Hydrodynamic Heave Damping

Estimation and Scaling for Tension

K. P. Thiagarajan
Research Fellow,
Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory.
A. W. Troesch
Associate Professor.
Department of Naval Achitecture and Marine
Engineering,
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-2145
Leg Platforms
Resonant heave excitation of tension leg platform (TLP) tendons is typically of
high frequency and small amplitude. The response of the tendons to this excitation
is non-negligible due to a very small drag coefficient of the structure in this mode
of oscillation. Small values of the drag force complicate experimental estimation in
a laboratory due to the dominating inertial force. Model tests conducted at the
University of Michigan investigating the damping experienced by a cylinder of 0.457
m (1.5 ft) diameter and 1.219 m (4.0 ft) draft are described here. The cylinder is
vertical and surface-piercing, and oscillates parallel to its axis. The amplitude of the
forcing is varied to give a Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) number range of 0.1-1.0. The
frequency parameter /3 is 89236, corresponding to an oscillation frequency of 0.41
Hz. From these experiments, a definite nonlinear trend is observed between the drag
force and velocity conflicting with some of the results reported by Huse (1990) and
Chakrabarti and Hanna (1991). The heave damping coefficients of individual struc-
tural components of a TLP follow different scaling laws. Rules are presented for
scaling friction and form drag components from model to full scale. Results from
experiments are used to obtain a scaling law for vertical columns of a TLP. Previously
published results are used for horizontal pontoons. An example TLP calculation
shows that the heave damping ratio of horizontal cylinders is approximately 0.049-
0.078 percent, depending upon cylinder shape, and that for vertical cylinders is in
the range 0.025-0.171 percent, depending upon KC.

1 Introduction
Offshore structures like the tension leg platform (TLP) ex-
perience small-amplitude, high-frequency oscillations in the
vertical mode—the so-called springing vibration (Demirbilek,
1989). The high-frequency component of the tendon tension
is influenced by the heave, pitch, and roll motions of the TLP
hull. Generally, these three hull motions are coupled, and their
natural frequencies are close together, A simplified analysis
is performed by considering the heave motion only, see e.g.,
Huse (1990), and Chakrabarti and Hanna (1991). The total
damping of the system in heave is typically small in magnitude.
Nevertheless, knowing the damping is crucial in determining
the resonant response of the structure. Experimental investi-
gation of the damping coefficient is difficult, however, due to
the small magnitude of the damping forces.
The various components of hydrodynamic damping for bod-
ies such as TLPs are generally due to: 1) time-depending
boundary layer flows, 2) separation, vortex formation and
shedding, and 3) free surface effects such as wave generation
or wave diffraction. These components are influenced by var-
ious factors including wall roughness, incident currents, back-
ground turbulence, and by the effects of hull motions in other
modes. The resultant damping forces are integrations of both
Contributed by the OMAE Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF OFF-
SHORE MECHANICS AND ARCTIC ENGINEERING. Manuscript received by the OMAE
Division, December 22, 1993; revised manuscript received January 24, 1994.
Associate Technical Editor: A. N. Williams.
shear stresses and normal stresses or pressures, each of which
may follow different scaling laws. For this reason, model test-
ing of a complete geosim in a model test basin will not provide
useful answers that can be extrapolated to full scale (Couch
et al. 1984). Since it is not possible to satisfy all the relevant
scaling laws in one test, various common structural shapes are
tested separately; see Fig. 1. Based upon engineering necessity,
the most significant quantities are then measured and scaled
properly. It is assumed that the total system hydrodynamic
damping can be expressed as the net sum of the individual
members, each evaluated separately from the other structural
parts. This is clearly an approximation, for all three of the
foregoing damping components are interrelated and, in gen-
eral, not independent. However, these interaction effects are
expected to be small in magnitude relative to the sum of the
damping contributions from each member treated independ-
ently.
The two main governing parameters for small amplitude
oscillatory flow or rigid body vibration of vertical and hori-
zontal cylinders (Figs. 1(b) and (c)) are the Keulegan-Carpenter
number (i.e., KC) and the frequency parameter (i.e., (3). These
are defined as
KC = f
Iff
(1)

