THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MINISTRY OF WATER

PROCUREMENT OF WORKS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

IN BUNDA TOWNSHIP

CONTRACT NO. ME-011/2018-2019/CONTRACT/W/07

DETAILED DESIGN REPORT

PART 1- WATER TREATMENT PLANT

CONTRACTOR:

SHANXI CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CORPORATION & MINERAL CO. LIMITED

P.O. BOX 4473

NOVEMBER 2019
CONSTRUCTION OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT DETAILED DESIGN REPORT
IN BUNDA TOWNSHIP QUALITY ASSURANCE

SHANXI CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CORPORATION & MINERAL CO. LIMITED

- REPORT QUALITY ASSURANCE

Version Date Author Checked Signed Comment

th
19 November
1 Team L Eriei L Eriei
2011

QUALITY ASSURANCE
CONSTRUCTION OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT DETAILED DESIGN REPORT
IN BUNDA TOWNSHIP TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROCUREMENT OF WORKS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

IN BUNDA TOWNSHIP

DETAILED DESIGN REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Background of the Project...........................................................................................1-1
1.2 Scope of Work............................................................................................................ 1-1
1.3 Main Objective of the Project......................................................................................1-1
1.4 Expected Results of the Project..................................................................................1-1
1.5 Presentation of the Detailed Design Report-WTP.......................................................1-2
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA.................................................................2-3
2.1 Location and Topography............................................................................................2-3
2.2 Vegetation................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.3 Climate....................................................................................................................... 2-3
3 THE DESIGN PROCESS...........................................................................................3-4
3.1 Design parameters.....................................................................................................3-4
3.1.1 Design Flows Criteria..................................................................................................3-4
3.1.2 Treated Water Quality Criteria.....................................................................................3-4
3.2 approach to design work.............................................................................................3-5
3.2.1 Review of Existing Documents...................................................................................3-5
3.2.2 Site Visit...................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.3 Topographical Survey.................................................................................................3-5
3.2.4 Geotechnical Survey...................................................................................................3-5
4 DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT...............................................................4-1
4.1 Detailed Design.......................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Design Basis............................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 General Layout........................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.3 Coagulation/Flocculation.............................................................................................4-1
4.1.4 Flocculator Unit........................................................................................................... 4-2
4.1.5 Chemical Dosing.........................................................................................................4-3
4.1.6 Clarification Basins.....................................................................................................4-4
4.1.7 Rapid Sand Filters......................................................................................................4-5
4.1.8 Clear and Backwash Water Reservoir........................................................................4-7
4.1.9 Disinfection................................................................................................................. 4-7
4.1.10 Sludge Treatment and Disposal..................................................................................4-7
4.1.11 Clear and Backwash Water Pump Station..................................................................4-8
4.1.12 Chemical Building.......................................................................................................4-9
4.1.13 Site Drainage.............................................................................................................. 4-9
4.1.14 Administrative Building, Staff House and Guard House..............................................4-9
4.2 Structural design.......................................................................................................4-10

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4.2.1 Design Standards.....................................................................................................4-10

4.2.2 Structural Reference.................................................................................................4-10
4.3 Electrical Works........................................................................................................4-10

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LIST OF ANNEXES

No. Content
3-1 Topographical Survey Data
3-2 Geotechnical Investigation Report
4-1 WTP Design Calculations
4-2 General Site Layout for WTP
4-3 Hydraulic Profile Drawing of WTP

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BUWSA Bunda Water Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority

CI Cast Iron Pipe
DI Ductile Iron Pipe
FE Steel Pipe
FS Feasibility Study
GPS Global Positioning System
GS Galvanised steel
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
HRT Hydraulic Residence Time
ISO International Standard Organization
IWA International Water Association
masl Metre above sea level
MoW Ministry of Water
NRW Non Revenue Water
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PS Pump station
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
SS Suspended Solids
TBS Tanzania Bureau of Standards
TS Total Solids
TSS Total Suspended Solids
WHO World Health Organisation
WTP Water Treatment Plant

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania (GoT) has set aside funds towards
improvement of water supply in Bunda town.
The implementation of the project is based on the principles of the National Water Policy
(NAWAPO) and will provide clean and safe water to the residents of Bunda Township. The
Proposed Bunda Township Water Supply Project involves abstracting raw water from Lake
Victoria to a proposed Water Treatment Plant (WTP) for treatment for subsequent transmission
to the town. The capacity of the WTP is 9,405 m3/day and is the proposed intake is 9,900
m3/day.
The project is financed through the Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP). The
contracting authority is the Ministry of Water (MoW) ("Client") and the beneficiary is Bunda
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ("Beneficiary") and the works are carried out by
Shanxi Construction Engineering Corporation & Mineral Co. Limited ("Contractor").

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

The overall scope of work for water supply improvement project in Bunda Township involves
design and construction of new intake works, modifications of existing raw water pumping
station and ancillaries, new water treatment plant, upgrading of existing booster stations, new
buildings and associated components.

1.3 MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of GoT is to provide Bunda town with clean and safe water supply for
improved health of Bunda population in accordance with the principles of the National Water
Policy (NAWAPO.

