This worksheet is intended to serve as a guide for reading a scholarly article.

Completing this
sheet as you read an article will help you understand the point the author is making and how he
or she has gone about doing so. It also provides an opportunity to evaluate the clarity and
effectiveness of the article.

1) Identify what kind of article it is. Check all that apply and be ready to explain why.

a) ____ New Research. Does it present research on an important topic that

has not yet been studied to any real extent? Articles of this type may
present new research or the analysis and translation of a significant
primary source.

b) ____ Old View/New View. Is the author presenting new research and/or
analysis to show how previous analysis of the question under consideration
is inaccurate or incorrect?

c) __✓__ Review Article. Is the author presenting summaries of past research

on a topic (usually one that has a long history of study) by a variety of
different scholars, in order to show the state of research on the topic?

- The author includes different works of different scholars to give

the readers a priori knowledge and a foundation based on what the
author wants to imply and signify.

d) ____ Standard Textbook or Encyclopedia Entry. Does the author seem to

be presenting information in a way that suggests it is generally accepted in
the field as correct? Articles of this type usually lack references to other
published work and are relatively general and brief.

2) Identify unknown vocabulary and technical terms.

Read through the article, and at the arrow below, list all the unknown words and
phrases you encounter. Look up the words you find and add the definition next to each.
If you can’t find the meaning of a word (often the case with foreign words), offer a
tentative definition for it based on context clues or any other means you can. Bring
these to class for discussion.
 Reading an Article

Efflorescence: an instance of such development

(The efflorescence of Liberal thought is on of the well-trodden sequence of
developments from the economic and political changes of the nineteenth century)

Linchpin: the most important member of a group or part of a system, that holds together
the other members or parts or makes it possible for them to operate as intended.
(The linchpin of the movement of the revolution was towards the ilustrado class)

Espoused: to become involved with or support an activity or opinion.

(the shallow form of Western liberalism espoused by the ilustrados was irrelevant to the
needs and aspirations of the people.)

Analogous: similar in a way that invites comparison

(The discrimination of class and the disabilities of gender serves an analogous
relation.)

Canonical: conforming to an accepted rule or procedure.

(Women’s participation in the revolution has been minimized and the almost entire
omission of women from canonical histories.)

Paradoxical: not being the normal or usual kind

(It is paradoxical to say that women was omitted from the history yet they received
recognition as national heroines.

Strenuously: a way that requires great physical exertion.

(Teodora Alonso strenuously discouraged even Rizal's involvement in
subversive political activity.)

Lauded: highly praised or admired.

(The relationships between women and revolution has attracted increasing
scholarly attention the reason for the writer to find a good fit of a women that can
be lauded by her activity.

Exodus: a mass departure of people, especially emigrants.

(Maria Salome Marquez, a fictional character created by Castor De Jesus,
carried along in the frantic exodus being forced to move from place to place to
avoid warfare.

Suffrage: the right to vote in political elections.

(It was discussed in the suffrage campaign that Filipino women will not receive
citizenship rights in the form of the right to vote)

Houris: In Islam, a houris exists in Paradise as a divine companion for those

believers who have died.
(Fernando Guerrero could describe the women of his native land as houris,
whose tender and passionate looks could melt even hearts of ice, whose kisses
could bring down heaven.)

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 Reading an Article

3) Identify the author’s point.

Study the introduction and conclusion of the article and determine what the author’s
point is. Authors should state this clearly, but sometimes they make their readers work
for it.
a) If it is New Research (a. above), make note of how the author states the
question or questions she or he examined and what his answer to the question
is.
b) If it is an Old View/New View article (b. above), identify the other scholars the
author is responding to, what the old view is, and what the new view is that he or
she is offering.
c) If it is a review article, identify the purpose for the author gives for presenting the
review, and note if he proposes directions for further research.
d) If it is a Standard Entry (d. above), you need only summarize the material
presented, unless a clear point can be determined.
State the author’s point and other information requested above after the arrow below.
Be as detailed as you need to be.
 c. The author includes in the essay the Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro
Agoncillo which stated that the revolution is mainly was economic, class-based and
gave primacy to the role of the working masses. While the work of David Sturtevant
mainly focused on the nature of rural unrest in the Philippines. Reynaldo lleto's work
also concentrated on the involvement of the rural population in the revolution,
investigating the meanings which revolutionary concepts held for Filipino villagers. This
led to the concept of discrimination and division within the revolution that the higher
class will always be the focal point of the written history, not giving enough credits to
other Filipino who helped in attaining the freedom of our country especially women.

Determine the organization of the article.

First, if the article has subheadings, identify each subheading with its page number. If
there are no subheadings, work through the article paragraph by paragraph and divide
the article into subsections that you assign subheadings to, based on what you see the
author doing in each subsection. Give the page number on which each of your
subsections begins. Then, sketch out a rough outline of the article using the
subheadings you have, and briefly describe the sub-point the author is making under
each subheading and what evidence the author uses to make each point. Be sure to
distinguish between what the author is saying and what the other scholars he is
quoting are saying. Also note, if you can, why the author has chosen to organize the
article the way he or she has. Provide the information requested above at the arrow
below. Give as much detail as you need.

 a. Historiography concerning the Philippine Revolution.

- Class was portrayed as playing a crucial leadership role in the revolution

because of the strength of patron-client relationships linking elite and peasantry.

- Outstanding recent contributors to the literature have emphasized the need for
history "from below" as opposed to the elite view from above.

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 Reading an Article

- Teodoro Agoncillo's The Revolt of the Masses interpreted that the revolution
was economic, class-based and gave primacy to the role of the working masses.

