
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I. Collagen fibers: It runs in straight and wavy

way.
• The bundles do not branch but groups of
fibers may join other bunch.

Distribution: Ligamentum nuchae, Ligamentum flava, Internal

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elastic lamina of the arteries.
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III. Reticular fiber:

• Extremely thin fibers and they branch and
joins to form a dense network.
Distribution: tendon, aponeurosis,
intervertebral disc. Distribution: Lymph gland, liver, spleen,
bone marrow, endocrine glands
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Cells found in connective tissue proper:  Cells:

• Big cell with large nucleus
• Fibroblast • Surrounding the chondrocyte there is a small space i.e., k/a
• Mast cell ‘lacuna’, which is covered by ground substances.
• That’s why this cell is called encapsulated cell
• Macrophages
• Chondrocyte appear only one in a capsule
• Plasma cell • But at later stages the chondrocytes divide into two or four or
• Fat cell eight.
Function:
• Pigment cell • Formation of matrix and found substance and fibers
• Reticular cell • The ground substance is solid but rubbery
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2. CARTILAGE
• It is a specialized tissue containing Types of cartilage:
encapsulated cartilage cells. I. Hyaline cartilage
• It forms skeleton of all body in early life II. Elastic cartilage
• Most of cartilage replaced by bones at later III. Fibro cartilage
stage.
• In adults some of the cartilage persists as
articular cartilage, costal cartilage, cartilage of
larynx, trachea, bronchia, ear, nose, epiglottis
etc.
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• Cartilage don’t have blood vessels, nerve & I. Hyaline cartilage:

lymph vessels • Cells are in abandon
• The ground substance is homogeneous and
Components of cartilage: looks glassy but it contains a dense network
 Cell: k/a chondrocyte of collagen fibers.
 Ground substance/matrix • The all hyaline cartilage is covered by a
 Fibers (collagen & elastic) vascular fibrous membrane k/a
‘perichondriam’. Except, articular surface

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III. Fibro cartilage:

• Cells are few in number and in row
• The ground substance consists of bundles of
collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers also
• There is no perichondrium because
Distribution: Articular surface of all bones, periphery of fibro cartilage merges with the
costal cartilage, thyroid cartilage, trachea, surrounding connecting tissue
bronchia.
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II. Elastic cartilage:

• Cells are found either single or in group.
• Ground substance is full of branching and
anastomosing of elastic fiber.
• It have perichondrium as same as in hyaline
cartilage. Distribution: Intervertebral disc, pubic
symphysis, glenoidal labrum, labrum
acetabulare
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3. BONES
• It is a specialized hard connective tissue
• Ground substance is solid and contains
calcium salt

Bones are of two types:

I. Compact bone
Distribution: Epiglotis, auricle or pinna,
II. Spongy bone or cancellous bone
external auditory meatus

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I. Compact bone:
• It is very dense like ivory
• It forms the outer covering of bone
II. Spongy bone: • Osteoblast: They are bone forming cells and it
• They have partitions or cavity insides forms the matrix also.
• Between this partition there are inter communicating They are oval big cells with large nucleus and
spaces found
• They are covered by a layer of compact bone
got processes
• It found in the interior of the bones The cytoplasm contains plenty of alkaline
• They found mostly at the ends of long bone phosphate enzyme.
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Medullary Cavity
• It founds in long bone
• This cavity runs along the long axis of the
bone
• Medullary cavity is filled with bone marrow
Components of bone marrow: • Osteocyte:
a. Ground substances They are resting bone cells
b. Fibers Structure is same as osteoblast
c. Cells They lies with in small spaces k/a ‘lacunae’.
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a. Ground substances/matrix: • Osteoclast:

It is solid and it consists of two types of They are bone destroying cell
material: organic (protein), and inorganic They are large and multinucleated cells. They
(calcium) are k/a ‘giant cells’ of the bone
b. Fibers: Bundles of fine collagen fibers It take part in growth and remodeling of bone
c. Cells: It is of three types: Bones are covered by vascular fibrous
• Osteoblast membrane k/a ‘periosteum’. Except, on the
• Osteocyte articular surfaces of bones.
• Osteoclast
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Periosteum has two layers: 1. Haversian canal: It lies in center of the

