Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 136 (2019) 1–10

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Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cep

Heat transfer characteristics of free nanofluid impinging jet on flat surface T

with different jet to plate distance: An experimental investigation
⁎
Surendra D. Barewar, Shravan Tawri, Sandesh S. Chougule
Department of Mechanical-Mechatronics Engineering, The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur, 302031, India

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In the present study, the heat transfer characteristics of the impinging jet on the heated copper plate surface was
Jet impingement investigated experimentally. Two different working coolants namely, DI water and aqueous Zinc oxide (ZnO)
Heat transfer nanofluids with varying nanoparticle concentration (ϕ = 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, and 0.1%) were used during the
ZnO nanofluid experiment. The ZnO nanofluids were synthesized by two-step methods. The experiments were conducted by
Copper plate
impinging free circular jet fluids (water and ZnO nanofluids) on a 90 mm diameter and 3 mm thick heated
copper plate. The jet parameters viz. nozzle to plate distance (2–7.5), the flow rate of fluids and nanoparticle
concentrations were varied during experiments. This analysis reveals that there is a significant enhancement in
heat transfer coefficient (HTC) for ZnO nanofluids coolant when compared with water coolant. During experi-
ments, Reynolds number was varied in the range from 2192 to 9241. A theoretical correlation was developed
after analyzing experimental data. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement with results
obtained from theoretical correlation.

1. Introduction (8000–13000). Results show maximum enhancement of 40.61% in HTC

In many engineering and industrial applications, liquid jet im-
pingement cooling is one of the most powerful technique used for re-
moval of high heat flux with higher HTC. These applications include
cooling of the gas turbine, quenching of the metals for heat treatments,
loss of coolant accidents in nuclear power plants and most recently has
been associated with cooling of power electronic devices etc. In liquid
jet impingement process, direct contact of a high-speed jet of liquid
with heated surface forms thin liquid films which lead to high flux
dissipation and makes the system reliable [1].
In past decades, various jet impingement cooling techniques have
been reported for enhanced heat transfer. These methods of improving
heat transfer in jet impinging cooling can be categorized as surface
modification methods and fluids additives methods. The surfaces
modifications methods include micro-structured surfaces, micro/nano
coating and pin-fins surfaces. The fluid additives includes use of sur-
factant, salts, oils and higher thermal conductivity nanoparticles.
Recently, suspension of nanoparticles in base fluid (nanofluids) has
been extensively studied in liquid jet impingement on hot surfaces and
summary of few researches are enlightened in Table 1 [2–7].
Jizu et al. [2] studied heat transfer performance with a free single
jet of SiO2-water nanofluid with varying volume concentration
(ϕ = 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0%) at varied range of Reynolds number
for SiO2-water nanofluid when it is compared to water coolant results at
Re = 13,000. In similar kind of work, jet impingement heat transfer on
heated surface with Al2O3 nanofluid has been reported by Jizu et al.
[3]. Different parameters such as volume concentration (ϕ = 0.5%,
1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) and different nozzle to plate distance (2–5) were
varied during experiments. Results concluded that the maximum en-
hancement in HTC was 61% using Al2O3 nanofluid (ϕ = 2.0% and H/
D = 4) when compared to pure water. In addition, authors developed
theoretical Nusselt number correlations for nanofluid jet impingement.
Zeitoun et al. [4] carried out experimental investigation to study the
heat transfer characteristics of horizontal circular plate with Al2O3-
water nanofluid. The different parameters namely, jet flow rates, jet
nozzle diameters, circular disk diameters and nanoparticles con-
centrations (ϕ = 6.6% and 10%) were varied during the experiments.
Results show an increase in the Nusselt number as the nanoparticle
concentration increases. Modak et al. [5] experimentally investigated
heat transfer characteristics of a hot vertical stainless steel foil with
impinging jets of different working fluids (water and Al2O3-water na-
nofluids). Authors used infrared thermal imaging camera for recording
temperature during experiments. Results show that, a thin layer of
nanoparticles was deposited over the surface of hot steel foil after im-
pingement by nanofluids. This formation of a thin layer is reason for
increase in wettability of fluid over the surface which improves the jet

