Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
/2016
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CONTINENTAL THEORY- In this concept, policeman are regarded as state or servants of the
higher authorities. This theory prevails in the European countries where the governmental
organization follows the centralized pattern, e.g. Spain Italy and France. The people have no
share or little participation with the duties or connection with the police organization.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DIVISION- Has been vested w2ith the responsibility which
primarily pertains to the coordination of criminal information and the investigation of crimes
not resolved by the patrol officers.
CRIMINAL LABORATORY- The central crime laboratory to be headed by a director with the
rank f chief superintendent, which provides scientific and technical investigative and support to
the PNP and other government investigative agencies.
CRIME PREVENTION – Refers to the reduction or elimination of the opportunity to commit a
crime.
CRIME PREVENTION AND COORDINATION SERVICE- Unit which shall undertake
criminological researchers and studies, formulate a national crime prevention and information
program and provide editorial direction for all criminology research and crime prevention
publication.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION UNIT- It is headed by a director with the rank of chief
superintendent; the criminal investigative unit shall undertake the monitoring, investigation and
prosecution of all crimes involving economic sabotage and commission by highly placed or
professional criminal syndicates and organizations.
DECISION – A written disposition of a case personally signed by the disciplinary authority
containing facts established during the hearing, the findings and conclusions, as well as the
pertinent and relevant laws and jurisprudence applicable thereon.
DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY- The process of committing and activity to another’s care.
DELINNEATION OF AUTHORITY- Lines of authority and responsibility and should be
definite, clear and so that responsibility is properly fixed and duplication avoided. In the police
service each one knows where he fits in the pattern, to whom he is responsible and who is
responsible to them
DEMOTION- A penalty or reduction of rank.
DEPLOYMENT- It shall mean the orderly and organized physical movement of elements of the
PNP within the province, city or municipality for purpose s of employment.
DIRECTION- It deals with the procedure of what is to be done, who is to do it, and when
where, and how it is to be done.
DISCIPLINARY APPELATE BOARDS – Refers to the formal administrative disciplinary
appellate machinery consisting of the National Appellate Board and Regional Appellate Board,
established by NAPOLCOM.
DISPOSITIVE PORTION- Refers to that part of decisions which declares whether the
respondent is guilty or not guilty of the charge.
DISTRICT- Refers to a geographical subdivision of a city for a patrol purposes.
DISTRICT JAIL WARDEN- Refers to the head of district offices of the BJMP with the rank of
chief inspector.
DIVISION- It is primary subdivision of a bureau.
DUE PROCESS – Refers to the right to be given opportunity to present one’s side and submit
evidence in support therefore.
EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAM –Within three [3] years after the effectively of RA 8551,
any PNP officer or non commissioned officer may retire and be paid separation benefits
corresponding to a position w [2] ranks higher than his or her present rank subject to the
following conditions; a] that a the time he or she applies for retirement ,he or she has already
rendered at least ten[10] years of continuous government service; b] the applicant is not
scheduled for separation or retirement form the service due to the attrition system for the
separation for cause c) he or she has no pending administrative or criminal case,.(3) more years
in the service before reaching compulsory retirement age an at least a year before his or here
maximum tenure his position.
EMPLOYMENT- Refers to the utilizations of units or elements f the PNP for purpose of
promote.
EXECUTION- Deals with performance of orders followed and done with commensurate
authority to fulfill the responsibility.
EXONERATION - Is the declaration of the respondent’s innocence y the disciplinary authority
under summary proceedings.
EXTRA DEPARTMENTAL PLANS- These are plants designed to guide the organization o
the community of the to assists in accomplishing the police objectives in the field of juvenile
and delinquency prevention, traffic control , and organized crimes.
FINANCE CENTER - Headed by a director with the rank of Chief Superintendent, the finance
center shall be responsible for providing finances services to the PNP.
FIELD OFFICERS - Also known as “Senior Officer”, these categories includes Senior
Superintendent, Superintendent and Chief Inspector.
FIELD PROCEDURES - They are intended to be used in all situation s of all kinds and serves
as a guide to officers in the field on the procedures tat relate to the following. Reporting,
Dispatching, Raids, Arrests, Stopping, suspicious persons, Receiving complaints, Patrolling,
AND Conduct of investigation of crimes.
FIELD TRAINING PROGRAM - All uniformed members of the PNP shall undergo a field
Training Program for twelve ( 12) months involving actual experience and assignment in
patrol, traffic, and investigation as a requirement for permanency of their appointment.
FINANCE SERVICE- Unit which shall provide the commission with staff services and
assistance of the budgetary and financial matters includes the overseeing of the processing and
disbursements of funds pertaining to the scholarship program and surviving children or decease
and/or permanently incapacitated PNP personnel.
FUROM SHOOPING OR MULTIPLE FILING OF COMPLAINTS – Refers to the charges
or complaints regarding one single offense, filed simoutaneously with different venues.
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION- This type of organization is operated wherein the
performance of certain duties, at all level is controlled and directed by a separate organizational
authority.