i. Outer fibrous layer: It contains periosteal Haversian system. Nerve, blood vessels and
blood vessels. lymphatic passes through this canal. The
ii. Inner layer: It contains osteoblast. So it is canal are interconnected.
also called osteogenic. 2. Concentric bony lamina: These are bundles
of thin collagen fibers in a calcified matrix.
NB: Periosteum is attached with the compact 3. Lacunae: It is small space in the system. It is
bone by the fibers k/a ‘performing fibers of oval. It present inside the concentric bony
Sharpey’. lamina. It consists the cell body of
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• In the compact bone there are some cylindrical units found, 4. Canaliculi: Very small canal. They are short radiating tubes
which runs along the long axis of bone. arises from lacunae and interconnected with different
• Cylindrical unit is also k/a ‘Haversian System’. lacunae. Inside the canaliculi the process of osteopcyte are
It consists: found.
1. Haversian canal 5. Osteocyte: It is lodged inside the lacunae
2. Concentric bony lamina 6. Interstitial matrix: in between the different Haversian
system there are some lacunae with canaliculi found which
3. Lacunae k/a institial matrix.
4. Canaliculi 7. Volkman’s canal: They are vascular canal containing blood
5. Osteocytes vessels which connects the Haversian canals with the
6. Interstitial matrix medullary cavity and the periosteum of bone.
7. Volkman’s canal
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MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Muscles is a specialized kind of tissue meant
for movement, because it has the power to
contract & relax.
• The structural & functional unit of muscles is
called muscle fiber or muscle cell.
• All muscles are develops from mesoderm
except, muscle of iris, ciliary muscle and
erector pylorum.

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• Muscles are classified as: • Cytoplasm: cytoplasm is also k/a sarcoplasm.

1. Smooth muscles Cytoplasm is homogenous, but when stained
2. Cardiac muscles it shows parallel hair like structure k/a
myofibrin. These myofibrin are contractile
3. Skeletal muscles

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• Smooth muscles & cardiac muscles are

involuntary muscles, whereas skeletal muscles
are voluntary muscles.
• Voluntary muscles contracts by our wish, but
involuntary muscles contracts without our
wish.
• Involuntary muscles supplied by autonomic
nerves, whereas voluntary muscles are • Distribution: Muscles of GIT, muscles of blood
supplied by somatic nerves. vessels, urinary and genital passages etc.
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1. Smooth Muscles 2. Skeletal Muscles

• It is also known as plain or unstriped muscles. • It is a voluntary muscles. It is also k/a striped
• Cell is covered by a thin membrane k/a muscles.
plasma membrane. • The muscles fiber are long & cylindrical.
• Spindle shaped • Muscle fibers are covered by a tough membrane
• Size: 1-20 mm, but these muscles can k/a sarcolemma.
increased in length up to about 500 mm in • They shows the dark & light band
uterine muscles during pregnancy. • Dark band is k/a A Band, where A stands for
• Nucleus: oval, rod shaped. Always central in Anisotropic.
position. Always one in a cell. • Light band is k/a I Band, where I stands for
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Isotropic.
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• Length: usually 1-40 mm, but it will be as long • Distribution: All muscles which attach to the
as 30 cm in sartorius muscles bone, muscles of the tongue, pharynx, upper
• Nucleus: these muscles cells are 2/3rd of esophagus etc.
multinucleated, situated at periphery of the
muscles fiber and they are oval in shape.
• Cytoplasm: the cytoplasm contains myofibrils,
mitochondria, golgi complex etc.

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Myofibrils:
• They are fine hair like contractile structure in
the cytoplasm extending from end to end.
There are many number of myofibril in a cell.
• The bands are situated in myofibril.
• The peculiarity of this band is, they are align at
the same level of other myofibril.
3. Cardiac Muscles
• Structurally they are like voluntary muscles
but developmentally & nerve supply they are
like smooth muscles. And functionally it
resembles both.
• Cardiac muscles are cylindrical & they are
applied end to end.
• They have branching & anastomous, and
presence of bands in cytoplasm.

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• Each muscles fiber of skeletal muscles are covered by

connective tissue which is k/a endomysium.
• These muscles fiber make a group k/a fasciculus.
• Fasciculus is covered by connective tissue k/a
perimysium.
• Many number of fasciculus collectively forms a
muscle.
• Covering layer of this muscle is called epineureon.

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Types of nervous system

• It contains one oval nucleus in one fiber.
• Cytoplasm shows dark & light band.
• It have impulses conducting system or
Purkinje fiber. Mostly they are white in color.
• Purkinje fibers conduct impulses to the
contraction of atrium and ventricle.
1. Central nervous system (CNS): consists of
brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): contains
peripheral nerves. Most of the peripheral
nerve produces from brain and spinal cord.
3. Autonomic nervous system (ANS): consists
specialised parts of CNS & PNS

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Regeneration of muscles Components of nerves tissue

• Smooth muscles regeneration is insignificant 1. Neuron
• Skeletal muscles regenerates in damaged 2. Supporting cells
muscle fibers.
• Cardiac muscles fiber never regenerates.