1.4 EXPECTED RESULTS OF THE PROJECT

The expected results of this design and construction contract are:


To design and construct Lake Intake and utilizing the existing pump station. This
includes temporary works for construction of intake, raw water gravity mins,
improvement and connection to existing pump house sump, modification works for
pipelines and ancillaries, supply and installation of 3nos new pumps each of 400m3/hr.

Design and construction of Construction of DN 400 raw water pressure main of about
600m.

To design and construct water treatment plant capable of producing 9,504 m3/day of
treated water. Water treatment plant consists of coagulation unit, horizontal baffled wall
flocculator, 2 nos. Clarifier Basins, 4 nos. units of Rapid Sand Filters, Clear and
Backwash Water Reservoir, 3 nos. Sludge Drying Beds and chemical building.

Upgrading of the existing New Migungani Booster Pump Station, Upgrading of the
existing Ushashi and Mugaja Booster Pump Station

Constructing boundary fences at the sites of 07 existing storage reservoirs for protection
and security.

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
Construction of New Buildings namely WTP Administration Building, WTP Staff House,
WTP Guard House, and UWSA Office Block.

1.5 PRESENTATION OF THE DETAILED DESIGN REPORT-WTP

Design Report in two parts, one part for intake works and the other part for the WTP works. This
report covers the WTP part and shows the detailed designs and calculations of the various
components of the water treatment process.

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2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA

2.1 LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

Bunda District
Bunda District in Mara Region is located between latitude 10 30’ and 20 45’ South of Equator
and, between longitude 330 39’ to 340 05’ East of Greenwich. It is bordered by Serengeti
District in the east, Musoma District in the north, Magu District in the south, and shores of Lake
Victoria in the west.Bunda District.
Bunda District in Mara Region is located between latitude 10 30’ and 20 45’ South of Equator
and, between longitude 330 39’ to 340 05’ East of Greenwich. It is bordered by Serengeti
District in the east, Musoma District in the north, Magu District in the south, and shores of Lake
Victoria in the west.
Bunda District covers an area of 3,088 km 2 of which 200 km2 is Lake Victoria water. Average
annual rainfall ranges between 900 – 1300 mm in the western part of the district, and between
700 – 900 mm in the eastern part. Temperatures range between 17° – 31°C and the average
altitude of the district is 1300 masl.
Bunda Town
Bunda Town is the administrative and commercial centre of Bunda District. It was declared a
township in the Government Notice No. 353 of 17th September 2004. The town is located within
Bunda Ward, covering an area of approximately 86 km2 consisting of five urban areas namely
Bunda Mjini, Nyasura Balili, Nyamakokoto and Majengo, and four villages of Bunda Stoo, Balili,
Migungani, and Manyamanyama with a total of 14 sub-villages.

2.2 VEGETATION

Bunda town is mostly covered with natural vegetation, but there are large areas for cultivation.
The most prevalent landscape seen in the natural vegetation is the “savannah type” most
commonly found in areas that receive annual rainfall between 900-1200 mms/year. The plains
consist of predominant forest vegetation, but mostly scattered woodlands and wooded
grasslands

2.3 CLIMATE

The climate is tropical. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have
very little. The average annual temperature is 22.4 °C in Bunda. About 963 mm of precipitation
falls annually. The driest month is July, with 10 mm of rain. Most of the precipitation here falls in
April, averaging 163 mm. October is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in October
averages 23.4 °C. July is the coldest month, with temperatures averaging 21.3 °C. There is a
difference of 153 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months. Throughout the
year, temperatures vary by 2.1 °C.

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3 THE DESIGN PROCESS

3.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS

3.1.1 Design Flows Criteria

The new Raw Water Intake and the new Water Treatment Facilities are designed for a Design
Flow of 450 m3/hour (four hundred and fifty cubic meters per hour), which shall apply for water
conveyed from the Raw Water Intake.

The net water production of the new Water Treatment Facilities is designed to be be 430
m3/hour (four hundred and thirty cubic meters per hour), which shall apply for water conveyed
from the Clear and Backwash Water Pump Station.

3.1.2 Treated Water Quality Criteria

The net water production of the Water Treatment Plant shall meet the water quality standards
according to the WHO “Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality”, 3rd edition, Year 2004, which are
presented in the following table:

Table 3-1 Water Quality Standards – WHO Guidelines (3rd edition, Year 2004)
Parameter Symbol Unit WHO Guideline Value
Toxic
Lead Pb mg/l 0.01
Arsenic As mg/l 0.01
Selenium Se mg/l 0.01
Chromium Cr mg/l 0.05
Cyanide CN mg/l 0.07
Cadmium Cd mg/l 0.003
Barium Ba mg/l 0.7
Mercury Hg mg/l 0.001
Affecting Human Health
Fluoride F mg/l 1.5
Nitrate NO3 mg/l 50
Nitrite NO2 mg/l 3
Organoleptic
Colour TCU 15
Turbidity NTU 5
Taste - not objectionable
Odour - not objectionable
Salinity and Hardness
pH - 6.5 – 9.5
Total Filterable Residue mg/l 1,500
Calcium Ca mg/l 200
Magnesium Mg mg/l 150
Sulphate SO4 mg/l 400
Chloride Cl mg/l 600