GENERAL OR FLAG OFFICERS - This category includes all Directors and Chief
Superintendents.
GRADING - the simplest system of performance appraisal.
GUARDIA CIVIL- organized the dual function of a soldier and a policeman whose duties
ranges from the suppression of brigandage by means of patrolling unsettled territories,
detention of petty and local insurrection, the enforcement of tax collection and was armed by
the Spanish Peninsula Troops of their work in policing towns. The establishment of the
Guardia Civil gave the Spanish colonizers a tremendous control through a centralized police
administration which enable to supreme head to determine the policies to be pursued in law
enforcement and the maintenance of peace and order.
GUARDDRILLEROS – The Rural Police during the Spanish regime in the Philippines
established in each town. The laws provided that five percent (5%) of able bodied male
inhabitants of each province were to be drafted in the police service for a three years tour of
duty.
HEADQUATER POCEDURES –Usually found on the duty manual because they pertain to the
responsibility of one person or one class of persons. Procedures that involve coordinate action
on activity of several offices shall be established separately.
HOME RULE THEORY – Law enforcers or policemen are regarded as servants of the
community, who rely for the efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of the people.
In these concepts, policemen are servants whose key duty is the preservation of public peace
and security. This is practiced in the United States and in England where the governmental
structure follows a decentralized pattern.
IAS – Headed by an Inspector General the Internal Affairs Service which conduct “ motu –
propio”, automatic investigations of the following cases: Incidents where a police personnel
discharges a firearm; Incidents where death, serious physical injury, or any violation of human
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rights occurred in the conduct of police operation; Incidents where evidence was compromised,
tampered with, obliterated or lost while in custody of the police was seriously injured; and
Incidents where the established rules of engagement have been violated.
IMPOSED POLICY- This type of policy comes from the government in forms of laws,
administrative orders, rules and procedures and specifications.
IMMUNITY – Is a protection from liability in tort due to status or position.
INSPECTION, MONITORING AND INVESTIGATION SERVICE – Unit which shall
conduct continuous inspection and management audit of personnel facilities and operations at
all levels of command and shall monitor the implementation of the commissions programs and
projects relative to law enforcement of the commissions programs and projects relative to law
enforcement and monitor and investigate police anomalies, and irregularities.
INSTALLATIONS AND LOGISTICS SERVICE – Reviews the Commissions plans and
programs and formulate policies and procedures regarding acquisition, inventory, control,
distribution, maintenance and disposal of supplies and shall oversee the implementation of
programs on transportation facilities and installations and the procurement and maintenance of
supplies and equipment.
INTEGRATED ACT OF 1975 – Created the Integrated National Police.
JAIL OF BUREAU – The Bureau of the Management and Penology, created under RA 7695,
vested with the responsibility to supervise and control all city and municipal jails.
LAW – Refers to a rule of conduct or action laid down and enforced by supreme governing
authority of a community or established by custom.
LATERAL ENTRY – In general, all original appointments of commissioned officers in the
PNP shall commence with the rank of inspector, to include all those with highly technical
qualifications applying for the PNP technical services, such as dentist, optometrists, nurses,
engineers, and graduates of forensic sciences. Doctors o medicine, members of the Bar, and
chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of senior inspector in their particular technical service.
Graduates of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) shall be automatically appointed
to the initial rank of inspector. Licensed criminologists may be appointed to the rank of
inspector to fill up any vacancy after promotions from the ranks are completed.
LEGAL AFFAIRS SERVICE – Provides the NAPOLCOM with efficient and effective service
as legal counsel of the Commission; draft or study contracts affecting the Commission and
submit appropriate recommendations pertaining thereto; and render legal opinions arising from
the administration and operation of the Philippine National Police and the Commission.
LINE COMMAND – Is the operating authority delegated by the commander down to the line
thru each intermediate supervisor until level o execution is reached.
LINE FUNCTION – refers to operational duties like patrol, investigation, vice control, juvenile
control and traffic task.
LINE ORGANIZATION- It divides responsibility and authority between several specialists.It
is the most common type of all police organizational structure commonly found in the rural
areas.
LOCAL EXECUTIVE - exercises operational, supervision and direction over the PNP units
assigned within respective localities.
LOCAL LOGISTICS - Headed by a Director with the rank of Chief Superintendent which shall
be responsible for the procurement, distribution and management of all the PNP including
firearms and ammunition.
MIDDLE MANAGEMENT LEVEL - Means that decisions are made that govern day-to-day
operations of the organizations.
MODERN CONCEPT- This thought of police service regards police as the first line of defense
of the criminal justice system, an organ of crime prevention. Under this concept, police
efficiency is measured by the decreasing number of crimes. It further broadens police activities
to cater to social services, and has for its mission the welfare of the individual as well as that of
the community in general.
NAPOLCOM - The National Police Commission exercises administrative control and
supervision over the P.N.P Republic Act 4864 otherwise known as the Police Act of 1966
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created the NAPOLCOM. It is a collegial body within the D.I.L.G., composed of the Secretary
as its Chairman and four regular commissioners.