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: 16pmm001@lnmiit.ac.in (S.D. Barewar), 16ume046@lnmiit.ac.in (S. Tawri), sandesh_chougule@yahoo.com (S.S. Chougule).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2018.12.001
Received 29 June 2018; Received in revised form 19 October 2018; Accepted 2 December 2018
Available online 11 December 2018
0255-2701/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S.D. Barewar et al. Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 136 (2019) 1–10

Nomenclatures Greek symbols

Cp specific heat (J.kg−1.K−1) ϕ nanoparticles volume concentration (%)

d test plate diameter (m) ρ density (kg.m−3)
D jet diameter (m) μ viscosity (Pa.s)
Dh hydraulic diameter (m)
h heat transfer coefficient (W.m−2.K-1) Subscripts
H jet to plate surface distance (m)
k thermal conductivity (W.m−2.K-1) jet jet of fluid
Nu Nusselt number (hD / k ) nf nanofluid
Pr Prandtl number (μ Cp/ k ) bf base fluid
q̇ heat flux (k.W.m-2)
T temperature (K) Abbreviations
V flow velocity (m.s−1)
HTC heat transfer coefficient
PVA polyvinyl alcohol

Table 1
Various studies on nanofluid jet impingement heat transfer.
Author(s) Nanoparticles and base fluid Type of jet Important findings

Jizu Lv et al. [2] SiO2 + water Free jet At 3% of nanoparticles concentration, HTC increases up to 40%
Jizu Lv et al. [3] Al2O3 + water Free jet At 2% of nanoparticles concentration, HTC increases up to 61.4%
Zeitoun et al. [4] Al2O3 + water Free jet At higher concentration of nanoparticles, Nu enhances up to 100%.
Modak et al. [5] Al2O3 + water Free jet Maximum heat flux obtained at higher concentration at stagnation region.
Bin sun et al. [6] Cu + water Free jet Addition of the nanoparticles enhances the heat transfer and higher value of HTC obtained in circular nozzle
compared with the square nozzle.
Modak et al. [7] CuO + water Free jet Maximum heat flux obtained at higher concentration.
Mitra et al. [8] TiO2+MWCNT + water Confined jet Cooling rate enhances by the addition of both the nanoparticles when it is compared with water.
Nguyen et al. [9] Al2O3 +water Confined jet Combination of the confined and submerged jet, at higher concentrations, the adverse effect observed on heat
transfer properties.

impingement heat transfer. Analysis of heat transfer using copper na-
nofluid with circular and square shape jet for jet impingement cooling
was studied by Bin Sun et al. [6] and observed remarkable improve-
ment in the convective HTC of the base fluid by adding Cu nano-
particles. Authors also reported a comparison between the effect of
circular and square shape nozzle on heat transfer and observed that the
higher value of HTC is obtained in a circular nozzle compared with the
square nozzle. Recently, Modak et al. [7] have performed an experi-
ment by impinging CuO-water nanofluid on hot foil to study the heat
transfer characteristics at different volume concentration (ϕ = 0.15%
and 0.6%). They tested the effect of volume concentration and Reynolds
number on heat transfer performance and found that an increase in the
nanoparticle concentration enhances the surface heat flux by 112.8% of
CuO nanofluid (ϕ = 0.6%). In some of the research, hybrid nanofluid
was used for improving the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. Mitra
et al. [8] used hybrid nanofluid of TiO2 and MWCNT with water im-
pinging on a steel plate and developed one-dimensional finite volume
inverse heat transfer model to predict the heat flux and heat transfer
rate. They observed an enhancement in cooling rate with the use of
higher thermal conductivity hybrid nanofluid. Nguyen et al. [9] used
confined and submerged jet of Al2O3 nanofluid for studying the heat
transfer characteristic on the horizontal circular surface for higher
Reynolds number up to 88,000. In this experiment, they varied the jet
diameter and nozzle to plate distance and minor heat transfer en-
hancement was reported. This enhancement was observed only up to a
certain concentration of the nanoparticles. At higher concentration, the
nanoparticles affect the stability and dispersion of the fluid, showing an
adverse effect on heat transfer properties.
The stability of the nanoparticles in the base fluid is one of the most
important parameter in jet impingement applications. The unstable
nanoparticles in base fluid lead to agglomeration and restrict the en-
hancement in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. This causes a
reduction in the heat transfer performance. To overcome stability
problems, various nanoparticles surface modification techniques for
dispersion in base fluids have been reported and summarized by
Chougule and Sahu [10]. Various studies in the past concluded that the
reduction in the surface tension of the impinging nanofluid has direct
impact on the heat transfer performance in nanofluid jet impingement.
This conclusion promoted researchers' interest towards the addition of
surfactants to nanofluids [11,12]. The addition of surfactants tends to
enhance the dispersion of the nanoparticles by decreasing the surface
tension and thereby it improves the heat transfer. Khairul et al. [11]
derived optimum values of the SDBS surfactants added to CuO-water
and Al2O3-water nanofluids to increase stability and reduce viscosity,
and also observed that thermal conductivity of nanofluids is directly
proportional to its stability. Xia et al. [12] confirmed this by studying
effects of SDS and PVP. Results showed that surfactants play a crucial
role in the dispersion of the nanoparticles into the water and thus in-
creasing the stability of metal oxide-water nanofluids.
It is evident from the literature that various studies have been re-
ported which includes use of nanofluids in jet impingement heat
transfer and its flow characteristics over the heated surface. Among
these studies, use of stable ZnO nanofluid still remains an untouched
part of the research. The ZnO nanoparticles have propitious qualities
because of its hexagonal structure which leads to improved stability and
increased heat transfer properties of nanofluids. This improves thermo-
physical properties of aqueous ZnO nanofluids encouraging the authors
for further investigation. In the present research, heat transfer char-
acteristics of surfactant added ZnO nanofluids at varying concentration
(ϕ = 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06% and 0.1%) are analyzed by impinging it as a
free circular jet on a horizontal heated circular copper plate. Tests were
carried out at varied range of Reynolds number (2192–9241). In ad-
dition, jet to plate surface distance (H/D) varied in the range of 2 to 7.5.
Also, a correlation is proposed from experiments data presented in the
paper.

