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1. SIMPLE STRESS AND STRAIN within the elastic limit

Resistance = external force
(or applied load)
INTRODUCTION Beyond the elastic stage if the
When an external force acts on a body, the body tends to undergo deformation. loading is continued, deformation
Due to cohesion between the molecules, the body resist the deformation. The of the body progress until failure
resistance by which material of the body opposes deformation is known as takes place.
strength of materials. Within a certain limit (elastic limit) the resistance
Resisting force per unit area is
offered by the material will be proportional to deformation brought out on the
called Intensity of stress
material by external force
The load is applied on the body
STRESS while stress is induced in the
The force of resistance per unit area offered by a body against deformation is material of the body.
𝑷
known as stress. σ =
𝑨 σ = stress
Units of stress: 1 N/mm2 = 1N/ (100 cm)2 = 1 N/104 cm2 P = external force or load
= 10-4 N/cm2 = 10-6 N/mm2 A = cross sectional area
STRAIN
When a body is subjected to external force, there is some change of dimension 1N/mm2 = 106 N/m2
of the body. The ratio of change f dimension to original dimension of the body Pascal: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
is known a strain. Strain is dimensionless.
P (Resistinf force)
STESS σ =
A(Area)
TYPES OF STRESS AND STRAIN
STRAIN
Increase or decrease in length (dL)
NORMAL STRESS e= Orginal length (L)
STRESS
SHEAR STRESS Shear stress
Shear Stress
Normal stress (σ) is the stress The stress induced in a body, when
which acts in a direction subjected to two equal and opposite
perpendicular to the area- it is forces which are acting tangentially
further classified as Tensile stress across the resisting section as in
(2 equal and opposite pulls) and fig1.1.1, fig1.1.2 as a result of
Compressive stress (2 equal and which the body tends to shear off
opposite pushes) and the strain across the section is known as shear
corresponding them are Tensile stress (τ). The corresponding strain Beyond the elastic limit even if the
strain and compressive strain is called shear strain. force is removed, the material will
not return to its original shape and
size and there will be residual
ELASTICTY AND ELASTICT LIMIT deformation in the material.
When an external force acts on a body the body ends to undergo deformation
and it comes back to its original shape (deformation completely disappears) Hooke’s law states that when a
when the external force is removed, the body is called elastic body and this material is loaded within elastic
property is called elasticity. There is a limiting value of force up to which the limit, the stress is proportional to the
deformation completely disappears on removal of force. The value of force strain produced by stress i.e. ratio of
stress to the corresponding strain is
corresponding to this limit is called elastic limit.
constant within elastic limit. This
constant is called Modulus of
Modulus of elasticity Elasticity or Young’s modulus or
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 Modulus of Rigidity or Elastic
𝐸=
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
or
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐸= Moduli (E).
𝑒
FOS
Modulus of rigidity or Shear modulus 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Factor of safety = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜏
𝐶 (𝐺 𝑜𝑟 𝑁) = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐺=ᶲ
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Tensile stress is considered positive

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN and compressive is taken as
𝜎 negative for calculations.
1. One dimensional system e = 𝐸
2. Two dimensional system
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃
Longitudinal strain = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

Lateral strain = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain is constant for a given material,
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
stressed within its elastic limit: Poisson’s ratio μ =
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
σ1 = normal stress in x-direction
Relationship σ2 = normal stress in y- direction
Consider a two dimensional figure ABCD as in fig, subjected to two mutually
perpendicular stress σ1 and σ2.
σ1 σ1
Strain due to σ1 : in x direction = 𝐸
and in y direction = -μ x 𝐸
σ2 σ2
Strain due to σ2 : in x direction = 𝐸 and in y direction = -μ x 𝐸
σ1 σ2
Total strain in x direction: e1 = 𝐸 - μ x 𝐸
σ2 σ1
Total strain in y direction: e2 = 𝐸 - μ x 𝐸 σ1 σ2 σ3
e1 = -μx -μx
3. Three dimensional system 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
Consider a three dimensional body as in σ2 σ3 σ1
e2 = -μx -μx
figure subjected to three orthogonal normal 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
stresses. σ1, σ2, σ3 acting in direction of x, y, σ3 σ1 σ2
z respectively. Similar as of above case, e3 = -μx -μx
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
the corresponding total strains e1, e2, e3 are:

Q1) A rod 150cm long and diameter of 2.0cm is subjected to an axial pull of
20kN. If the modulus of elasticity of the material is 2 x 105 N/mm2; determine
stress, strain and elongation of rod.

L = 150 cm, 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 x 1= 3.14cm2, P = 20kN

𝑷 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎kN
σ=𝑨= 𝟑𝟏𝟒
= 𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟗𝟓
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