NARCOTIC UNITS - Headed by a director with the rank of chief superintendent , the Narcotics
units shall enforce all laws relative to the protection of the citizenry against dangerous and
other prohibited drugs and substances.
NATIONAL APPELATE BOARD - Primarily grievance machinery against erring policeman,
vested to decide cases in appeal from decisions rendered by the PNP chief and the Regional
Appellate boards.
NATIONAL COMPLAINANT- Refers to any PNP officer who is required to file and institute
charges by reas0n of their office or position.
OLD CONCEPT- Police service is give the impression of being a merely suppressive
machinery. This philosophy advocates that the yardstick of police competence is the
increasing number of arrest, throwing offenders in detention facilities rather than trying to
prevent them from committing crime.
OPERATIONAL SUPERVISION AND CONTROL- Shall mean the power to direct,
Superintendent, and over see day-to- day function of the police investigation of crime, crime
prevention activities , and traffic control in accordance with the rule and regulation
promulgated by the commission.
OPTIONAL RETIREMENT- Upon accumulation at least twenty (20) years of satisfactory
active service, an officer or non officer at his own request and with the approval of the
commission shall be retired from the service and entitled to receive benefits provided for by
law.
ORGANIZATION - It is the arrangement of people with common purpose and objective in a
manner to enable the performance of related tasks by individuals grouped for the purpose. This
organization can be functional, Line, line and staff, etc. depending on the objectives and
functions of the organization.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE - Refers to the mechanical means of the depicting, by an
arrangement of symbols, the relationships which exists between individual, groups and
function within the organization.
ORIGINATED POLICY - This type comes from the highest rank or top management and is
intended to set up guidelines in the operation of the organization.
P.D. 765 – Organized the Integrated National Police in August 8,1975 which was composed of
the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and the INP forces as components under the
Department of National Defense.
PERFORMANCE - Sum total of a candidate’s past activities and achievements in a certain
work.
PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION – Personnel administration is the technique of organizing
and handling of people at work in all levels and types of management.
PERSONNEL AN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE- Performs personnel function for the
commission, administer the entrance and promotional examination for policemen, provides the
management system or procedure, evaluation an monitoring of the commission programs,
project and internal operation an shall conduct through research, an analysis on social and
economics conditions affecting peace an order in the city.
PLEB – People’s Law Enforcement Boards. There shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every
municipality and for each of the legislative district in the city. The PLEB shall have
jurisdiction to hear and decide citizen’s complaints or cases filed before it against erring
officers and members of the PNP. There shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every five hundred
(500) city or municipal police personnel.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION – Defined as the management of police administration which is
all about the work of police offices or the utilization of personnel to coordinate and manage
resources for the achievement of the organizational goals. It is the direction of the police
organization or a part of it, and the application of its various resources in such a way, as to
carry out its functions effectively and efficiently.
regional, provincial, municipal and city police forces for civil disturbance control, counter
insurgency, hostage taking, rescue operations and other special operation.
SPECIAL OPERATING PROCEDURES – Included in such guidelines are crime scene
search, preservation an investigation, dissemination of information concerning wanted persons,
organization and operation of police support units and the like.
STAFFING – The task of providing competent men to do job and selecting the right man for the
job. It involves good selection and the processing of reliable and well-trained personnel.
STAFF WORK – It is a part of managerial work that the police executive or commander assigns
to someone outside the chain of command, called staff assistant.
SUMMARY DISMISSAL POWER – Exercised by the Chief of the PNP and regional directors
who, after due notice and summary hearings, may immediately remove or dismiss any
respondent PNP member in any of the following cases: (a) When the charge is serious and the
evidence of guilt is strong; (b) When the respondent is a recidivist or has been repeatedly
charged and there are reasonable grounds to believe that he is guilty of the charges; and (c)
When the respondent is guilty of conduct unbecoming of a police officer.
SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS – Administrative proceedings conducted consistent with due
process to determine the culpability or innocence of the respondent.
SUPERIOR OFFICER – One having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily
permanently over officers of lower rank.
SUPERVISION – Deals with the assistance and guidance given to subordinates to ensure
successful performance.
SWORN OFFICER – All personnel of the police department who possess the power of arrest
and who takes an oath of office.
TESTING – Giving a series of actual and theoretical assignment to re-enforce what has been in
the investigation phase.
TIME-IN-GRADE – Total period of time a candidate has acquired in a certain grade regardless
of his status of appointment therein.
TRAFFIC DIVISIONS – Vested with the responsibility for those organizational objectives
which primarily includes traffic regulation policy, the investigation of traffic accidents
involving personal injury and otherwise undertaking traffic related duties not performed by the
Patrol Division.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT UNIT – Headed by a Director with the rank of chief
Superintendent, the traffic management units were established to enforce traffic laws and
regulations.
UNIT – Refers to functional groups within a section where further specialization is needed.