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S.D. Barewar et al.
2. Preparation of nanofluids and its thermo-physical properties
2.1. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and nanofluids
In the present study, the stable ZnO nanofluids were prepared by
two-step methods. In the first step, the ZnO nanoparticles were syn-
thesized by the wet chemical method [13]. In a successive step, these
nanoparticles were dispersed in water. The detailed synthesis method is
discussed in following paragraphs.
In the first step, the key materials were used in the synthesis process
such as: sucrose, polyvinyl alcohol, and zinc nitrate hexahydrate silver
nitrate. A completely dispersed aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol
and sucrose was heated at 65 °C to 75 °C. Maintaining pH 9–10 allows
the formation of ZnO from zinc nitrate hexahydrate salt mixed with the
earlier precursor. After decanting, these settled ZnO nanoparticles were
collected and calcinated at 500 °C. The above synthesized ZnO nano-
particles are characterized by scanning electron microscope (Fig. 1).
The detailed synthesis and characterization of the ZnO nanoparticles is
elaborated elsewhere [13]. The material specifications are summarized
in Table 2.
In next step, the nanofluids were prepared by dispersing nano-
particles at various volume concentration calculated by Eq. (1) in to
base fluid (water) [14]. Low volume concentrations (ϕ = 0.02%,
0.04%, 0.06% and 0.1%) of the nanofluid were used in this study. The
ZnO nanoparticles are insoluble in water and after some time these
nanoparticles were settled down after mixing with water. This difficulty
was solved by addition of surfactant with rigorous ultra-sonication
about 4 h. The addition of surfactant helps to stabilize the ZnO nano-
particles in water. The stability of the nanofluid was confirmed by
physical observation and measuring the zeta potential value of the
prepared nanofluid [15].
Volume of nanoparticles
ϕ= Volume of nanoparticles + Volume of the base fluid
mass of nanoparticles
ϕ=
density of nanoparticles
mass of nanoparticles mass of base fluid
+
density of nanoparticles density of base fluid (1)
2.2. Measurement of thermal conductivity and viscosity
To understand and study the performance and behavior of nano-
fluids for heat transfer, two necessary thermo-physical properties,
namely, thermal conductivity and viscosity, were measured. The tran-
sient hot-wire method is usually used to measure the thermal con-
ductivity of liquids which avoids natural convection effects during
measurement. In view of this, KD2 Pro thermal property analyzer
(Model: KD2 Pro., Make: Decagon Device, USA) was used to measure
the thermal conductivity property of ZnO nanofluid. This method of
measuring thermal conductivity effectively cited by many authors
[4,7]. The KD2 Pro thermal property analyzer meets both ASTM D5334
and IEEE442-1981 standard. The principle behind this measurement is
that it measures time-temperature response by transient hot wire to an
electrical impulse. Targeted prototype’s thermal conductivity is sensed
by the thermal temperature variation for a specified time interval. As it
is temperature dependent, the measurements were taken at different
temperature variations (20 °C–45 °C). The minimum amount of the
nanofluid required for the measurement of the thermal conductivity is
45 ml. The calibration of the sensor needle in thermal property analyzer
was carried out by measuring the thermal conductivity of various