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Parameter Symbol Unit WHO Guideline Value

Non-Toxic Metals
Iron Fe mg/l 1.0
Manganese Mn mg/l 0.4
Copper Cu mg/l 2
Zinc Zn mg/l 15
Organic Pollution of Natural Origin
BOD5 (5 days) O2 mg/l 6
PV (KMNO4-consumption) O2 mg/l 10
Ammonium NH3 mg/l 0.5
Total Nitrogen (excl. Nitrate) N mg/l 0.1
Organic Pollution of Artificial Origin
Surfactants ABS mg/l 1.0
Organic Matter (C in chloroform extract) mg/l 0.2
Phenolic Substances as Phenol mg/l 0.001

3.2 APPROACH TO DESIGN WORK

3.2.1 Review of Existing Documents

The following relevant project documents have been reviewed during the design process:

Bidding Documents Employer’s particular requirement and Drawings

Detailed Design Report for Proposed Bunda Township Water Supply Project; and

MoW Design Manual for Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal

3.2.2 Site Visit

During the design process, the Contractor’s representative and the Supervising Consultant
made two joint site visits to the project area. The aim of the site visits was to have a joint
understanding of the site conditions and assess suitability of the proposed sites.

3.2.3 Topographical Survey

After assessing and confirming the treatment plant site, topographical surveys were carried out
using the latest survey equipment. The surveys were undertaken in accordance with the Land
Surveying and Mapping Standards of Tanzania. The survey field work involved measuring
ground levels at the proposed site of the WTP.

With the survey data, contour lines were generated at a suitable interval to determine location of
the various components of the WTP. Temporary benchmarks/ survey control points were also
established for reference and control of the construction works.

Topographical survey data consisting of all the topographical works carried out is in Annex 3-1.

3.2.4 Geotechnical Survey

The primary objective of the geotechnical survey was to provide all the necessary soil data
required for the design of the WTP. The soil data is important to check the stability of the WTP
site and any possible ground movements that would affect the operation of the constructed

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WTP structures. The data is also important for the design team to take necessary measures by
ensuring that sound structural elements are designed for all the structures. All field work for
geotechnical survey has been completed and samples have already been submitted to Dar es
Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT) in Dar Es Salaam for laboratory testing. All tests were
carried in accordance with BS 1377. DIT is accredited and registered with the Engineers
Registration Board of Tanzania (ERB) to undertake testing of engineering construction
materials.

A separate Geotechnical Survey Report consisting of all the geotechnical survey works carried
out will be submitted separately.

Geotechnical survey report is presented in Annex 3-2.

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4 DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

4.1 DETAILED DESIGN

4.1.1 Design Basis

The designed WTP is for full conventional treatment, which will include chemical dosing (pre-
chlorination and coagulation), flocculation, clarification, filtration, disinfection by chlorination, and
treatment of sludge from clarifiers and rapid sand filters. Design calculations of the water
treatment facilities are provided in the Annex 4-1.

4.1.2 General Layout

The general layout of the treatment plant is described as follows. Once pumped to an inlet
chamber, the water will flow by gravity through the flocculators, clarifiers, rapid sand filters until
the treated water reservoir, from where it will be pumped for transmission to the distribution
system. Site conditions allow gravity flow throughout the entire water treatment plant.
Sludge handling is also designed in order to avoid pumping as much as possible. Both the
clarifier sludge and backwash water sludge will flow by gravity to sand drying beds. All
drainages and emergency overflows will end in a common main drainage channel, conveying
the water back to Lake Victoria, again by gravity flow.
The WTP layout is attached as Annex 4-2 and shown in the drawing no. SCEMC-WTP-GA-
0000.

4.1.3 Coagulation/Flocculation
Raw water conveyed from the Raw Water Pump Station will be discharged at the head of the
water treatment works of the new WTP. For this purpose, a reinforced concrete structure will be
constructed at the new WTP which comprises: (a) an inlet chamber into which the raw water
discharges, (b) chambers for chemical dosing and hydraulic mixing, and (c) chambers for
flocculation through baffled walls. This structure is specified as the Flocculator Unit.
The water treatment plant comprises a raw water coagulation channel followed by a sinuous
channel for water flocculation purposes. The channels have the following dimensions:
Coagulation channel

Channel length: approximately 5.0 m

Channel width: approximately 0.5 m

Channel depth: averaged to 0.5 m (variable from 1.16 m to 0.186 m)

Channel volume: Calculated as 1.25 m3.
Flocculation channel (Horizontal flow baffle walls sinuous channel)

Total channel length: approximately 375 m

Channel width: approximately 0.45 for the first 147.6 meters and 0.5m for 131.2 meters
and 0.6m for the last 98.4 meters

Channel depth: approximately 1.0 m.