UNITY OF COMMAND – Is a doctrine in police service which means that only one man is in
complete command of each situation and only one man in direct command or supervision of
each officer.
WORK DELEGATION – The act of transmitting to a person the power to act for another.
Delegation to be proper should accompany a corresponding authority, specific responsibilities
and finally accountability on the delegated job or position.
WORK SIMPLIFICATION – It is a method of finding easier ways of doing work to increase
productivity, work quality, meet work schedule, and reduce waste, lower accident rates and
reduce costs. This method is also utilized in law enforcement administrative service.
Historians believe that law enforcement began unnoticed. It started in the protection of
the interest of the families of the, clans tribes, and finally end up in nations or states. Law
enforcement certainly had its beginning in the last centuries of prehistory. Early man felt the
need to protect his territory that formalized methods community protection become necessary.
As early as 7,000 BC, farming communities in Jarmo and Iraq , its general protection and as well
as the enforcement of each “rules” was probably the responsibility of each individual. Many law
enforcement books termed it as SELF-POLICING METHOD.
As population increases the concept of “self-policing” proved inadequate and so
deteriorated. Apparently and mores were not being complied with; thus they become ineffectual
as a means of “SOCIAL CONTROL”. Scholars attributed to the Babylonian King Hammurabi,
of the said law were apprehended and punished. It was considered that the code of Hammurabi is
the FOUNDATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT NOT ONLY LAW BUT LAW
ENFORCEMENT.
Similar development occurred in ancient China the DYNASTY; it was established and
maintained by an organized military authority. But later on a written code was then spread all
over the world.
But the term “law enforcer” originated in ROME, during the time of the Roman empire
(from about 100 to 200 AD). The city limits are guarded by Roman soldiers carefully selected by
the commander of the city garrison under the authority of Caesar from the Roman Legion called
CENTIRIONS whose main task is to maintain internal peace and order, to arrest of law, and to
defend and protect the city of Rome. The “Centurions” were recognized as the exclusive
authority task with the peace and order in the city (they are used and regarded as both military
and paramilitary units for policing purposes.).
There are some evidence that in about 100 AD, the Romans established the first
investigative units in Western History, known as FRUMENTARII. The frumentarii had 3
principal duties, they are (1) Supervising grain distribution to Rome’s needy; (2) Oversee the
personal delivery of messages among government officials; (3) Detect crime and prosecuted
offenders. From then on, almost all nations throughout the word adopted the effective method of
maintaining internal peace and order in a given community by designating law enforcers, who
they initially called PEACE OFFICERS now commonly known as POLICE OFFICERS.
The Babylonians
The CODE OF KING HAMMURABI (2100 B.C) – during the time of Babylonian
King Hammurabi, he established rules for his Kingdom that disegnated not only offenses but
punishment as well. The principle of the code was that “The strong shall not injure the wake”.
Hammurabi originated the legal principle of LEX TALIONIS – the eye for an eye, tooth for a
tooth doctrine.
Ancient Egypt
The early Egyptians established laws and courts and a rudimentary rule of law. The first
accounts of a developing court system originated in Egypt in approximately 1500 B.C. The court
system presided by judges who were appointed by the pharaoh. They later organized marine
patrols and customhouses to protect commerce.
Ancient Greece
The Greeks gad an impressive of law enforcement called the EPHORI. Each year at
Sparta, a body of Ephors was elected and given almost unlimited powers as investigator, judge,
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jury and executioner. These five men also presided over the Senate adn Assembly, assuring that
their rules and decrees were followed.
From the Greek philosopher PLATO, who lived from 427 to 347 B.C, was the idea that
punishment should serve the purpose rather than simple retaliation.
Ancient Rome
The Romans had a highly developed system of administering justice. The 12 Tabulae (12
tables) were the first written laws of the Roman Empire. It deals with legal procedures, property
ownership, building codes, marriage customs and punishment for crimes. At the reign of
Emperor Augustus, he created the Praetorian Guard, which consisted of about 7000 men/
soldiers to protect the palace and the City of Rome, together with the Urban Cohorts to patrol
the city. He also created the so-called Vigiles who were assigned as fire fighters and eventually
given law enforcement responsibilities. As the first civilian police force the VIGILES sometimes
kept the peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes.
Another important event was the time of Justinian I, ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire
(A.D 527 to 265) who collected all Roman Laws and put it into his Justinian Code – they
became known as the Corpus Juris Civillis which means Body of Law.
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
Date back to the early 15th century, rulers in the Philippines were called Sultan,
Gat, Datu, Rajah or Hare. They have their own way of protecting lives and properties of their
own people; they were not united, although their police functions and organization differ in
many forms from our present system, YET THEIR PRIMARY PURPOSE ARE THE SAME.
SPANISH ERA
During the Spanish Regime, peace and order in a pueblo or community is maintain by
the Cuadrillos, Carabineros, and Guadia Civil; There were times they were called Cuepo de
Vigilancia; when abolished become Civil Veterana. But they are known more as Spanish
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Guardia Civil. Thereafter the Spaniards decide to recruit the services of selected Indios who
trained as local GUARDIA CIVIL.
respective jurisdiction. On September 21, 1972, PROCLAMATION 1081 was declared and
MARTIAL LAW was imposed throughout the country.