known fluid such as: water and glycerin. The measured thermal con-
ductivity values for DI water and glycerin are found to be
0.6061 W.m−1 K−1and 0.292 W.m−1 K-1 respectively. The sensor
needle can be used to measure the thermal conductivity of the fluids in
the range of 0.02 W.m−1 K-1 to 2 W.m−1 K-1 with an accuracy of ± 5%.
The temperature variation for thermal conductivity at varying con-
centration of ZnO nanofluids is shown in Fig. 2. It is observed that, the
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Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 136 (2019) 1–10
increase in temperature promotes Brownian motion amongst nano-
particles which leads to increase in thermal conductivity [16]. The
maximum enhancement in thermal conductivity of the ZnO nanofluids
is found to be 8.0% at 45 °C (ϕ = 0.1%).
Another property, viscosity of the nanofluid, was measured by cone
and plate viscometer (Model: Brookfield DVII + Pro, Make: Brookfield
Digital Viscometer, USA). The cone is connected to the spindle drive
while the plate is mounted on sample cup. The spindle (CPE-40) used in
this study can be used for measuring the viscosity in the range of
0.015 cP–3065 cP. The viscometer consists of cone of angle 0.080° and
2.4 cm length attached to the spindle drive. When the spindle rotates, it
measures the viscous force of fluid against the spindle by the deviation
of the calibrated spring. Also, the calibration of the viscometer was
carried out by measuring the viscosity of various known fluids such as
water and glycerin. The measured viscosity values for distilled water
and glycerin are found to be 0.00083 Pa.s and 0.0109 Pa.s respectively.
The results agree well with the literature value of 0.00079 Pa.s and
0.0107 Pa.s for water and glycerin with an accuracy of ± 5%. In the
present study, efforts have been made to study the effects of the tem-
perature and the nanoparticles concentration on viscosity (Fig.3). With
the increase in the volume concentration of the nanoparticles, the total
surface area in contact with base fluid and the resistance to the
movement of the molecules increases this increases viscosity of the base
fluid.
2.3. Stability of the nanofluid
The ZnO nanoparticles are insoluble in water. Thus maintaining the
stability of these nanoparticles is difficult at higher concentration.
Taking a hint from literature, addition of acetyl-acetone surfactant
followed by the ultra-sonication was used for the proper dispersion of
nanoparticles and to maintain the stability of the nanofluids [17]. It is
reported in the literature that the improper dispersion of the nano-
particles in the base fluid leads to decrease in the heat transfer on the
heated surface. This is because of the layer formation of unstable na-
noparticles on heated surface which resists the heat transfer. In this
study, use of stable nanofluid removes this limitation. Fig. 4 show that
nanofluid impinges on heated surface with and without surfactant. It is
clearly seen that with the use of the surfactant for proper dispersion, the
nanoparticles sedimentation on the heated surface after jet impinge-
ment is significantly lesser than nanofluid without surfactant. The sta-
bility of the nanofluid was also confirmed by measuring the zeta po-
tential value [11].
Fig. 1. Hexagonal structure of ZnO nanoparticles at 400000x magnification
(SEM).
S.D. Barewar et al. Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 136 (2019) 1–10