Design of Coagulation Channel

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As a general design criterion, the value of the velocity gradient "G" is between 500 and 700 sec-
1 The G value or in other words the velocity gradient, is the energy required per unit volume of
treated water, and is expressed as: G = (P/µV)^0.5 sec-1 whereby; P is the required power in
watts, µ is the value of the dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C normally 0.0010087 Pa *sec, and
V is the volume of water in the channel calculated above as 1.25 m3. For a value of G of 500
sec-1 the power required is worked out to be 315.2 watts.
The power required shall be obtained from the potential energy "P" vested in the flowing water
by use of the following relationship: - Power P = ɤQh, where ɤ is the product of water density
"p" normally 1000kg/m3 and the value of acceleration due to gravity "g" with a value of 9.8
m/sec2 , hence the value of ɤ is 9,800 Newtons/m3 Since the value of P is known, ɤ is known,
and Q is 0.125m3/sec, the value of "h" (The head loss required in order for the water to provide
the required potential energy) works out to be 0.257 meters.
The inlet pipes shall be DI DN 400 from raw water at the inlet of the coagulation chamber. For
the given flow rate 0.125m3/sec, the velocity shall be about 0.99 m/sec. The energy that shall
be dissipated by the velocity of the water at inlet shall be calculated as V2/2g, and this will work
out to be 0.025 meters head. This will make the extra required head loss to be (0.257 - 0.025m)
or 0.232 meters. Therefore, the water in the coagulation channel shall be subjected to a drop of
0.232 meters.
The details of the coagulation channel are as shown in the drawing no. SCEMC-WTP-GA-0001
Annex 4-1, S/No.2 presents the detailed calculations for the coagulation chamber.
The energy input shall be obtained from the potential energy of the flowing water, in order to
avoid continuous use of electricity for running static mixers. However, a proper coagulant dosing
equipment is important in order to assure optimum floc formation which is necessary for efficient
removal of the water turbidity.

4.1.4 Flocculator Unit

For this treatment plant, a baffled sinuous channel shall be used instead of the original concept
as presented in employer’s requirement.
The following design criteria shall be followed:

The value of velocity gradient 'G" shall be between 10 - 75 sec-1

The detention time "t" shall be 20 - 40minutes; Here 40 minutes shall be provided.

The horizontal velocity shall be between 0.1 - 0.3 m/sec.

The value of "Gt' shall be between 10 - 105.

For baffled sinuous channel, the minimum water depth in the channel is 1.0 meter

Absolute minimum width of the channel shall be 450mm, and best could be 500 to
600mm for easy cleaning.
In the design of flocculation systems; the total number of particle collision is indicated as a
function of the product of the Velocity, Gradient and Detention time (Gt). Therefore, a high value
of Gt means a large number of collisions. The higher limit is as shown above.
Now that:

The design flow is 450m3/hr equivalent to 0.125m3/sec

By providing a detention time of 20 minutes, the channel volume required will be 150 m3

The spacing of baffles provided shall be 450mm for the first 9 baffles and shall be in
creased to 500mm for the next 8 baffles and 600mm for the last 6 baffles. This is in
order to lower the value of G near the end of flocculation.

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
Average water depth in channel is 0.8 m.

If the width of the baffle shall be 8.2 m, then 23 baffles shall be required.

Velocity shall be 0.125/(0.52x0.8) equal to 0.3 m/sec which is within 0.1 – 0.3 m/sec.

In order to reduce the value of G near the settling tank, the channel width shall be
changed to 500mm and then 600mm, average flow velocity round the baffle ends shall
become 0.21 m/sec.

The value of G is obtained by the relationship: (G = (P/(V*µ))^0.5)

The energy input is obtained from the same relationship as in coagulation. However, the
head loses are from friction of moving water in the channel, and especially at the bends
at the end of each baffle where the water takes a 180° bend. The head losses 'hfb' at
each bend is evaluated as hfb = 3.2xV2/2g, whereby V is the velocity of flow at the bend,
and g is the value of gravity (9.8 m/sec2)

The spacing between the side wall and the end of baffle has been kept as 600, 750 and
900 mm. This will give a velocity of 0.21 m/sec, which is also less than 0.3m/sec.

The value of 3.2xV2/2g becomes 7.1926x10-3, and when multiplied by 3.2 becomes
0.023 meters for one bend, and 0.529 meters for 23 baffles.

Total head losses to be compensated therefore become 0.48 m.

The power input then become 191 watts (from P = ɤQh)

The value of G works out to be 35.5<75 sec-1 and Gt value of 42,652<105

Annex 4-1, S/No.2 presents the detailed calculations for the flocculator unit.
The details of the flocculator unit are as shown in the drawing no. SCEMC-WTP-GA-0002