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 trend of the laminar, attached flow theory. A least squares
(a)
linear fit of the data on log-log plots has the same slope as
the theoretical laminar line, but a higher offset value. This
behavior is consistent with observations made by Sarpkaya
(1986) and Bearman (1992) on the drag forces of circular cyl-
inder at increasing /3 values.
After flow separation occurs, a semi-empirical formula for
the drag force such as Morison's equation is used. This equa-
tion models the drag force as a quadratic function of velocity.
Marthinsen (1989) has combined Morison's drag formulation
and the laminar boundary layer theory to produce a revised
drag coefficient valid at both low and moderate KC numbers.
(b) (c) The inherent assumption in the formation of Morison's equa-
tion is that the flow be two-dimensional. Hence, the applic-
ability of this equation for three-dimensional flows is not
+ C D obvious. If one were to assume that a three-dimensional os-
cillatory flow possess similar gross characteristics as its two-
dimensional counterpart (for example, significant vortex shed-
ding off sharp corners), then one could expect the form of
Fig. 1 Component problems of a TLP
Morison's equation to be valid for a body in a three-dimen-
sional flow.
For cylinders oscillating parallel to their axes (i.e., cylinders
Symbols are defined in the Nomenclature. It can be seen that in heave, see Fig. 1(b)), KC and 13 in Eq. (1) can be defined
the product of @ and KC yields a Reynolds number based on based on the cylinder diameter (£>„). Huse (1990) and Chak-
the oscillation velocity (CUA:). rabarti and Hanna (1990, 1991) have conducted model tests
For oscillating horizontal cylinders (Fig. 1(c)), the charac- on axially oscillating vertical cylinders. Huse (1990) reports
teristic length, D, is the diameter Dh. Anaturk (1991) and that in a KC range of 0.0005-0.01, and /3 approximately 5 x
Anaturk et al. (1992) present regions in the KC-/3 plane where 106, the drag force varies linearly with velocity. He supports
two-dimensional flows possess different characteristics. For this trend with a theory based on wake and momentum con-
K C < 1 and /3 in the range of 103-104, the boundary layer is siderations. Chakrabarti and Hanna (1990, 1991) also have a
lammar and the flow remains attached to the body. Kim and similar observation, in a/3 range of 25 x 1 0 4 - 1 x 106. These
Troesch (1989) have observed that the flow remains attached authors measured the damping ratio at model scale to be in
at very low KC, even when the body has sharp corners such the range of 0.3-1 percent. Petrauskas and Liu (1987) have
as a square section perpendicular to the flow. For offshore measured the springing force on a vertical cylinder and on a
applications, /3 is in the range of 106 (Anaturk, 1991). At these TLP model due to incident waves. They estimate the damping
/3 values, when K C < 0 . 1 , the flow is attached and may be ratio of the model to be in the range 0.11-1.6 percent. Scaled
laminar. As KC increases, the turbulence in the boundary layer as the inverse square root of Reynolds number, the authors
grows and the flow separates. The sequence of events depends expect the full-scale damping ratio to be at most 0.2 percent.
upon the particular value of /3. The reader is referred to Honji To measure the hydrodynamic damping forces, model test-
(1981), Hall (1984), and Sarpkaya (1986) for futher details on ing can be conducted in a laboratory by oscillating a body in
transition and boundary layer stability. For three-dimensional a still fluid or by oscillating the flow past a stationary body.
flows associated with three-dimensional bodies, the hydro- Experiments performed by oscillating a body in a still fluid
dynamics may be expected to have similar characteristics, are usually one of the two types:
through the values of parameters where flow transition occurs
may vary.
As long as a two-dimensional oscillatory flow does not sep- 1 The body oscillates freely, and damping is estimated from
arate from the body, the flow can be satisfactorily described decrement curves (e.g., Chakrabarti and Hanna, 1990, 1991;
by a laminar attached boundary layer theory, (Riley, 1965; and Bearman, 1992).
Stuart, 1966; Wang, 1968; Batchelor, 1973; Kim and Troesch, 2 The body is forced to oscillate at a certain frequency,
1989). This theory predicts the drag resulting from the com- and drag coefficient is estimated from some type of Fourier
bined normal and tangential stresses to be a linear function of analysis (e.g., Troesch and Kim, 1991).
velocity. Troesch and Kim (1991) show that even for sharp-
edged cylinders at very small KC, drag coefficients follow the For lightly damped systems, both schemes have difficulties of