Table 2 rockwool was sandwiched between heating block and teflon cylinder.
Material specification. The power supply to heating block was regulated by voltage regulator.
Nanoparticle specifications The constant temperature bath (Make: Julabo, Model: FP 51) was used
to maintain the constant 25 °C temperature for coolant supply through
Material Zinc oxide (ZnO) the nozzle. The gear pump was used to supply and monitor coolant to
Crystal structure Wurtzite the test specimen. Six J-type thermocouples were press fitted in the
Size 25-40nm
Appearance White
heating block to measure the temperature. Three thermocouples were
Density gm/cm3 inserted up to the upper surface of the heater block and other three
were placed below 2 mm below the upper surface at three different
inline positions (Fig. 6(b)). All thermocouples were connected to data
acquisition system (Make: Agilent Technologies, Model: 34,972 A) to
record all temperatures at fixed regular intervals.

3.2. Experimental procedure

In this study, the experiments were initially carried out on atmo-

spheric environment.. Initially, the pump is started to maintain constant
flow rate for specific Reynolds number and is maintained at constant
temperature (25 °C). The electric power supply is provided simulta-
neously by voltage regulator to increase the temperature of heater as-
sembly by four cartridge heater (400 W) and maintain steady state
condition. The temperature monitoring system display the desired
temperature on the computer. When the steady state condition is
achieved, the electric power supply is switched off and jet
(ID = 2.8 mm) of coolant is allowed to impinge on the heated copper
plate.
The heat flux (q˙) supplied to the heater block calculated by Fourier
heat conduction equation in one dimensional form is expressed as,
Fig. 2. Variation in thermal conductivity of ZnO nanofluid with different con-
centration at varying temperature. dT
q˙ = −kc
dx (2)

where,
q̇ is the total heat flux and kc represent thermal conductivity of
dT
copper. The dx ratio represent the change in temperature with distance.
The temperature at the surface of the test plate, Ts can be calculated by,
q˙ dx
Ts = T∞ −
kc (3)

The Reynolds number and Nusselt number of the fluid is calculated

by the following equation,
ρVD
Re =
μ (4)

hmax Dh
Nu =
k (5)

The corresponding value for a Nusselt number can be calculated by

Eq. (5), where Dh stands for hydraulic diameter (ratio of the heated area
Fig. 3. Variation in viscosity of ZnO nanofluid with varying concentration at
to its perimeter), hmax is the maximum HTC taken at a specific interval
different temperature. of temperature difference and k is the thermal conductivity of the
working fluid at given temperature.
The relative error identified with each parameter is shown in the
3. Experimental test facility and procedure
Table 3. The uncertainty while calculating the HTC, Reynolds number
and Nusselt number was obtained by the equations given in Table 4.
3.1. Experimental test setup
After experiments, the maximum uncertainty found to be 7.08%,
5.06%, 8.6% for HTC, Reynolds number and Nusselt number respec-
Fig. 5 depicts a schematic representation of test facility developed to
tively.
carry out jet impingement heat transfer experiments on horizontal
circular plate. It consist of test section with heater block assembly,
4. Results and discussion
coolant supply system and temperature recording system. The circular
copper plate of 90 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness was used as test
In this research work, trials were carried out by impinging jet of
piece. The test piece was heated uniformly with the help of copper
water and nanofluid of varying concentrations, ranging from
block (90 mm in diameter and 90 mm in thickness) assisted with four
ϕ = 0.02% to ϕ = 0.1%, on the horizontal copper plate surface. The
cartridge heaters which were inserted in the heater block from the
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by wet chemical method and
bottom (Fig. 6 (a–b)). The heating block was surrounded by hollow
characterized using FE-SEM. The different thermo-physical properties
teflon cylinder to minimize heat losses by convection. In addition,
were extensively reported. The maximum HTC, cooling curve and

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S.D. Barewar et al. Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 136 (2019) 1–10

Fig. 4. Copper plate surface after impinging jet a) with surfactant b) without surfactant.