Consequently, military officers from the Philippines Constabulary were designated as
Officers-In-Charge of the respective police department of the different cities and municipalities
and took CONTROL of the SUPERVISION, ADMINISTRATION and OPERATION thereof.
Those were the days were a young first lieutenant of the Philippine Constabulary requires a
PEACE OFFICER with a higher rank including the Chief of Police to SALUTE TO HIM.
Subsequently, several Presidential Decree were issued amending and modifying RA No.
4864 to suit the needs of those who are close to the Palace. On the 21st day of March 1974,
Presidential Decree No.421 was issued modifying and/ repealing certain pertinent provisions of
the Revised Administrative Code, further amending RA No. 4864 the provisions of city charter
of manila, Quizon, Caloocan, and Pasay, as well as all existing laws, rules and regulations
governing the police force in the country.
By express mandate of PD 421, the Metropolitan Police Force (MPF) was formed and
created whose officers and men are regular members of the Philippine Constabulary. The four
cities and thirteen municipalities comprising Greater Manila Are (GMA) were place under the
exclusive military and authority of the MPF.
The real plan however was to utilize Greater Manila Aria as an experimental ground into
one Integrated National Police. It would seem that the military authorities were then anticipation
that officers and men of the different local police agencies may possibly band together and rebel
against the dictatorship. To thwart the possibility, it was decided to integrate them under the
direct control supervision of the Philippine Constabulary.
On the 13th day of June 1974, PD No. 482 was issued, the principal purpose of which
(“purportedly”) is to bolster the entire police agencies in the country (2nd, 3rd, and 4th paragraphs,
PD No. 482). As distinguished from PD 421, PD 482 specifically lodged to the Philippine
Constabulary THE POWERS OF DIRECT CONTROL DIRECTION & SUPERVISION over
the provincial integrated police forces (1st sentence, Sec. 4, Supra.). Several President Decrees
were subsequently issued complementing, modifying and/amending other existing PDs.
Thus, on December 13, 1990, the President of the Republic signed into law Republic Act
6975 creating the Philippine National Police (PNP). Incidental thereto, dissolving the Philippine
Constabulary whose officers and rank and file were given the privilege either to join the AFP or
the PNP within the period as provided therein. The Act was known as “An act Establishing the
Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of Interior and Local Government
and for other Purposes”, which became effective on January 1, 1991.
On February 17, 1998, Republic Act 8551 entitled “The PNP Reform and Reorganization
Act of 1998” was enacted to amend certain provisions of RA 6975. Under this Act, the PNP shall
be strengthened and shall evolve into a highly efficient and competent police force, that is
community and service oriented and fully accountable in the performance of its functions.
CONCEPTS OF ORGANIZATION
Definition
An organization is a system of coordinating activities of a group of people working in a
concerted manner towards a common goal under authority and leadership.
It is a system of coordinated activities means that all organizations are composed of parts
and relationships. The parts of the organizations are the activities or functions being performed
and they are organized when they assumed certain logical relationships.
social legitimacy for the organization to perform its functions is the society. It constitutes
recognition by an agreement with the public on the rationality of its existence.
3. Doctrine. The defined the organization’s objectives. It also provides the very source of
various actions which are performed to assure organizational coordination. Hence,
policies, procedures, rules and regulation or organizations are based on statements of
doctrine.
4. Discipline. In any organization, discipline is necessary to promote coordination.
Understood as comprising behavioral regulations, it is impose either by command of self
restraint to insure supportive behavior from people composing the organization. In other
words, discipline is derived negatively from voluntary personal commitment to
organizational objectives.
What is organization?
An organization is a social group which distributes tasks for a collective goal. It is the
collection of organs of scientific methods and artifacts of the al mamater The word is derived
from the Greek word organon, itself derived from the better-known word ergon which means
"organ" - a compartment for a particular task.
An organization is defined by the elements that are part of it (who belongs to the
organization and who does not?), its communication (which elements communicate and how do
they communicate?), its autonomy (which changes are executed autonomously by the
organization or its elements?), and its rules of action compared to outside events (what causes an
organization to act as a collective actor?).
Organization also is a form of human association for the attainment of goals and
objective. It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and
delegating responsibility and authority establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling
people work effectively.
Goals –are broad statements of general and long term organizational purposes often used
to define the role of each member of the organization.
Objectives – are specific short term statements consistent with an organization’s goal.
12. Principle of Flexibility. The more provisions are made for building flexibility in an
organizational structure, the more adequately an organizations structure can fulfill its
purpose.
13. Principle of Leadership Facilitation. The more an organizational structure and its
delegation of authority enable leaders/commanders to design and maintain an environment
for performance the more they will help the leadership abilities of those
leaders/commanders.
APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPLES
Fundamental consideration in Command Organization
The primary concerns in organizing command organization are:
1. Determination of specific activities that are necessary to accomplish the pre-determined
objectives; and
2. Grouping and assigning the activities to specific positions and people.
A sound command organization should provide for:
1. Centralized direction;
2. Decentralized execution; and
3. A common doctrine
3. Lower Echelon
Top Echelon- the topmost level where the overall responsibility and authority whereby
subordinate commands and units are placed. The command group composed of the CPNP, DCA
DCO and the TCDS constitute the top echelon of the PNP.
Middle Echelon- the next lower echelon constitutes such subordinate command units
apportioned by the commander in order to accomplish his tasks. The national support units,
regional, provincial, city, district police officers composed the middle echelon. Echelon is further
categorized below:
a. Top Middle Echelon - NSUs/Regional Offices
b. Intermediary Middle Echelon - Provincial/City Police Offices
c. LOWER Middle Echelon - Provincial/City District Offices
Lower Echelon- the lower echelon is comprised of the subordinate units further
apportioned by subordinate commanders, such as the city and municipal police stations.
ORGANIZATIONAL TERMINOLOGY
To fully understand an organization and its structure and components or parts, the
following terminologies are defined:
. Chief Superintendent (Chief of Police)
. Senior Superintendent (Deputy Chief)
. Superintendent (Division Chief)
. Chief Inspector (Assistant Division Chief)
. Senior Inspector (Section Chief)
. Inspector (Unit Chief)
. Senior Police Officer (Shift in Charge)
. Police Officer (Patrol Officer/Detective)
8. Additionally, the PNP has also absorbed all the functions of the Philippine Air Force
Security Command ( PAFSECOM), as well as the functions of the Philippine Coast
Guard.
PNP VISION
The PNP vision statement defines as desired future state to which all the resources of the
organization are directed. It states that
“The men and women of the PNP are committed to the vision of a professional, dynamic and
highly motivated PNP working in a partnership with a responsive community towards the
attainment of a safe place to live, invest and do business”.
In such vision, the important elements are: a) the presence of professional, dynamic and
motivated PNP personnel; b) the presence of a police organization that nurtures and develops
that the potential of its human resources; c) collaborator partnership with the community; and, d)
the presence of a responsive, empowered and engaged citizenry who proactively take part in the
fight against criminality to ensure a stable and peaceful community.
On the other hand, the mission statement of the PNP defines its mandated which are
“To enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace and order, and
insure public safety and internal security with the active support of the community”.
There are twenty (20) National Support Units; nine (9) of which are ADMINISTRATIVE
and eleven (11) are OPERATIONAL.
Based on the assessment on the emerging peace and order situation, the PNP National
headquarters deems it appropriate that for the year 2001 and onwards, the time, efforts, and
resources of the PNP should be devoted on the following program thrust:
1. Crime Prevention and Control thru Community Oriented Policing System – it is the policy
of the PNP to be community and service oriented agency; and the strategy of community
oriented agency; and the strategy of community oriented policing, is the fulfillment of this
policy. It is an active partnership between community and the police to provide lasting and
permanent solutions to the peace and order problems in local scene.
2. Effective Law Enforcement – the need to reprioritize our efforts in law enforcement is a
must. Such re-channeling of priority should emphasize our limits and need to give
importance to the more pressing problems affecting the community. To this end, the
following police campaigns were given more focus and attention over and above other law
enforcement duties:
a. Anti-illegal drug Campaigns
b. Anti-terrorism Campaign
c. Anti-Kidnapping/Anti-Robbery Campaign
d. Oplan Paglalansag
e. Anti-Illegal Gambling Campaign
3. LOI Patnubay – this is the PNP campaign to raise the moral values of its members and at the
same time rid the police organizations with misfits and scalawags. The PNP recognizes that
LOI Patnubay should also give emphasis on the reward system in order to recognize PNP
personnel who have effectively and efficiently performed their assigned duties and
responsibilities.
4. Support to the Internal Security Operations (ISO) – the National Leadership has put up a
strong stand against insurgency and rebellion without totally abandoning the peace process.
The PNP supports the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in internal security operations
relative to the suppression of insurgency and other serious threats to national security.
5. Gender Awareness and Development (GAD) – GAD examines the social, cultural, political
and economic realities in the society and how they assign different roles, responsibilities,
and expectations to both men and women.
6. Upliftment of the Living Standards of PNP Uniformed Personnel and Retirees- the PNP
shall continue the implementation of the Housing Program in close coordination with PAG-
IBIG. The PNP will also provide quality health care service thru the establishment of a
Medical Plaza, which was envisioned to benefit all the PNP personnel. Not to be left out,
PNP retirees will receive better retirement benefits with the implementation of the recently
launched program “Project Kalinga”.
7. The National and Local Election – with the recently held national and local elections, the
PNP had been in the forefront in ensuring the maintenance of peace and order. In this
connection, the PNP strictly implemented COMELEC rules and regulations relative to the
gun ban policy.
What is RA 8551?
Republic Act 8551 is known as the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998.
