TUBERCULOSIS

BY

RAHMAWATI

A. INTRODUCTION

i. Background

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosa,

mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium, but is more commonly caused

by Mycobacterium tuberculosa. In 1993, WHO launched a global emergency of

tuberculosis in the world, because in most countries in the world, tuberculosis

became out of control. In Indonesia, tuberculosis is a major health problem. In

1995, the results of the Household Health Survey, showed that tuberculosis was

the third leading cause of death (3) after cardiovascular disease and respiratory

disease in all age groups.

In Indonesia itself, due to the difficulty in diagnosing tuberculosis in

children, the incidence of tuberculosis in children is not known with certainty, but

if the adult tuberculosis is high it can be estimated that the incidence of

tuberculosis in children will also be high. This happens because every adult with

positive BTA will infect 10-15 people in their environment, especially children

(MOH RI, 2002).

The home environment is one of the factors that has a major influence on

the health status of its inhabitants (Notoatmodjo, 2003). The home environment

is one of the factors that play a role in the spread of tuberculosis germs.

Tuberculosis bacteria can live for 1-2 hours even up to several days to weeks

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 depending on the presence or absence of ultraviolet light, good ventilation,

humidity, temperature of the house and the density of residents.

ii. Formulation of the problem

The problem formulation in this paper are:

1. What is the understanding of Tuberculosis?

2. What is the Etiology of Tuberculosis?

3. What factors influence the occurrence of Tuberculosis?

4. How is Tuberculosis transmitted?

5. What are the symptoms of Tuberculosis?

6. How to diagnose Tuberculosis?

7. How to prevent Tuberculosis?

8. How to treat Tuberculosis?

iii. writing purpose

As for the objectives in writing this paper, namely:

1. To know the understanding of tuberculosis

2. To know the etiology of tuberculosis

3. To find out what are the factors that influence the Tuberculosis disease.

4. To Know how to transmit Tuberculosis

5. To Know the symptoms of Tuberculosis

6. To Know the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis

7. To Know the Prevention of Tuberculosis

8. To Know the Treatment of Tuberculosis

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B. DEFINITION

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that mainly attacks the lung parenchyma.

Tuberculosis can also be transmitted to other body parts, especially meningens,

kidneys, bones, and lymph nodes (Suddarth, 2003). Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious

infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis with varied symptoms, due

to systemic mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria so that it can affect all organs of the

body with the most locations in the lungs which are usually the location of primary

infection (Mansjoer, 2000).

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease that attacks the respiratory tract

caused by bacteria, namely mycobacterium tuberculosis, (Smeltzer, 2002). can

conclude that, pulmonary TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria

mycobacterium tuberculosis that attacks the respiratory tract, especially the lung

parenchyma.

C. Etiology of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a type of rod-shaped germ

with a length of 1-4 μm long and 0.3-0.6 μm thick and classified in acid-resistant bacilli

(BTA). (Suyono, 2001)

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D. Factors that Influence Tuberculosis

TB disease in a person is influenced by several factors such as: socioeconomic

status, nutritional status, age and gender for more details we can explain as described

below:

1. Socio-Economic Factors

Here is very close to the situation of the house, the density of residential

areas, housing environment and poor workplace sanitation can facilitate TB

transmission. Family income is also very closely related to TB transmission,

because small income makes people unable to live properly by meeting health

requirements.

2. Nutritional status

Nutritional deficiencies will affect the immune system of the body so that

they are vulnerable to diseases including pulmonary TB. This situation is an

important factor that affects poor countries, both adults and children.

3. Age

Lung TB is most often found at a young or productive age (15 - 50) years.

Nowadays, with the demographic transition, the life expectancy of the elderly is

higher. At the age of more than 55 years a person's immunological system declines,

making it very vulnerable to various diseases, including pulmonary TB disease.

4. Type of clamin

Pulmonary TB disease tends to be higher in men than women. According to

WHO, at least in one year there are about 1 million women who die from pulmonary

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 TB, it can be concluded that in women there were more deaths due to pulmonary

TB compared to those due to the process of pregnancy and childbirth.

In men this disease is higher because of smoking tobacco and drinking

alcohol so that it can reduce the body's defense system, making it easier to be

exposed to agents that cause pulmonary TB.

E. Modes of Transmission of Tuberculosis

Modes of transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis through sputum sprinkling

(droplet) The source of transmission is patients with smear pulmonary tuberculosis (),

when patients with pulmonary tuberculosis cough or sneeze. Droplets containing TB

germs can stay in the air for several hours, once a cough can produce about 3000

sputum splashes. Generally transmission occurs in a room where sputum splashes are

in a long time. Ventilation can reduce the amount of spark, while direct sunlight can

kill germs, the spark can last for several hours in a dark and humid environment.