Nomenclature
Bh = equivalent linear damping coef- Dv = diameter of vertical cylinder ai = offset of f„-KC curve
ficient for horizontal cylinder Dh = diameter of horizontal cylinder «2 = slope of f„-KC curve
Bv = equivalent linear damping coef- / = frequency of oscillation (Hz) P = dimensionless frequency pa-
ficient for vertical cylinder KC = Keulegen-Carpenter no., 2-KX/ rameter, D2f/v
Cdh = drag coefficient of Morison's D ^ = dynamic viscosity
equation for horizontal cylin- L = length of horizontal cylinder P = water density
der m = mass of cylinder V = kinematic viscosity
Cdv = drag coefficient of Morison's S = frontal area of vertical cylin- CO = circular frequency
equation for vertical cylinder der, 7r£>„2/4 r„ = damping
damping ratio (ratio of system
Cm = inertia coefficient of Morison's T = draft of vertical cylinder to critical damping)
equation u = flow velocity or velocity of of vertical cylinder
D = characteristic body length, typ- body relative to still water f» = damping ratio of horizontal
ically cylinder diameter x - amplitude of oscillation cylinder

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 Table 1 Parameters of model testing 20

Diameter of cylinder
Draft of cylinder
0.457 m (1.5 ft)
1.219 m (4.0 ft) - X
Surface area of water tank 100.5 m x 6.7 m (330 ft x 22 ft)
15 // A
Water depth 3.0 m (10 ft)
Frequency of oscillation 0.41 Hz
Amplitudes of oscillation
KC range
0.25-6.35 cm (011-2.5 in)
0.1-1.0
fi
^c?
•

X
0 89236 </3
10
: y A experiments
their own. In decrement tests, extreme care must be taken to m
ensure that the system damping is properly accounted for. See Y
— friction drag
Chakrabarti and Hanna (1990, 1991) and Bearman (1992). In •A
the case of forced oscillations, straightforward estimation of
damping is extremely unreliable, since the total force is inertia
dominated. Troesch and Kim (1991) conducted damping meas- o— —T—r—T—r- ——
,—
,—
,—
, — , — , — j — , — , —r—i—i—r— i i—i—r—

urements on cylinders in forced oscillation at or near reso- 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
nance. In this case, the restoring forces nearly offset the system
inertia forces. The resulting force measurements give a good KC
Fig. 2 Damping coefficient (B„) for a vertical cylinder versus KC; (1
estimate of the drag coefficients. Different springs were used 89236
to obtain resonances at several frequencies of interest. This
idea of forced oscillation at resonance is used in the present
work. 10

2 Description of Experiments
The experiments reported here were conducted at the Marine
Hydrodynamics Laboratory, University of Michigan. A smooth
surface-piercing vertical cylinder was forced to oscillate parallel A experiments
to its axis. Table 1 gives the dimensions of the test cylinder, — friction drag
and the parameter ranges tested. The frequency parameter, /?,
is based upon the cylinder diameter. The cylinder was attached
to a Vertical Motion Mechanism (VMM) and oscillated in
heave. The VMM produces a uniform vertical motion and
negligible motion in the other modes of freedom. The oscil-
lation frequency of 0.41 Hz was so chosen to correspond closely
to the natural frequency of the system in heave. At this resonant
I
condition, the inertia effect of the cylinder and attached dy-
namometers is nearly offset by the restoring force associated
with the fluctuating buoyancy force. As mentioned before, due
to the lack of inertia dominance, the force measurements give 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
a reliable estimate of the drag coefficient. The repeatability of KC
the data was verified during the experiments. Fig. 3 Drag coefficient (Crf„) for a horizontal cylinder versus KC; 0
For typical forced oscillation measurements, forces are 89236
measured using four load cells, and cylinder displacements are
measured using two potentiometers. At each run, data over
16 cycles is collected and sampled at a rate of 128 points/cycle. Alternatively, for sinusoidal motions the drag forces can be
This data is then Fourier transformed to identify the magni- interpreted in a Fourier-averaged sense as
tudes and phases of the forces and displacements. The drag
force is identified as the out-of-phase component of the total Fd(t) = Bvu{t) (3)
force at the oscillating frequency. The equivalent linear damping coefficient B„ can be related to
Cdv in a straightforward manner (Sarpkaya and Isaacson,
3 Results and Discussion 1981). For a vertical cylinder, this relationship is found to be
Two options are present for normalizing the force coefficient
for an axially oscillating vertical cylinder. One option would Bv = -^DvKCCdv (4)
use the vertical wetted surface area (i.e., -wDvT), while the other
would use the cross sectional area (irDv2/4). Using the cross- Some of the results from the experiments are shown in Figs.
sectional area would give a formulation similar to Morison's 2 and 3. Figure 2 is a plot of the damping coefficient Bv (in
equation, and has been used, for example, by Graham (1980) units of N-s/m) versus KC. From this figure, a definite linear
in relation to vortex shedding due to an isolated edge. For a trend is observed. A linear curve fit to the data gives a slope
vertical cylinder, vortex shedding off the sharp corner at the of 15.627 N-s/m, an offset of 3.424 N-s/m, and a correlation
bottom is expected to be the dominant part of the flow. Hence, coefficient of R2 = 0.995. In Fig. 3, a plot of Cd0 versus KC is
the latter normalization option is adopted. KC and jS are de- derived using Eq. (4).
fined based on the cylinder diameter (Z)„) for the same reason. Drag force component analysis commonly used in model-
Following Morison's equation, the vertical drag force is full-scale ship drag analysis is described in Couch et al. (1984).
modeled as Using a similar concept, the drag force on the cylinder is
decomposed into its friction and form drag components. The
Fdit) = -pSCdou(t) \u(t)l friction drag is mainly due to the viscous tangential stresses
(2)
acting along the walls of the cylinder. Vortex formation and