4.1.5 Chemical Dosing

Pre-chlorination will be done in the Flocculator Unit, through a perforated pipe. It would be
achieved by dissolving and dosing of powdered Calcium Hypochlorite, which would be the same
product to be used for treated water disinfection. In this way, the same chlorine solution tanks
would be used for both purposes, pre-chlorination and treated water disinfection. Chlorine will
be dosed at a maximum dosage of 5 mg/l.
The use PolyAluminiumChloride (PAC) chemicals is recommended as coagulant chemical.
When compared to Alum, this inorganic polymer has a higher molecular weight which allows
faster floc formation, lower dosing rates, savings in pH-adjustment chemicals, and is more
effective with algae. Unlike Alum, PAC at the same time takes over the role of flocculation aid,
whereas for efficient water flocculation in case of Alum dosing as coagulant the additional
dosing of polymer as flocculation aid would be required. PAC will be dosed at a maximum
dosage of 30 mg/l.
The process of pH-adjustment is recommended to maintain an optimum pH-range of pH 6.8 to
pH 7.5. Both, the alkalinity and the pH-value are important factors for efficient coagulation. The
higher the expected coagulant dosing rate, the higher is the need for pH-adjustment because
the dosing of coagulant chemicals causes the pH of the water to be reduced. pH-adjustment
would be achieved by Lime dosing. Lime will be dosed at a maximum dosage of 25 mg/l
Separate pipelines for the pre-chlorination, coagulant and lime chemical solutions will come
from the Chemical Building. The chemical solutions will be dosed by using perforated pipes
installed on the top surface of the Flocculator Unit. When compared to the dosing of chemicals

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directly into a pressure pipe, this dosing arrangement allows for easy visual inspection of the
dosing rates. Any potential blockage of pipes would be immediately identified.

4.1.6 Clarification Basins

The flocculation process is followed by the clarification process to remove flocculated particles
by means of static sedimentation.
Type of setter is kept the same i.e. hopper-bottomed, up flow sludge blanket clarifier equipped
with tube settlers.
Design Criteria
The following design criteria was be followed:
 Typical surface loading rates for conventional clarifiers are 2m/h for upflow tanks and
can be increased to up to 5m/h if polyelectrolytes are used as flocculation aid.
 Conventional settling tanks would be designed using weir overflow rates of 10 – 12.50
m3/m2/h and surface loading of 1.0 m3/m2/h calculated on net available surface area.
 Effective depth of water would be a minimum of 2.0m allowing for sludge deposits, with
the total net depth at least 2.5m.
 Average detention times in conventional settling tanks may range between 2 hours for
vertical flow clarifiers.
 To avoid destruction of flocs, the velocity of the flocculated water between flocculation
tank and the settling tank should at no place exceed 0.2m/s
 Typical surface loading rates for lamellae type clarifiers are in the range of 5 – 12m/h,
but purpose-built units may even attain 20m/h or even higher rates, depending on the
raw water characteristics and the flocs produced in the coagulation and flocculation
stage. The angle of inclination to the horizontal is usually 55o – 70o.

The Design
The use of tube settlers will allow a surface loading rate of 4 m³/m²h. This surface loading rate
will be achieved by constructing 2 square-shaped clarifiers. Each clarifier will be 7.5 m long on
each side. The inverted pyramidal-shaped hopper of the clarifiers will have a depth of 6.5 m, in
order to provide space for sludge settling at the bottom.
The tube settler modules, laid on concrete beams, will be made out of polypropylene, have a
height of 0.8 m and an angle of inclination of 60°. The entire area of the clarifier will be covered
by tube settlers, except from the space necessary for the inlet valve and pipe. In emergency
case or for a total emptying of the tanks, the tube settler modules can be lifted out of the tanks
using an auto crane.
The transition between the flocculators and clarifiers is designed to minimize floc shear. In order
to ensure even distribution of the influent in the clarifier, the downward pointing inlet pipe will be
vertical and centered. Its size and outlet shape should be carefully adjusted in order to provide
an appropriate velocity (around 0.6 m/s) – high enough to maintain the sludge blanket in
suspension, but not too high which would disturb sludge settling at the bottom of the clarifier.
Collection of the settled water would be achieved by collection troughs with v-notched weirs on
both sides. A maximum allowable weir load of 5 m³/m/h is adopted, with four troughs, each 7.5
m long, mounted in each clarifier.
Excess sludge will be allowed to settle at the bottom of the clarifiers, below a horizontal circular
steel plate fixed at an elevation of 1.5 m above clarifier bottom. It will be removed through a

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sludge pipe, by the manual opening of a valve according to scheduled time intervals, and
transferred by gravity to the sludge drying beds.
Each valve will be opened and closed manually according to a scheduled operation programme.
During de-sludging, the valve must be only half open, to make sure that the velocity in the
sludge pipe is not too high. The valve would be fully opened only in case of emergency.
Besides, the opening time must be short, because the sludge hopper has a limited volume and
will be emptied very quickly (1-2 minutes), meaning that non-settled sludge would be drawn out
afterwards, thus causing water losses.
A flushing system is also be provided to allow for periodic cleaning of the sludge hoppers, in
case the accumulated sludge becomes too thick and cannot flow by gravity anymore. The entire
flushing system consists of the connecting pipe to the service water network, one valve and a
flushing ring-shaped pipe with holes where the water can splash out. The flushing ring will be
fixed close to the hopper bottom and next to the inlet of the sludge abstraction pipe.
Annex 4-1, S/No.3 presents the detailed calculations for the clarifier unit.
The details of the clarifier unit are as shown in the drawing no. SCEMC-WTP-GA-0003