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NERVOUS TISSUE NEURON

• Nervous tissue is a specialized tissue meant
for generation, conduction of nerve impulses.
Result of stimulation in some response occurs.
• Nervous tissue develops from ectoderm,
except, microglia (a supporting tissue)
develops from mesoderm.
• Neuron is the structural and functional unit of
nervous system. It has one or more processes.
This processs are k/a axon and dendrites.
• Axon is only one in a number but Dendron
may be one or more in a cell.

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• Axon carry nerve impulse from the cell body, • Axon starts from the cell body & at the
so it is called efferent. attachment of axon there is an triangular area
• Dendron carry nerve impulse towards the cell found k/a axon hillock.
body, so it is called afferent.
• Structure of neuron:
1. Cell body
2. Processes

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Types of Neuron
• It is classified according to the number of
process:
1. Unipolar: only one process (i.e., axon). These
are very few in our body. They are found in
the neuroblast (developing neuron)
mesencephalic nucleus of fifth cranial nerve.
2. Pseudounipolar: found in posterior root
ganglion and most of the cell with ganglion.
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1. Cell body:
• Size: variable, it varies from 5nm found in
cells of cerebellum, 15nm in anterior horn
cells of gray matter.
• Shape: spherical, oval, star shaped &
pyramidal (motor cell or alpha cell at the
motor area of the cerebral cortex)
• Nucleus: single, spherical and central in
position
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3. Bipolar: have two process at the two ends.
One is axon and other is Dendron. Found in
olfactory epithelium, retina, auditory
ganglion, vestibular ganglion.
4. Multipolar: found everywhere in the body.
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• Cytoplasm: consists of-
I. Neurofibrils: it is a hair like structure. It also
present in the axon and dendrites. It consists
of neurofilament.
II. Nissl’s granules: it is a small secretory granules
found in the cytoplasm and also in the
dendrites. They are absent in axon & axon
hillock. These nissl’s granules are rich in RNA.
It is the important sites for protein synthesis.
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iii. Mitochondria
iv. Golgi complex
v. Inclusion body: e.g., pigment granules in the
area of brain which is k/a Substancea Nigra
(area in the mid brain which contains neuron
containing pigment granules).
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2. Processes:
I. Axon: long cylindrical process and arises
from the cell body. It gives very few process
which are lateral & terminal. Axon covered
by a thick membrane k/a axolemma. Inside
the axolemma there is cytoplasm called
axoplasm.
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II. Dendrites: They are short and thick
• having multiple branches
• They have Nissl’s granules
• Convey impulses towards the cell body so
they are afferent
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• Dendrites of one neuron create a closed
relationship with the terminal process of other
neuron for conduction or transfer of impulses
from one neuron to another neuron and this
area is k/a synapse.
• So, synapse is the area where impulse transfer
from one neuron to another neuron.
• Impulse is transfer through a chemical called
acetylcholin.
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Classification of nerve fiber
• Nerve fiber is classified on the basis of myeline
sheath:
1. Myelinated fiber: found in cranial nerves,
spinal nerves, post ganglionic autonomic
nerves,
2. Unmyelinated fiber
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Structure of nerve fiber in PNS:
• There is a thread like structure k/a axis
cylinder forms the central core of the fiber.
• On this axis cylinder there is a layer of cell
forming the myeline sheath.
• The myeline sheath covers the axis cylinder.
• Myeline sheath is a lipoprotein complex.
• I living, myeline sheath looks white & shiny.
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• The sheath is formed by the rotation of
schwann cell around the axis cylinder in a
circular fashion.
• Myeline sheath increases the conduction
speed of nerve impulses.
• Schwann cell is oval in shape
• Myeline sheath which forms by schwann cell is
not continuous, they are interupted.
• In both PNS & CNS the myelinated nerve fibers
have some connective tissue covering k/a
endoneurium
• Many nerve fibers collectively forms a bundle
k/a funicules.
• Several such funicules forms nerve trunk.
• Nerve trunk is covered by epineurium.

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• Between two schwann cell there is a gap k/a

Node of Ranvier.
• Node of Ranvier also increases the conducting
speed of impulses
• Outside the myeline sheath there is a thin
sheath k/a sheath of schwann which is
continuous.

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Structure of nerve fiber in CNS

• Axis cylinder is covered by myeline sheath, but
myeline sheath is not formed by schwann cell,
it forms by oligodendrocyte.

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