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 shedding at the b o t t o m edge of the cylinder are the main sources
of form drag.
The magnitude and trend of the friction drag force expe-
rienced by the oscillating cylinder can be estimated approxi-
mately. Velocity profiles in the laminar b o u n d a r y layers of
oscillating infinite flat plates are well k n o w n in the literature;
see, for example, Batchelor (1973) or Telionis (1981). T h e shear
stress evaluated from this velocity variation can be integrated
over the cylinder surface to obtain an expression for the friction
drag. Chew and Liu (1989) note that when the radius of cylinder
to boundary layer thickness ratio
the transverse curvature of the cylinder can be neglected, i.e.,
the flow is locally two-dimensional. In the present case this
ratio is estimated to be 374.
For the case of a vertical cylinder in heave, the friction drag
components are given by the following expressions, using the
velocity profiles given by Batchelor (1973) or Telionis (1981):
^ ( f r i c t i o n ) = 7T1'57>|80
1 1
Q„(friction) = 6ir ^
KC7 ^
4TT/3
(5)
It can be seen from the equation for Cdv that the combination
KC (j30,5) is equivalent t o a Reynolds n u m b e r based on the
amplitude of oscillation. Kamphuis (1975) shows that transi-
tion to turbulence occurs in an oscillatory flat bed at an am-
plitude Reynolds number of about 10 4 . For the (3 and the range
of K C tested, the b o u n d a r y layer is expected to be laminar,
and hence Eq. (5) is valid. The two expressions of Eq. (5) are
plotted in Figs. 2 and 3. Bu (friction) is independent of K C .
Its value of 1.995 N - s / m (0.136 lb-sec/ft) is approximately 60
percent of the offset 3.424 N - s / m (0.234 lb-sec/ft) of the linear
fit to experimental d a t a in Fig. 2. T h e difference in the values
may be due to wall roughness, a n d / o r any pressure drag due
to the b o t t o m of the cylinder. Based on the foregoing calcu-
lation, the friction drag, being linear with velocity, is the most
significant c o m p o n e n t in the axis intercept of the least squares
curve fit of Fig. 2. The form drag due to vortex shedding then
contributes t o t h e slope of the curve, i.e., it is linear with K C .
Representing d a t a in terms of the equivalent linear d a m p i n g
coefficient Bv clearly illustrates the functional dependence of
drag on K C .
In Fig. 3, for values of K C > 0 . 5 , the least squares fit to Cdv
data almost becomes a flat line, i.e., independent of K C . For
K C < 0 . 1 , it can be expected that the least squares curve will
be parallel to the friction drag line, since the form drag con-
tribution will be small. F r o m their experimental results, Chak-
rabarti and H a n n a (1991) and Huse (1990) conclude that the
damping coefficient (B„) is independent of the amplitude of
oscillation, and hence the K C n u m b e r . T h e K C range chosen
by Huse (1990) is from 0.0005-0.01. F r o m Figs. 2 and 3, it
appears that for this K C range, the drag force is approximately
linear with velocity, i.e., Bv is a constant. However, H u s e (1990)