4.1.7 Rapid Sand Filters

The clarified water will flow to the rapid sand filters
Design Criteria
The following design criteria was followed:
 Filters will be constructed in banks of more than three filter units, and each filter unit will
have an individual inlet that can be closed for maintenance and backwashing.
 The inlet will be designed in such a way that flushing and velocities over 0.4m/s do not
occur.
 Surface loads will be between 4 and 7 m3/h*m2, and the filter structure will be designed
with a minimum height between the top of the filter media and the bottom of the wash
water channel of at least 30% of the height of the filter media as this expands during
backwashing.
 Filter length to width ratio to be 1.25 to 1.35.
 For good operation, a depth of 1.5 to 2 meters of water must be maintained above the
sand filter.
 The filter bed will be approximately 1.0m thick and preferably consist of well rounded
quartz sand with an effect size of 0.7 – 1.0mm and uniformity coefficient in the range of
1.3 – 1.5. The supporting gravel layer will have a minimum height of 0.1m and grain size
of 2 – 8mm.
 The available hydraulic head above the top of the filter bed will be 1.3 – 1.5m (for
constant head type filters) and around 2.0 – 2.5m (for constant flow type filters).
 The filter backwashing by the sequence of air scour to loosen the clogged filter media,
followed by a combined air/water sequence and finished by rinsing only with water.
The backwash procedure consists of a sequence of three steps:
− Air scour at a rate of 50 – 60m/h for 3 – 5 minutes
− Combined air scour (50 – 60m/h) and wash water (10 – 20m/h) for 5 – 10
minutes

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− Water rinsing at a rate of 25 to 30 m/h for 5 to 10 minutes.

− The required amount of wash water for backwashing of one filter unit will always
be available and will be taken from the treated (disinfected) clear water storage
tank.

The Design
The design calculation in this case is based on a filtration flow rate of 6 m 3/(m2*h) i.e. 6m/h. This
means the need of 75 m2 for a flow of 450 m3/hr.
This will be done by 4 identical filter units, each being 3.6 m wide and 5.6 m long. During
periodic backwashing of one filter, the filtration rate will increase to 7.5 m/h, which is acceptable
for the expected clarified water quality.
The type of filter employed will be “influent flow controlled” with rising water level during
proceeding filtration time. Influent flow control will be established by installation of an adjustable
sharp crested weir at the inlet of each filter box. Once the weirs have been equally levelled
during the construction phase, no further adjustment is necessary.
The water depth on top of a filter will vary from 0.1 m right after filter backwash (controlled by
the level of clear water pipe in clear water collection trough) up to a maximum of 2.3 m
(2300mm) when the next backwash cycle starts. A minimum water depth must be ensured on
top of the filter in order to avoid the development of negative pressures within the sand bed. The
maximum water depth before backwashing is recommended to be between 2 m and 3 m, in
order to avoid too frequent backwash while keeping the overall filter battery height within
acceptable range.
The filter medium will be quartz sand with an effective size of 0.9 mm and a uniformity
coefficient smaller than 1.4 in order to avoid stratification of non-uniform sand grains during
backwash. Filter media height will be 1.0 m, on top of a stratified 0.3 m height gravel layer.
The filter media bed will be split into two equal parts of 1.8 m by 5.6 m, with the inlet/backwash
water collecting channel being located in the middle of the filter. To avoid sand losses during
backwash due to filter bed expansion, the crest of the collecting channel will be located 0.5 m
above the top of the filter medium.
The filter floor will be equipped with polyethylene or PVC filter nozzles with a slot width of less
than 0.4 mm. The minimum number of nozzles should be 56-64 per m² in order to allow even
distribution of air and water during backwash.
Backwashing will consist of a sequence of three steps:
 Air scour at a rate of 60 m/h for 5 minutes.
 Combined air scour (60 m/h) and wash-water at a rate of 15 m/h for 5 minutes.
 Water rinsing at a rate of 30 m/h for minimum 5 minutes and maximum 10 minutes.
The solids-loaded backwash water will be collected from the rapid sand filters and conveyed by
gravity flow to the sludge drying beds.
Backwash water will be supplied from backwash pumps which are 2 duty , 1 standby with
capacity of 300m3/h and a head of 15m (1.5bar).
Each filter will have its own filter control desk with a synoptic showing the status of the filter unit
valves and air scour blowers. Each filter unit valve will include an electrically-driven valve
actuator wired to the filter control. The backwash sequence will be operated manually, either by
push-button operation at the filter control desk, or by manual operation of the filter unit valves
and air blowers. A clock timer will be provided at each filter control desk to allow manual push-
button operation according to the sequence specified above. The flow from the backwash

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compartment of the Tank will be controlled by two different valve settings of the valve controlling
discharge from the backwash compartment, one setting for the combined air scour step and
another setting for the water rinsing step, each of which will have their own push-button control
at the filter control desk.
The top area of the filter battery with the filter control desks will be covered by a common roof
which will protect the filter control desks against rain and sun radiation.
The filter backwash water will be discharged to a system of sludge drying beds. Overflow of
supernatant water from the drying beds will be led to a channel which will discharge to the
natural drainages.
Annex 4-1, S/No.4 presents the detailed calculations for the clarifier unit.
The details of the clarifier unit are as shown in the drawing no. SCEMC-WTP-GA-0004