What are the General Guidelines governing the relationship of the AFP with the PNP?
The relationship between the AFP and the PNP on matters involving the suppression of
insurgency and other serious threats to national security shall be governed by the following
general guidelines:
1. The AFP in the exercise of its primary responsibility on matters involving the
suppression of insurgency and other serious threats to national security, shall operate
through the area commands.
2. The PNP shall enforce laws and ordinances and perform statutory functions.
3. The AFP shall be primary responsible for the integrated territorial defense system, while
the PNP shall provide assistance to the AFP in insurgency-affected areas;
4. The AFP and the PNP shall maintain close coordination between their respective
missions and functions; and
5. The AFP operating units shall initially conduct tactical interrogation of an arrested,
captured or surrendered insurgent, after which the latter shall be turned over to the
concerned PNP unit in the area within the prescribed reglementary period, together with
the affidavit of arrest, medical certificate and all evidence related thereto, for further
dispositive action. The PNP shall provide assistance to the AFP in the arrest of suspected
insurgents with standing warrants of arrest. The PNP may continue launching intelligence
projects and case operations targeting ranking leaders of local insurgent movements.
(Section 3, RA 8551 – IRR)
The PNP also serves as the backbone of several law enforcement arms of the Government
created by virtue of an Executive Order, like the NDLEPCC and the PCTC.
It is composed of a Chairperson, four (4) regular Commissioners, and the Chief of the
PNP as ex-officio member. Three (3) of the regular Commissioners shall come from the civilian
sector who are neither active nor former members of the police or military, one (1) of whom
shall be designated as Vice Chairperson by the President. The fourth regular Commissioner shall
come from the law enforcement sector either active or retired: Provided, That an active member
of a law enforcement agency shall be considered resigned from said agency once appointed to
the Commission”, Provided, further, That at least one (1) of the Commissioners shall be a
woman. The Secretary of the DILG is the ex-officio Chairperson of the Commission, while the
Vice Chairperson is the Executive Officer of the Commission. (Section 5, RA 8551 – IRR)
II. UNDER REPUBLIC ACT 6975 NAPOLCOM LOST THE FOLLOWING VITAL
POWERS:
a. To investigate and conduct intelligence activities;
b. Powers of hearing officers, and adjudication boards to investigate and decide police
administrative cases;
c. Power to waive qualification requirements;
d. Summary dismissal powers;
e. To conduct examinations (shared with Civil Service Commission)
f. Power to attest appointment/promotions
g. To prosecute, search and arrest
a. Commission Proper – this is composed of the offices of the Chairperson, four (4) regular
Commissioner and one ex-officio Commissioner.
b. Staff Services – the staff service of the commission are as follows:
1. The Planning and Research Service
2. The Legal Affairs Service
3. The Crime Prevention and Coordination Service
4. The Personnel and Administrative Service
5. The Inspection, Monitoring and Investigation Service
6. The Installation and Logistics Service
7. The Financial Service
c. Regional Offices – The regional Offices in Region 1 to 13, the National Capital region
(NCR), the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), and the Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) implement the policies and programs of the Commission in
their respective regions. The regional offices investigate, adjudicate and pay PNP death and
permanent disability benefit claims and grant scholarship benefits subject to standards set
by the Commission.
They provide legal consultancy services, including legal assistance and advice to the People’s
Law Enforcement Boards (PLEBs) in hearing and deciding cases against members of the
PNP. Likewise, they perform such powers and functions as may be delegated by the
Commission.
d. Disciplinary Appellate Board – the formal administrative disciplinary appellate machinery
of the Commission for PNP Members consists of the National Appellate Board (NAB) and
the Regional Appellate Boards (RABs).
The NAB decides cases on appeal from decisions rendered by the Chief of the PNP where the
penalty imposed is demotion in rank, forced resignation or dismissal from the service.
The Boards also decide appeals from decisions of Regional Directors of the Commission in
claims for police benefits. (Section 10, RA 8551 – IRR)
COMPARATIVE PRESENTATION OF
NAPOLCOM POWERS
RA REPUBLIC REPUBLIC
4864/OTHER ACT 6975 ACT 8551
Features Features Features
Has Investigative Restored
investigative Power Investigation
powers Abolished Power
Hearing Abolished Status Quo
officer
Summary Abolished Restored
Dismissal
Waiver Abolished Restored
Authority
Attestation Partial Status Quo
Power Attestation to
CSC
Oversight Power of Exercise
Power Admin. Admin.
Control Control &
operational
Supervision
Power of the Power of the Local
Local Local Government
Executive Executives are
Original are Automatically
Derivatives Deputized
(Deputies of
the
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NAPOLCOM
)
NOTE: Under RA 8551, a person who is dismissed from the service due to attrition shall be
RETIRED if she or he has rendered 20 YEARS OF SERVICE and SEPARATED if he or she
has rendered LSS THAN 20 YEARS (Sec. 30)
The IAS shall likewise conduct, upon direction of the Chief PNP, background necks, on PNP
members being considered for promotion or assignment to any key position.