Nusselt number have been calculated at a different value of Reynolds The above Zhao and Masuoka [18] theoretical correlation model
number varied between 2192 and 9241. The detailed descriptions are was based on integral analysis to find the average Nusselt number
stated below. (Nujet ) while impinging water jet on a circular plate surface for the
Reynolds number ranging from 5000 to 20,000. The average Nusselt
4.1. Validation of experimental set-up number calculated by the experimental results and Zhao theoretical
model are presented in graph (Fig. 7) and compared. In this compar-
In present study, for the validation of experimental set-up, the ison, the experimental Nusselt number values falls within reasonable
comparison were made between the Zhao and Masuoka and experi- range of ± 20% of the theoretical model the presented here. These
mental results with water as a coolant. The Nusselt number was cal- errors in the experimental data occurred because of some changes in
culated by the experimental results and Zhao theoretical model and setup condition and changing parameters like jet diameter and target
compared. In the theoretical model, the Nusselt number was calculated plate diameter plate diameter etc. For example, the jet diameter used in
by considering different parameter such as Prandtl number, Nusselt this study was 2 time smaller than jet used in the Zhao model. More-
number and Reynolds number along with the ratio of plate diameter over, same jet to plate surface distance used in present study which
and jet diameter independent variable expressed as follows: used Zhao and Masuoka [18] model.
3/2
2Dj 2 0.4 0.5 2D 2 ⎢ ⎥ 4.2. Effect of nanoparticles concentration of ZnO nanofluid on heat transfer
Nujet = 0.712 ⎛ ⎜
⎞ Pr Rej + 0.89 ⎛ j ⎞ ⎢ ⎜⎛ D ⎟⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ Pr 1/3Rej0.5
⎝ D ⎠ ⎝ D ⎠ ⎢ 2D ⎥ coefficient
⎣⎝ j ⎠ ⎦
(6) Fig. 8 shows the effect of ZnO nanoparticles concentration on the

Fig. 5. Experimental set up for jet impingement cooling.

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S.D. Barewar et al. Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 136 (2019) 1–10

Fig. 7. Comparison of Nusselt number with the Zhao and Masuoka [18] model.

This enhancement is because of the enhanced thermal conductivity and

Brownian motion of ZnO nanoparticles in water which induces the
thermal diffusion effect and increases the heat transfer rates [19]. On
enhancing the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid, the heat transfer
rate also increases within the droplet which allows it to boil rapidly.
Therefore, large amount of heat is extracted from the heated surface
through forced convection. It is observed that for ϕ = 0.1% volume
concentration of the ZnO nanofluid, the HTC increases by 51% at the
highest value of Reynolds number when compared to water. Also, for
volume concentrations of ϕ = 0.06%, ϕ = 0.04% and ϕ = 0.02% shows
an enhancement of 41.7%, 32.9% and 14.1% respectively in the HTC
values under similar conditions when compared to water. It is also
observed that, from Fig. 8, as the concentration of the nanoparticles
increases in the base fluid, the Reynolds number decreases because of
Fig. 6. Heater assembly a) with a test plate and insulation b) with thermo- the increasing viscosity effect. (Fig. 3). Fig. 8 also shows the linear
couple and cartridge heater holes. relationship between the convective HTC and Reynolds number which
can be observed under the same H/D ratio. This is because the jet ve-
Table 3 locity is increased by increasing the Reynolds number which allows the
Errors in measurement. jet of the nanofluid to impinge on the plate surface with more energy
and thrust. This makes the boundary layer thinner near the stagnation
Parameter Error
zone which further accelerates the heat transfer process. Also, ac-
Diameter of the test plate 0.01mm celerated jets brought proper combining of the nanofluid with the
Width of the test plate 0.01mm surrounding environment which improves the turbulence intensity of
Diameter of jet 0.02 mm
the phase [3]. The cooling rate also varies with increasing Reynolds
Temperature 1 °C
Time 0.01sec number. As the jet of liquid impinges on the surface, there is a rapid
Coolant flow rate 1 ml/s drop in temperature at stagnation region. As soon the impingement
starts, the jet of nanofluid comes in direct contact with the heated
surface and the impinging fluid evaporates due to very high tempera-
Table 4 ture of the copper plate. As these droplets extract heat, the surface
Uncertainty of the experiment. temperature starts decreasing which further on decreases the eva-
Parameter Equations uncertainty poration rate of the fluid and increases its surface contact time. This
results in a formation of a thin film on the surface of the plate whose
Heat transfer 2 2 2 7.08% thickness keeps on increasing with time and results in the formation of
coefficient δh = ( dq) + (
δh
dq
δh
dT
dTs s ) ⎜
δh
+ ⎛ dTf ⎞
⎝ dTf ⎠
⎟

pool of water. Nucleation occurs inside this pool of water and prevents
Reynolds number 2 2 2 5.06% the fluid to come in direct contact with the heated surface which causes
δRe = ( δRe
dV
dV ) +( δRe
dD
dD ) +( δRe
dμ )
dμ
the cooling rate to decrease gradually. This temperature drop varies
Nusselt number 2 2 2 8.6% with different concentrations and is found to be maximum for
δNu = ( δNu
dh
dh) + (
δNu
dD
dD) + (
δNu
dk
dk ) ϕ = 0.10%.