4.1.8 Clear and Backwash Water Reservoir

Once filtered, the water will flow to the Clear and Backwash Water Reservoir. The reservoir will
be divided into two separate compartments, with flow entering into the first compartment. The
water depth in both compartments is designed to be 4.0 m.
Flow between the first compartment and second compartment will be baffled using a submerged
weir of length 2.0 m and depth of 1.0 m below the maximum water level. Pipe work for both the
inlet and outlet to the Clear and Backwash Water Reservoir will have shut-off valves so that the
tank can be isolated for cleaning.
Chlorination chemicals will be dosed into the first compartment for purpose of disinfection.
Calcium hypochlorite (CaHC) solution will be used for chlorination with Chlorine dosed at a
maximum dosage of 2 mg/l. Volume of the first compartment is 240 m 3, which then provides
minimum of 30 minutes of sufficient contact time for disinfection.
The storage volume of the second compartment is 480 m 3 to provide a balancing volume
equivalent to one hour of production volume for Phase One conditions. Water will be taken from
the first compartment for pumping to the Elevated Tank for backwashing the rapid sand filters.
The second compartment will include an overflow weir constructed on the side at the top of the
basin. Water would discharge over the top of this overflow weir into a separate chamber from
which any overflow discharge can be safely conveyed away from the reservoir.
Annex 4-1, S/No.5 presents the detailed calculations for the clarifier unit.
The details of the clarifier unit are as shown in the drawing no. SCEMC-WTP-GA-0005

4.1.9 Disinfection
The provision of safe drinking water requires final disinfection of the treated water to treat the
remaining microbiological water pollution.
It is recommended to ensure water disinfection of the filtered water by means of chlorination
using hydrated Calcium Hypochlorite as chlorine raw product.
For purpose of disinfection, Chlorine will be dosed at a maximum dosage of 2 mg/l.

4.1.10 Sludge Treatment and Disposal

Sludge from the clarifier basins and the backwash water from the rapid sand filters will both be
discharged to sludge drying beds, both by gravity flow.
A specific drying bed area of minimum 40 m² per 1,000 m³/d of new water production capacity
will be provided using total of 2 drying beds, each with width of 13 m and length of 30 m.

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The filter media of each sludge drying bed will comprise a top layer of coarse sand to a depth of
30 cm, followed by layer of fine gravel (3 − 6 mm) to a depth of 30 cm, followed by medium
gravel (10 − 12 mm) surrounding a DN250 perforated Steel pipe with drilled holes of 10 mm
diameter spaced at 50 cm intervals center-to-center.
The total depth of one drying bed will be at least 1.0 m above the filter media. About 0.5 m will
be provided for sludge accumulation and storage, and about 0.5 m will be reserved to
accumulate the daily quantity of sludge and backwash water, during periods having the highest
turbidity of the raw water quality.
The drainage water will percolate through the gravel and sand layers into perforated collection
pipes at the bottom of the drying bed. The pipes are sloped towards an outlet channel, from
where the water is conveyed by gravity flow in a common drainage pipe for final disposal. The
drainage pipes can be closed with gate valves.
Above the gate valves, stop logs will be arranged, which have the purpose to define the level of
overflow of supernatant water. Different levels can be adjusted by adding/removing some logs.
The feeding of the influent to the drying beds will be done via a distribution system, including
one inlet chamber which connects to the distribution channels of two individual drying beds by
pipe work. This inlet chamber will include penstocks which can be opened and closed to divide
the flow between the two drying beds. This inlet chamber will also include an overflow weir
which discharges the overflow into a drainage conduit away from the sludge drying beds.
The feeding of the drying beds will be done via the distribution channel of each drying bed, with
each distribution channel having two penstocks discharging onto the surface of the drying bed.
The middle drying bed connected to the inlet chamber will connect to the drying bed on the
other side of its distribution channel. The influent can be discharged to this third drying bed, by
closing the penstock to the inlet of the first drying bed in the inlet chamber, opening the
penstock to the inlet of the middle drying bed in the inlet chamber, closing the two penstocks in
the distribution channel of the middle drying bed, and opening the penstock which connects to
the pipe work connected to the distribution channel of the third drying bed.
The gradients of the bottoms of each distribution channel of each drying bed will have minimum
slope of 1% to achieve the function specified above.
Annex 4-1, S/No.7 presents the detailed calculations for the clarifier unit.
The details of the sludge drying beds are as shown in the drawing no. SCEMC-WTP-GA-0006

4.1.11 Clear and Backwash Water Pump Station

The Clear and Backwash Water Pump Station will be located next to the Clear and Backwash
Water Reservoir. The building is designed to accommodate both the high lift pumps for pumping
water to the transmission system.
The building will have rectangular shape. The pump sets will be installed in a sunken area,
below ground level. At the ground level, there will be a walkway around the building. Three sets
of staircases will be provided as access to the pump sets area. Several windows and fans will
be provided for ventilation purposes. A hoist crane will also be provided for hoisting the pumps
and motors whenever necessary. There will be an annex room for electrical installations.
The building will be roofed with corrugated roofing sheets supported with timber trusses. The
sunken portion of the building will be constructed of reinforced concrete, while the
superstructure above will be built of concrete blocks.