has concluded t h a t the vortex shedding force is also linear with
velocity, in contrast to the present results. The theoretical
expression of Huse (1990) applied to the present case gives an
equivalent Bv due to vortex shedding of 0.699 N - s / m (0.048
lb-sec/ft). T h e total value for Bv using H u s e ' s (1990) method
is 2.694 N - s / m (0.184 lb-sec/ft).
4 Scaling L a w s f o r Oscillating Vertical Cylinders
The damping force experienced by an oscillating vertical
cylinder can be identified to be a function of the following
variables and parameters:
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Fd = Fd(Dv,T,u>,x,v,p) (6)
Define an equivalent linear damping ratio as
B„ Bv
r„= Cc 2/wco
where Cc is the critical damping of the system. Inserting an
expression for the mass, the damping ratio becomes
1 (B,
L-- •K C„, 0- (7)
For a given geometry, f„ is directly proportional t o B„ at a
given 15. Since f„ is dimensionless, it can be used to rewrite Eq.
(6) in a nondimensional form
t»=C^f(^,KC,0) (8)
For the model cylinder, from Fig. 2 this relationship is iden-
tified to be linear for fixed geometry and /3, i.e.,
iv=Cm\a, + a2KC) (9)
Equation (9) can be used for estimating the damping ratio of
the prototype, if at and a-i can be scaled appropriately. Assume
the following:
a i is scaled based on Eq. (5).
2 Cd„ (vortex shedding) is approximately a constant. Gra-
ham (1980) and Bearman et al. (1985) obtain this result for a
two-dimensional section whose included angle is 90 deg. This
is equivalent to letting Bv vary linearly with KC.
The resultant scaling laws are then obtained
ai«(/r0-5)
«2C (10)
5 S c a l i n g L a w s f o r Oscillating H o r i z o n t a l Cylinders
Similar to the vertical cylinder case, the drag force for os-
cillating horizontal cylinders depends o n the following vari-
ables and parameters:
Fd = Fd(Dh,L,oi,x,v,p)
Defining the damping ratio for horizontal cylinders as
f* =ir C,„
(11)
an equation similar to E q . (8) is obtained
%h — Cm / ( — , K C ,
At small values of K C , the trend proposed by W a n g ' s (1968)
theory can be used as scaling law. T h e range of applicability
of this laminar theory is restricted, however, due to occurrence
of flow transition and separation. The value of K C at which
transition occurs depends not only on the value of /3, but also
on the experimental setup used. F r o m his experiments, Sarp-
kaya (1986) found that transition occurs at approximately KC
•= 0.75 at /3 = 1035. Troesch and Kim (1991) report transition
for circular cylinders at K C = 0.07 - 0.2 and 0 = 23200. These
authors have observed that the measured drag coefficients fall
in a line which has the same slope as the laminar theory line,
but at a higher intercept value on a log-log scale. Bearman
(1992) mentions n o transition at different /3 values (14371-
29014) in a K C range of 0 . 1 - 1 , t h o u g h all of his curves had
higher intercept values than laminar predictions. At (3 = 48600,
Troesch and Kim (1991) see no transition over a KC range of
0.08-0.4, but still find a higher intercept. Sarpkaya (1986)
MAY 1994, Vol. 116/73
 10 Table 2 Example proptotype TLP (Petrauskas and Liu, 1987)