- David Sturtevant focused on the nature of rural unrest in the Philippines.

- Reynaldo lleto attempted to understand the revolution internally, from the point
of view of those who participated in it.

- Women appear only rarely in the works of these more innovative historians of
the revolution, works which have received much acclaim and which have now achieved
the status of canonical texts.

b. Filipina Biographies

- Melchora Aquino, also known as Tandang Sora, she is often identified by the
epithet "Mothef of the Revolution." When a meeting of local Katipuneros was forced to
break up because of Spanish intervention, she helped to hide and feed the fleeing
revolutionaries. After the outbreak of the revolution, she assisted the cause by providing
a refuge, feeding soldiers and nursing the wounded. Her contributions were distinctly
maternal kind.

- Teodora Alonso, mother of Jose Rizal, was accorded this status for her role as
Rizal's mother, as a sort of reflected glory, rather than for any participation in the
revolution as such. She possessed the qualities of an ideal mother-high intelligence,
patience, frugality, patriotism, and love of God.

- Marcela Marino Agoncillo became famous through her association with a

national symbol, the flag. When Aguinaldo was about to return to the Philippines, he
asked Agoncillo to make a Filipino flag according to a design which he specified.
Agoncillo and her female assistants five days to sew. The flag was raised on the
verandah of Aguinaldo's Kawit residence to accompany the proclamation of Philippine
independence on 12 June 1898.

- Patrocinio Gamboa was deeply influenced by the literary works of the

Propaganda Movement. At the inauguration ceremony of the revolutionary government
the Filipino flag was hoisted. This flag was made by Patrocinio Gamboa with the help of
several other women revolutionaries, using the flag sewed by Marcela Agoncillo in Hong
Kong as their model. she later undertook many intelligence missions in the revolutionary
cause, gathering information and delivering critical messages between various
commanders. She also raised funds and collected materials such as food, medicines
and munitions which were essential to continue the revolutionary challenge. In addition,
Patrocinio Gamboa worked as a nurse ministering to the wounded and dying on the
battlefields.

- Hilaria Aguinaldo, the wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, organized a Red Cross

association with headquarters at Malolos in an effort to stimulate and co-ordinate
humanitarian work by women.

- Trinidad Perez Tecson is a Filipino woman who engaged in military action

during the revolution. She was involved in several raids against Spanish arsenals in
order to acquire weapons for the revolutionary cause. Tecson was forty-eight years old
when revolution broke out. She took part in numerous battles and was wounded in
action.

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 Reading an Article

- Teresa Magbanua, The Visayan Joan of Arc, a title which has since become
commonly used to refer to Magbanua, with the implication that she was divinely inspired
to lead her people in their fight for freedom. Teresa Magbanua, like two of her brothers,
became a general in the revolutionary forces. First, she had to overcome the resistance
of local military commanders, and of her husband, who opposed her involvement in a
military capacity. Finally, she was given arms and soldiers to lead into battle. Her first
success was in the batt!e of Yating, near Pilar, Capiz.

c. Women and Revolution

- Analysis of the relationships between women and revolution has attracted

increasing scholarly attention in recent years, especially from feminist writers.

- During the revolution itself women were consistently discouraged from military
participation. The military contribution of those women who did join battle has, since
then, been systematically minimized or ignored.

- Linking women's participation in revolution to prevailing gender constructs and

thus to existing unequal gender relations has frequently been a strategy to undercut any
moves for equal consideration in post-revolutionary society.

5) Give an evaluation of the article.

At the arrow below, answer the following questions in as much detail as you need:
a) How effective has the author been in making his or her point (as determined in
2) above)?
b) Does the article make the point the author intended, and why or why not?
c) Was the article logically organized and clearly presented? If so, what was
effective about it, and if not, what problems were there? If you found the article
confusing, explain why, giving specific examples with page numbers in your
explanation.
d) State what you learned from the article. What do you know now that you didn’t
before? This may include information that was not part of the author’s point.
e) Finally, what questions does the article leave in your mind? What more do you
think you need to know to have a fuller understanding of the subject of the
article?

 a. For me, Christine Doran effectively proved her point that there has been
discrimination through the course of the Philippines revolution based on class and
gender. But through different related works, she justified that the emphasis should focus
more below rather than the person above. It is for the reason of, our freedom was fought
not by Rizal, Bonifacio or any individual rather it was one whole country’s effort that
really change the course of our history. Not to take the recognition from the mentioned
heroes but the point is everyone sacrificed sweat and blood through the process of
revolution, it just happened that the spotlight of the history are the persons above.

b. The author showed her point by stating the bias of our history towards the ilustrados
and that the persons below were not given enough recognition. But through time, it
became an issue of our country the reason for different scholars to research about
women and Filipino guerillas who also fought for the freedom of our country.

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 Reading an Article

c. I found this article logically organized because the author gave three different parts
that summarized all the important facet of the article. She also mentioned different
women heroines and their contributions through the course of our history.

d. Through reading the article, I've realized that there have been a drastic change in the
attitude and perspective of modern Filipina compared before. It may be because of how
the different their way of life. Before, it is all about war and love for country while today it
is more about money and pride. What I really don't understand is why women are being
discriminated when they are the real reason why we are living.

e. If we are to take everything into account, will there be a chance that the Philippines
will have a female national hero? Just like the past article analysis, I am always saying
that I should read more about our history for I can comprehend what is the extent of
knowledge I will believe in. It is always good to learn new things especially about the
history of our country.

Women in the Philippine Revolution by Christine Doran

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