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Back wash water suction pipe will be DN150 extended from DN250 suction manifold. The pipe
will branch within the pump house into two, each DN150 complete with DN150 flanged gate
valve, supplying water to individual back wash water pumps.
DN100 non return and gate valves together with pressure gauges will be connected to each
pump to safeguard against hydraulic surges, isolation and monitoring of pump pressure
respectively.

4.1.12 Chemical Building

A Chemical Building will be constructed to house plant and equipment for storage and dosing of
chemicals for pre-chlorination, disinfection, alkalinity (pH- adjustment), and coagulation.
Calcium hypochlorite (CaHC) solution will be used for pre-chlorination and dosed at a maximum
dosage of 5 mg/l. Calcium hypochlorite (CaHC) solution will also be used for disinfection and
dosed at a maximum dosage of 2 mg/l. The 5% chlorine solution will be mixed and stored in two
preparation tanks (1 duty, 1 standby) each of minimum volume 1.0 m 3, and each equipped with
stirrers, to serve for both pre-chlorination and disinfection. Two dosing pumps (1 duty, 1 stand-
by) each with a capacity of 60 l/h each will be provided for pre-chlorination. Two dosing pumps
(1 duty, 1 stand-by) each with a capacity of 25 l/h each will be provided for disinfection.
Lime is specified for pH-adjustment at a maximum dosage of 25 mg/l. The 5% Lime solution will
be mixed and stored in two preparation tanks (1 duty, 1 stand-by) each having minimum volume
2.5 m3, and each equipped with stirrers. Three dosing pumps (2 duty, 1 stand-by) each with a
capacity of 120 l/h each will be provided for Lime dosing.
PolyalulminumChloride (PAC) is specified for coagulation at a maximum dosage of 30 mg/l.
The PAC solution will be mixed and stored in two preparation tanks (1 duty, 1 stand-by) each of
minimum volume 2.5 m3, and each equipped with stirrers. Three dosing pumps (2 duty, 1 stand-
by) each with a capacity of 120 l/h each will be provided for PAC dosing.
All dosing pumps will be equipped with stroke adjustment which allows for variable dosing
quantity. The dosing quantity will be manually adjusted only, according to the actual water
production and the optimal amount of chemical dosage.
Several windows and fans will be provided for ventilation purposes. Hoist cranes will be
provided for hoisting the plant and equipment whenever necessary, and will be provided one
each for the plant of chlorination, alkalinity and coagulation separately.

4.1.13 Site Drainage

A drainage system comprising drainage channels and sewer pipes will be constructed to receive
overflow and drainage water from the following sources:

 Any overflow from the inlet chamber of the Flocculation Unit

 Any overflow from the Sand Filter Gallery
 Any overflow from the Clear and Backwash Water Reservoir
 All roof and road drainage water
In addition, a uPVC drainage piping will convey the percolate and supernatant water from the
sludge drying beds to nearby drainage ditches for final disposal.
Drainage channels will be constructed out of pre-cast concrete, also covered and fitted with pre-
cast concrete plates. In this case, these plates can be removed for repair cleaning works. The
drainage channel can be crossed by traffic and cars of normal weight and trucks as well.

4.1.14 Administrative Building, Staff House and Guard House

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The WTP Administration Building will include: two office rooms; one laboratory room; one
workshop room; one bathroom with two urinals and two toilets; and parking space for one
normal-size vehicle underneath a veranda, all under a common roof.
The WTP Staff House will include two apartments, each including: one bedroom; one living
room; one bathroom with sink, toilet and shower; and one kitchen room, connecting to a
covered veranda, all under a common roof.
The WTP Guard House will comprise one room with three windows.

4.2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Structural design and drawings were prepared on the basis of the following design codes and
references.

4.2.1 Design Standards

The design was be carried out in accordance with the following British Standards:
 BS 8110: Part 1, 2 and 3: 1985 Structural use of concrete
 BS 8002: Code of practice for Earth retaining structures
 BS 8007: Code of practice for Design of water retaining structures
 BS 8004: 1986 Code of practice for foundations
 BS 5959: Part 1: 2000, scheduling, dimensioning, bending and cutting of steel
reinforcement for concrete
 Building Research Unit. BRU Technical Guideline No. 2, Loads for Structural Design

4.2.2 Structural Reference

Main references used include:
 Reynolds, C.E. and Steadman, J.C (1988) Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook,
10th Edi-tion, E and FN Spon, London.
 Walker, D. and Westbrook, R (1996) Structural Engineering design in practice, 3rd
Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Michigan, United State.
The structural drawings are as shown in the drawing no. SCEMC-WTP-ST-0001-0020

4.3 ELECTRICAL WORKS

Electrical works for the new works and facilities comprise the following:
 Electrical Works at Raw Water Intake Pump Station
 Electrical Works at Water Treatment Plant (WTP)
 Electrical Works at Booster Pump Stations
Design of electrical works is ongoing and will be submitted in the final version of this report.

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