No of vertical columns 4
• Column diameter 15.85 m (52 ft)
Column draft 33.52 m (110 ft)
) No. of horizontal pontoons 4
&
* Pontoon diameter 8.53 m (28 ft)
Pontoon length 45.11 m(148 ft)
Total displacement 37724 t (2.584 x 106 slugs)
p 1 Estimated pre-tension 20 percent
CJ • • A Free-floating displacement 31437 t (2.154 x 106 slugs)
Free-floating draft 25.75 m (84.51 ft)
s$>2 Mass of each column 5212 t (3.571 X 105 slugs
Mass of each pontoon 2646 t (1.813 x 105 slugs)
Period of oscillation 2s

0.1
1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 1E+5 1E+6 f*=- (14)
P An effective eddy viscosity may be used in order to take the
intercept difference into account. The results of Troesch and
• Troesch & Kim (1991) experiment Kim (1991) for circular cylinders give
B Troesch & Kim (1991) extrapolated i>eff = 2 1 v

— Theory (Wang, 1968) The parameter /3 in Eq. (14) may be replaced by /3eff defined
as
« Bearman et al. (1985) experiment
(15)
n Sarpkaya (1986) experiment "eff

to obtain the scaling law

O Bearman (1992) experiment
A Anaturk (1991) experiment (16)
eff

Fig. 4 Drag coefficient (Cd„) for a horizontal cylinder versus 0; KC
0.5
presents the idea of an effective eddy viscosity to explain this
difference in intercept. Troesch and Kim (1991) suggest that
an experimentally found effective eddy viscosity can be used
with laminar theory to derive empirical drag coefficients.
Figure 4 is a plot of Cdh versus /3 at a KC value of 0.5.
Shown in the figure are results obtained by many authors,
along with the laminar theory line of Wang (1968). Troesch
and Kim's (1991) result shows an extrapolated point obtained
from the pre-transition least squares curve. Around /3 = 20000,
the drag coefficient suddenly increases, and decreases gradually
afterward. An effective eddy viscosity would generate lines
parallel to the curve denoted as Wang's theory. Figure 4 sug-
gests that an effective eddy viscosity correction, if valid, would
be applicable only over small ranges of /3. Alternatively, it may
be possible that at large values of /3, Cdh becomes independent
of (3. Evidence from this figure is not entirely conclusive, and
more results are required at higher /3 values to identify the
trend of Cdh.
Most authors agree that at low KC, the trend of Cdh is
satisfactorily represented by the laminar theory. Based upon
this assumption, the theoretical expression for the drag coef-
ficient becomes (Wang, 1968; Troesch and Kim, 1991)
Crf„=^"(KC)-/3- (12)
Following the procedure for Eq. (4), we obtain for a horizontal
cylinder
(13)
3ir
Inserting Eqs. (12) and (13) into the expression for ft, (Eq.
(11))
For square section cylinders, Troesch and Kim (1991) estimated
that
Ceff=51 V (17)
6 Example TLP Calculation
The scaling laws described in the two previous sections are
applied to a prototype tension leg platform given by Petrauskas
and Liu (1987). Table 2 gives the dimensions of this prototype
TLP. Though this prototype does not scale perfectly with the
model dimensions of Table 1, the scaling laws can still be
applied, since all quantities used in the calculations are di-
mensionless.
Using the experimental data from Fig. 1, the scaling law for
the vertical cylinder damping ratio (Eq. (9)) becomes
Jv ~~ C , „ ~0'5 + 0.0394 — KC (18)
For the vertical columns of the prototype
^ = 0.473
j3 = 9.324 xlO 7
Using Cm = 1.15, Eq. (18) yields the following scaling law for
the prototype:
f„ (prototype) = 8.718 x 10" 5 + 0.0162(KC) (19)
The friction drag contribution to the total damping is sur-
prisingly low for the prototype in comparison with the model.
This is to be partially expected, since the prototype /3 is much
larger than that of the model. At /3 = 9 x 107 and for very
low KC (say 0.01-0.1), the amplitude Reynolds number is in
the range 103-105, and the boundary layer is laminar or in
transition. Based on the deductions of Kamphuis (1975), the
effect of turbulence on friction drag is negligible over this range
of Reynolds number.

