CHE 133 : LECTURE 2

DESIGN OF
HEAT EXCHANGERS

ENGR RIA GRACE P ABDON

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AT LAGUNA
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Calculate the different parameters needed for the design of

a heat exchanger such as temperature correction factor,
mean temperature difference and other design
parameters..
 Identify the different processes of determining the
design parameter of a Heat exchanger.
 Calculate the effectiveness of the design of a heat
exchanger through effectiveness-NTU methods
 Calculate the different fouling coefficient for different
design scenario.
REVIEW OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Three modes of HEAT TRANSFER

1. CONDUCTION
Heat is being transferred by the molecular vibration
of atoms of materials in contact.
Governed by FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT
CONDUCTION
REVIEW OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Where: qx - heat transfer rate in the x direction in WATTS

A - cross-sectional area normal to the direction of flow of
heat in m2
T - temperature in K
x - distance in m
k - thermal conductivity, W/mK
qx /A - heat flux in W/m2

 Note: the minus sign is required because if the flow is positive in

a given direction, the temperature decreases in this direction
Fourier’s Law (Heat Conduction)

Where q is rate of heat transfer

A is area
T is temperature
k is thermal conductivity
n is distance measured normal to the surface
or thickness.
REVIEW OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

2. CONVECTION
the transfer of heat by convection implies the transfer of
heat by bulk transport and mixing of macroscopic
elements of warmer portions with cooler portions of a
gas or a liquid.
 governed by Newton’s Law of Cooling

Tw is the temperature of the solid surface, Tf is the average or

bulk temperature of the flowing fluid
h is commonly called the film coefficient or heat transfer
coefficient
REVIEW OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

3. RADIATION
 the transfer of energy through space by means of electromagnetic
waves in much the same way as electromagnetic light waves
transfer light.
 Governed by Stefan-Boltzmann Law
 the basic equation for the heat transfer by radiation from a
perfect black body with an emissivity =1 is

q - heat flow in W
A - surface area of the body
 - constant 5.676 x 10-8 W/m2 K4 (0.1714x10-8
btu/hft2R4 )
T - temperature of the blackbody in K (o R)
DESIGN EQUATION for Heat Exchanger
For constant temperature of the inside and outside heat
transfer surface;

- For countercurrent flow of the two fluids, the heat

transfer rate is

- Where Tm is a suitable mean temperature difference

to be determined.
 Heat Exchanger Analysis
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
method
Derivation of LMTD:
Assumptions used:
1. U is constant all along the HE.
2. Steady flow conditions.
3. Specific heats of hot and cold fluids are constant
4. Flow rates of hot and cold fluids are constant.
5.There is no heat loss to the surroundings. There is no heat
gain from the surroundings.
6.There is no phase change of the either fluid.
7.Conduction in the tube and shell are negligible.
8. Kinetic as well potential energies of fluids are constant.
 Heat Exchanger Analysis

Parallel flow
Counterflo w
T ' s' cannot cross
Note Th ,out can be  Tc ,out
 Heat Exchanger Analysis
Energy balance (counterflow) on element shown

dQ  m h ch dTh  m c cc dTc (1)

m  mass flow rate of fluid
c  specific heat
Rate Equation
dQ  UdAT  T 
h c (2)

 dQ  dQ
Now from (1) dTh  dTc 
m h ch m c cc

 1 1 
 d Th  Tc   dQ
  
 m c cc m h ch 
 Heat Exchanger Analysis
Subtract dQ from (2),
d Th  Tc   1 1 
 U   dA
Th  Tc  m c cc m h ch 

Integrate 1  2
 Th 2  Tc 2   1 1 
ln    UA  
 Th1  Tc1   m c cc m h ch 

Total heat trans fer rate

Q  m h ch Th1  Th 2  and Q  m c cc Tc1  Tc 2 
 Heat Exchanger Analysis

 c and put
Substitute for m
T1  Th1  Tc1 END 1
T2  Th 2  Tc 2 END 2
 T2  T1 
Q  UA 
 ln T2 / T 
1 

Q  UALMTD 
LMTD is Log Mean Temperatur e Difference

• Remember – 1 and 2 are ends, not fluids

• Same formula for parallel flow (but T’s are different)
•Counterflow has highest LMTD, for given T’s therefore smallest area for Q.
Where:

this relation is applicable for single pass

exchangers such as counterflow flat plate and
the parallel flow and counterflow double pipe
heat exchanger.
Double-pipe heat exchanger
Double-pipe heat exchanger
Double-pipe heat exchanger
Design equation for double pipe heat
exchanger

q = U A ∆TLMTD
Where:
LMTD stands for log mean temperature
difference.
∆TLMTD
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

A heat exchanger uses a hot food product to heat up a cool one.

Product A enters the heat exchanger at 70°C and leaves at
45°C. Product B enters the heat exchanger at 25°C and
leaves at 40°C. If the desired rate of heat transfer is 400kW
and the overall heat transfer coefficient for the system is
1,100 W/m2K, what area is required for heat transfer if the
heat exchanger is set up in (a) counter current mode? (b) co
current mode? Assume the product temperatures do not
change with the direction of the flow.

Ans. For countercurrent A = 14.7 m2 ;

Ans. Parallel A = ; A = 20 m2
T outlet water = 319.1K

Acounterflow = 2.66 m2

A parallel = 2.87 m2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #3

What is the required length of the heat exchanger?

q = 12,786 watts

U = 38.1 W/m2 C°

∆TLM = 42 C°

A= 84.8 m
 Problem
A heat exchanger is required to heat continuously 20 kg/s of
coconut oil from 30°C to 80°C by means of 25 kg/s of hot
water, inlet temperature of 90°C. Assuming a constant overall
heat transfer coefficient of 2 kW/m2-K, calculate the total
surface area required in a counterflow double pipe heat
exchanger . Cpwater = 4.18kJ/kg-K Cpcoconutoil = 3.8
kJ/kg-K.

Tho = 53.64°C

A = 119.87 m2
 Problem
Approximate the double pipe heat exchanger tube area needed to
heat coconut oil from 30°C to 70°C flowing at 100 kg/s. Assume
that the overall heat transfer coefficient is 405 W/m2.°C.
The heating water enters the heat exchanger in the other side of the
heat exchanger (counter-current) at 100°C and exits at 80°C.
Assume that coconut oil has a specific heat of 3.8 J/g°C. What are
the “approach”? Calculate the heating and cooling range?
Problem
Approximate the heat exchanger tube area needed to heat
coconut oil from 30°C to 70°C flowing at 100 kg/s.
Assume that the overall heat transfer coefficient is 405
W/m2.°C. The heating water enters the heat exchanger at
the same side of the heat exchanger (parallel flow) at
100°C and exits at 80°C. Assume that coconut oil has a
specific heat of 3.8 J/g°C.
PROBLEM

Oil flowing at the rate of 7258 kg/h with a Cp=2.01 kJ/kg-K

is cooled from 394.3K to 338.9K in a counterflow heat
exchanger by water entering at 294.3K and leaving at 305.4K.
Calculate the flow rate of the water and the overall Ui if the Ai
is 5.11 m2
PROBLEM

A crossflow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed is used to

heat water (Cp= 4.181 kJ/kg-K) from 40C to 80C, flowing at
the rate of 1.0kg/s. What is the overall heat transfer coefficient
if hot engine oil (Cp= 1.9 kJ/kg-K), flowing at the rate of 2.6
kg/s, enters at 100C? The heat transfer area is 20 m2.