HTC at different Reynolds number (2192–9241). The ZnO nanofluid
concentration varied between ϕ = 0.02% to ϕ = 0.1%. From the re-
corded data, it can be noticed that the heat transfer performance of the
circular free jet impingement is considerably augmented by increasing
the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles from ϕ = 0.02% to ϕ = 0.10%
and best result is obtained at ϕ = 0.10% volume concentration (Fig. 8).
4.3. Effect of H/D ratio on heat transfer properties of nanofluid
Fig. 9 depicts the relationship between HTC at different Reynolds
number with varying H/D ratio. In this experiment, the jet diameter
was kept constant and the H/D ratio was changed by varying the impact
distance (2–7.5). It can be observed that for the same Reynolds number,

6
S.D. Barewar et al.
Fig. 8. Variation of convective heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid with volume concentration at.
a) H/D = 2 b) H/D = 3.5 c) H/D = 5 d) H/D = 7.5 (jet to plate distance).
the HTC increases with increase in H/D ratio from 2.5 to 3.5. This is due
to the fact that at H/D = 2.5, the jet was not able to develop completely
before striking the heated copper plate surface therefore, the HTC was
less than at H/D = 3.5. After further increment in H/D from 3.5 to 7.5,
a gradual decrease in HTC was observed. Increase in H/D ratio after H/
D = 3.5 leads to more energy loss and lowers the turbulence intensity
and hence HTC started decreasing [20]. A similar pattern of HTC also
observed with the water as a coolant.
4.4. Effect of nanoparticles concentration on the cooling curve
Fig. 10 shows the time required to cool the copper plate surface
from 550 °C to 150 °C for each concentrations of nanofluid (Tnf = 25 °C,
H/D ratio = 3.5) at the maximum Reynolds number. It can be seen that
0.1% volume concentration of nanofluid achieves the highest cooling
rate whereas water requires the maximum cooling time. The maximum
enhancement in cooling rate, shown by the 0.1% volume concentration
of nanofluid, is 54.70% when compared with water because of the
addition of ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnO nanoparticles are deposited on
the heated plate surface and form thin layer (Fig. 4). This causes in-
crease in the wettability of the nanofluid on the heated plate surface
which helps to enhance the heat transfer rate. The volume concentra-
tions ϕ = 0.06%, ϕ = 0.04% and ϕ = 0.02% show an enhancement of
25.27%, 20.8% and 11.3% in cooling rate respectively under similar
conditions. These nanoparticles increase the surface area and heat
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Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 136 (2019) 1–10
capacity of the fluid. Due to the collision and interaction among par-
ticles, the surface of the flow passage and base fluids is intensified with
the addition of the surfactant. Also, the energy transfer processes are
enhanced by the properly diffused nanoparticles between the stable
ZnO nanofluid and the heated copper plate surface and the most im-
portant reason is that the turbulence intensity of the nanofluid nearby
the surface is augmented by the frequent and powerful jet of nano-
particles impinging on the copper heated plate, such that the fluid
boundary layer becomes much thinner which leads to enhancement in
the heat transfer. Because of all the reasons mentioned above, the
convective HTC enhances with the increasing particle volume con-
centration. Similar kind of results were also explained by Tiara et al.
[21] with the addition of surfactant.
4.5. Nusselt number correlation
To calculate the jet impingement heat transfer, The general form of
the Nusselt number correlation based on jet diameter is expressed as
[22],
Nu = CRedm Pr n (7)
Xuan et al. [23] stated that the constant C depends on jet parameters
and fluid properties Here, nanofluid was used as a coolant and its
properties changes according to the concentration. By considering
constant C, the modified general form of the Nusselt number correlation
S.D. Barewar et al. Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 136 (2019) 1–10

Fig. 9. Variation of convective heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid with different jet to surface distance at a) ϕ = 0.02% b) ϕ = 0.04% c) ϕ = 0.06% d)
ϕ = 0.10% of ZnO nanofluid.