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 Table 3 Damping ratio (percent critical) of prototype TLP Table 4 Damping ratio (percent critical) of the prototype TLP
components (4 columns and 4 pontoons)
Component Method Damping ratio Pontoon K C = 0.01 K C = 0.1
(percent) section (percent) (percent)
Horizontal cylinder- Troesch and Kim 0.049 Circular 0.032 0.100
circular section (1991) Square 0.043 0.111
Horizontal cylinder- Troesch and Kim 0.078
square section (1991)
Vertical cylinder- Huse (1990) 0.062
circular section
Vertical cylinder- Present calculation 0.025 (KC = 0.01)The TLP example calculation demonstrates the need for
circular section additional research. Experimental data is required on damping
0.171 (KC = 0.1)
coefficients of both vertical and horizontal cylinders oscillating
at high values (in the range of 105 to 106) of/3. This will address
The damping ratio for the full scale TLP using Eq. (19) the following issues: (a) friction drag scaling of vertical cyl-
ranges from 0.0249 to 0.1708 percent for KC = 0.01-0.1. If inders at highft,and {b) ft dependence of the damping ratio
a designer were to use theory (Eq. (5)) to scale friction, and of horizontal cylinders. Several factors like wall roughness,
Huse's (1990) method for form drag, then the following values pitch/roll motions and interaction between structural members
would be obtained for the prototype: of a TLP have not been considered in the present analysis.
f„ (friction drag) = 0.005 percent Further research is required to investigate the influence of these
effects on damping.
f„(form drag) = 0.057 percent The TLP in the springing mode of oscillation is a lightly
giving a total damping ratio of 0.062 percent for oscillating damped system, and the resonant characteristics in this mode
vertical cylinders at small KC (<0.01). In comparison with have to be carefully evaluated in a good design. It is hoped
the present calculations, this method of scaling overestimates that this paper provides a useful design methodology for es-
the damping ratio at very low KC and underestimates it at low timating the damping coefficients of the oscillating compo-
to moderate KC. nents of a TLP.
For horizontal circular members, using Eqs. (15) and (16)
and Cm = 2, the results are Acknowledgments
6 This work was funded by the University of Michigan/Mich-
(3eff= 1.287 xlO
igan Sea Grant/Industry Consortium in Offshore Engineering
fA = 0.049 percent under Michigan Sea Grant College Program, projects number
If cylinders of square section replace the circular members, R/T-23 and R/T-29, under Grant No. NA85AA-D-SG045C
Eq. (17) yields from the Office of Sea Grant, National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration (NOAA), U. S. Department of Com-
5
ft,
e f f :5.149xl0
;
merce, and funds from the State of Michigan. Industry
participants include the American Bureau of Shipping; ARCO
ft, = 0.078 percent Gas and Oil Company; Conoco, Inc.; Exxon Production Re-
From these numerical values, it appears that as KC increases, search; Mobil Research and Development; Shell Companies
the vertical members contribute more to the total damping Foundation; and the U.S. Coast Guard. The authors also ap-
than the horizontal members. The results of this section are preciate the insightful comments of Professor T. Sarpkaya,
summarized in Table 3. Naval Postgraduate School. The help of the Marine Hydro-
When evaluating the damping ratio for the horizontal and dynamics Laboratory Staff during the experiments deserves
vertical cylinders, the local mass (of the column or pontoon) mention.
is used. This facilitates straight forward extrapolation from
model scale. Hence, one cannot sum the f contributions from
the individual structural components to obtain the total damp- References
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be used to evaluate individual Bu and Bh, which can then be dynamic Forces at Small Amplitudes and High Frequencies," Applied Ocean
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Anaturk, A. R., Tromans, P. S., van Hazendonk, H. C , Sluis, C. M., and
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in Table 4. New Model," ASME JOURNAL OF OFFSHORE MECHANICS AND ARTIC ENGINEER-
ING, Vol. 114, pp. 91-103.
Batchelor, G. K., 1973, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, London, U.K.
7 Conclusions Bearman, P. W., Downie, M. J., Graham, J. M. R., and Obasaju, E. D.,
1985, "Forces on Cylinders in Viscous Oscillatory Flow at Low Keulegan—
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89236, and the Keulegan-Carpenter number (KC) varied from Risers: Results From Model Tests," NSF Workshop on Riser Mechanics, Ann
0.1-1.0. Measured values of the equivalent linear damping Arbor, MI.
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coefficient (Bv) have two components: (a) a KC-independ- a TLP Column Model," Proceedings 22nd Annual OTC, Paper 6406, pp. 559-
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Model Basins in the Design of Ships and Marine Structures," SNAME Spring
0.078 percent. For circular vertical columns, the damping ratio STAR Symposium, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 93-115.
(f„) at KC = 0.01 is estimated to be about 0.025 percent, Demirbilek.Z., ed., 1989, Tension Leg Platform: A Stale of the Art Review,
increasing to 0.171 percent at KC = 0.1. ASCE, New York, NY.

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