People can become infected if the droplet is inhaled into the respiratory tract. After

TB germs enter the human body through breathing, they can spread from the lungs to

other parts of the body through the circulatory system, lymphatic system, respiratory

tract or direct spread to other parts of the body. The power of transmission from a

patient is determined by the number of germs that are removed from his lungs. The

higher the positive degree of sputum examination results, the more infectious the

patient is. If the sputum examination results are negative then the patient is considered

not contagious.

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F. Symptoms of Tuberculosis

1. Cough: Occurs because of an infection in the bronchi. Starting from a dry cough

then after inflammation arises into a productive cough (producing sputum). In the

advanced state of blood cough because there are broken blood vessels. Most

coughing up blood on bronchial wall ulcers.

2. Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea): Shortness of breath will be found in an advanced

disease where Infiltrasinya is already half the lung.

3. Chest pain: Arises when the infiltration of inflammation has reached the pleura

(causing pleurisy)

4. Fever: Usually resembles influenza fever. This situation is greatly influenced by

the immune system of patients with the severity of incoming bacterial infections.

5. Malaise (lethargic state): Can be in the form of anorexia (no appetite), weight loss,

headache, chills, muscle aches, night sweats.

G. Prevention of Tuberculosis

Actually a person can avoid TB with a healthy and orderly lifestyle. With such a

lifestyle system it is hoped that one's bodily power will be strong enough to clean up

protection against various diseases. A person who is truly healthy even though he is

attacked by TB germs, is not expected to work and will not cause TB symptoms.

Avoid contact with people infected with tuberculosis, maintain health status with

adequate nutritional intake, drink milk that has been pasteurized, isolate if there is

bacterial sputum analysis until treatment, BCG immunization to increase the body's

resistance to infection by virulent tuberculosis bacilli.

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H. Treatment for Tuberculosis

Types and dosages of OAT (Anti Tuberculosis Medication):

1. Isoniazid (H)

Isoniazid (known as INH) is bactericidal, effective against germs in an active

metabolic state, that is, a developing germ. Possible side effects include peripheral

neuritis, hepatitis rash, fever. If jaundice occurs, treatment can be reduced or

stopped until jaundice improves. Mild side effects can include tingling, muscle

aches, itching. In this situation the administration of INH can be continued

according to the dose.

2. Rifampicin (R)

Is bactericidal, can kill semi-dormant germs (persistent). The side effects of

rifampicin are hepatitis, nausea, feverish reactions, thrombocytopenia. Rifampicin

can cause red or orange color in urine and sweat, and it must be told to the family

or sufferer so as not to become anxious. The red color occurs because the process

of drug metabolism and harmless.

3. Streptomycin (S)

Is bactericidal, the side effects of streptomycin are nephrotoxic and cranial nerve

damage VIII related to balance and hearing.

4. Ethambutol (E)

Is bacteriostatic, ethambutol can cause visual disturbances in the form of reduced

visual acuity, red and green color blindness, and optic neuritis.

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I. Conclusion

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium

tuberculosis.

The causative agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis which causes a

number of severe diseases in humans and is the most common cause of infection.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis lives well in humid environments but is not resistant to

sunlight.

Factors that influence the incidence of Tuberculosis To be exposed to tuberculosis

in a person is influenced by several factors such as: socioeconomic status, nutritional

status, age, sex, and toxic factors.

Modes of transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis through sputum sprinkling

(droplet) The source of transmission is patients with smear pulmonary tuberculosis (),

when patients with pulmonary tuberculosis cough or sneeze. Generally transmission

occurs in a room where sputum splashes are in a long time.

Tuberculosis treatment. There are 5 types of antibiotics that can be used, namely

the most commonly used antibiotics are Isoniazid (H), Rifampicin (R), Pyrazinamide

(P), Streptomycin (S) and Ethambutol (E). If the patient really follows the medication

regularly, then there is no need for surgery to remove part of the lungs. Sometimes

surgery is done to remove pus or correct spinal deformities due to tuberculosis.

J. Suggestion

The advice we can give is that we already know what Tuberculosis is, we can take
care of our health even more by keeping the environment and ourselves healthy, keeping
in mind that this disease is a very dangerous infectious disease and the mortality rate high
enough.

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 REFERENCES

1. http://fildza.wordpress.com/2008/04/24/penyakit-tuberkulosis/

2. http://jundul.wordpress.com/2008/09/14/penularan-tbc/

3. http://medicastore.com/tbc/penyakit_tbc.htm

4. http://www.scribd.com/doc/32087430/makalah-TBC

5. http://nawrihaysnainohdamor.blogspot.com/2013/03/makalah-tuberculosis.html

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