Fig. 10. Cooling curve at H/D = 3.5 ratio with different concentration.
Fig. 11. Comparison of Nu from the current theoretical correlation and ex-
periential values.
considering effect nanoparticle concentration on HTC is expressed as,

Nu = a1 (1 + a2 Φ m1 Pe m2) Re m3 Pr m4 (8)

8
S.D. Barewar et al.
Fig. 12. Comparison of Nu for the current theoretical correlation and Modak
et al [7].
Effect of the jet to plate distance on the Nusselt number in combi-
nation with Prandtl number and Reynolds number has been studied by
various researchers for water as the coolant and are considered to be
the important parameters. Hence by considering the combination of the
nanofluid and the jet to impact distance ratio, the Nusselt number
correlation is given as,
m5
H ⎣D⎦
Nu = a1 (1 + a2 Φ m1 Pe m2) Re m3 Pr m4 ⎡ ⎤
⎣D⎦
The value of the constant m4 = 1/3 for the Pr > 3. [22]. In this
study the value of the Prandtl number lies between 3 and 8. The con-
stants a1, a.2 , m2,m4 were investigated by fitting the curve with experi-
mental values,
1 H 0.161
Nu = 3.953(1 − 0.53Φ1.411Pe 2.4e − 4 ) Re 0.134Pr ( 3 ) ⎡ ⎤
⎣D⎦ (10)
It is observed form the Fig. 11, the calculated value of the Nusselt
number from the developed correlation (Eq. (10)) and the experimental
value of the Nusselt number by using nanofluid at varying Reynolds
number and varying concentration for different jet to impact distance
fit within reasonable range of ± 15% error. This Nusselt number cor-
relation developed for the Reynolds number varying for 2000 to 10,000
and used to predict the HTC at different concentration of the nanofluid
with different types of the nanoparticles.
Fig. 11 depicts the comparison between the correlation proposed
(Eq. (10)) and the correlation proposed by Modak et.al. [7] This com-
parisons were made at the experimental conditions which were ap-
plicable for both the correlations. This comparison reveals that 89% of
the current data fell within an acceptable range of ± 25% of Modak
et.al. correlation. This variation may be attributed to the fact that, the
Modak et.al correlation was independent of the volume concentration
of the nanofluid and also due to the variations in the experimental set
up (Fig. 12).
5. Conclusion
The heat transfer characteristic of impinging ZnO nanofluid jet on
the heated copper surface at different jet to plate surface distance
(2–7.5) and distinct volume concentration (ϕ = 0.02% to 0.1%) has
been investigated. The thermo-physical properties of the nanofluids
were also measured. The maximum HTC, cooling curve and Nusselt
number has been calculated at a different value of Reynolds number
varied between 2192 and 9241. The conclusions of the above research
study are summarized as below:
Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 136 (2019) 1–10
1) The Nusselt number based on a jet diameter with water as a coolant
is compared and validated with Zhao and Masuoka model. The ex-
perimental value of Nusselt number was in agreement with values
calculated with model and data fall within the ± 20% error span
because of the changes in the test set-up.
2) Increasing concentration of the nanoparticles for ZnO nanofluids
leads to increase in the HTC. The maximum HTC enhancement of
51% is observed for ϕ = 0.1% when compared to pure water at a
higher value of the Reynolds number.
3) The jet to plate distance (H/D ratio) play an important role in the jet
impingement cooling process. Maximum enhancement in HTC re-
ported at H/D ratio = 3.5 when ZnO nanofluid (ϕ = 0.1%) used as
coolant.
4) The cooling rate increases with increasing the nanoparticle con-
centration from ϕ = 0.02% to ϕ = 0.1%. At higher concentration of
the nanoparticles, higher cooling rate is observed at stagnation zone
when compared with pure water results. The maximum cooling rate
achieved is 54.70% in case of ϕ = 0.1% volume concentration na-
nofluid.
5) A correlation for the Nusselt number for nanofluid jet impingement
has been proposed which primarily depends upon volume con-
centration of the nanoparticle, Reynolds number, and ratio of the
jet-to-plate surface and diameter of the jet, Prandtl number. The
correlation presented here predicts the value of the Nusselt number
to fall within the error span of ± 15% at varying range of Reynolds
number. (2000 < Re < 10,000, 5.99 < Pr < 6.44, 2 < H/D < 7.5)
1 H 0.161
Nu = 3.953(1 − 0.53ϕ1.411Pe 2.4e − 4 ) Re 0.134Pr ( 3 ) ⎡ ⎤
(9)
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