Delineation of the Inspection and Audit Authority of the IAS and NAPOLCOM
The IAS shall conduct inspection and audit of PNP personnel and units for the purpose of
determining the state of behavioral discipline of personnel and operational preparedness of PNP
units. The Inspection, Monitoring, and Investigation Service (IMIS) of the NAPOLCOM, on the
other hand shall focus on determining the state of effectiveness of all levels and units of the PNP
organization and the degree of compliance with established policies and standards of the police
service as promulgated by the commission.
Delineation of the Investigative Powers of the IAS in Relation to the Jurisdiction of the PNP
Disciplinary Authorities
The IAS shall conduct pre-charge investigation of raw informal complaints against PNP
members for the purpose of determining if enough evidence exists to warrant the filing of a
formal complaint against subject. Any of the PNP Disciplinary Authorities mentioned in Section
41 and 42 of RA 6975 may delegate to the IAS the conduct of summary hearing or reception of
testimonial and documentary evidence against PNP members facing administrative charges,
subject to final disposition thereof by such Disciplinary Authorities.
Organization of IAS
National, Regional, and provincial offices of the Internal Affairs Service shall be
established. The IAS shall be headed by a non-uniformed official with the position title Inspector
General who shall be assisted by a Deputy Inspector General with a rank Police Chief
Superintendent.
The regional offices shall be headed by a Director with a rank of Police Senior
Superintendent, while the provincial offices shall be headed by a Superintendent with a rank of
Police Superintendent.
ADDENDUM:
CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE OFFICERS:
1. Components Cities:
a. Type “A” for cities with population ranging from 100,000 and above
b. Type “B” for cities with population ranging from 75,000 to less than 100,000.
c. Type “C” for cities with less than 75,000 population
2. Municipalities
a. Type “A” for those with population ranging from 75,000 or more
b. Type “B” for those with population ranging from 30,000 to 75,000.
c. Type “C” for those with population of less than 30,000
REFERENCES:
BOOKS
Rommel K. Manwong and Gilbert C. San Diego (2006), Dynamics of Law Enforcement
and Public Safety Administration (1st Edition, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s
Book Trading, Inc.
Rommel K. Manwong and Darlito Bernard G. Delizo(2010), Law Enforcement
Administartion, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
JUAN L. AGAS & RICARDO M. GUEVARA (2008), Criminology Glossary, Quezon
City, Philippines, Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.
Special Laws
INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMBINATION LOCK – For installation in safe and bank vaults, it can have an intricate
system of at least million possible combination consisting of more than six dials; it affords the
maximum delay in terms of efficiency.
COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY – The protection resulting from the application of various
measures which prevent or delay the energy or unauthorized person in gaining information
through communications. This includes transmissions, cryptographic and physical security.
COMPANY GUARD FORCE – A security guard recruited and employed by the company.
Those hired will be in the company payroll and are usually entitled to the same benefits
received by other employees. At times, organic personnel as guards get special allowance for
uniforms and are even gratuitously given special privileges for uniforms and meal allowance.
CONFIDENCE – Is a state of being sure, a state of mind, free from doubt, or misgiving. This
attributes include faith in oneself and in his abilities, which is attained by job knowledge. A
state of trust.
CONFIDENTIAL – Spoken or written in secret.
CONTROLLED AREAS – Are those areas access is restricted as to entrance or movement by
all but authorized personnel and vehicles. It should additionally marked by a fence or other
barrier, and access to it should be limited to as few guests as possible.
COST OF SECURITY PROTECTION – Principle which states that is not economical to
spend thousands of pesos on plant security when the return on such investment is only a
fraction of that amount.
CRITICAL CLEARANCES – in this business in which money or other valuable objectives are
handled by employees or in which the individual employees is otherwise subjected to
temptation or entrusted with secrets of value to the industry or to the government, care must
be exercised in the selection of personnel.
CSG – Civil Security Group
CYLINDER LOCKS- Usually installed at home, also called a night latch and is operated by a
key on the outside and a knob on the outside.
DEBRIEFING- Serves to place the person on the notice of his continuing responsibility to
protect classified information which has knowledge of.
DEFENSE RING – Arrangement of protective personnel and or physical barriers in a
concentrate circle to detect, negate potential assassins.
DELUGE SYSTEM – it is similar to a dry pipe system however, it is designed to direct the flow
of water in a specified direction.
DESTINATION SECURITY – refers to the security personnel of the place of stop or rest,
included in the security function of the advance party.
DIAL ALARM SYSTEM – this system automatically dials the numbers of personnel concerned
in case of breach of security. It utilized phone lines thru fiber optics and inexpensive alarm
system which is easy to install and operate.
DISC TUMBLER LOCK – it contains one or more pieces of metal of different heights known
as tumblers, which intercepts the bolt and prevents it from being moved until the tumblers are
raised or released by action. It is usually installed in cars and would afford delay of at least 5
to 10 minutes.
DOCTRINE – access to importance is based on the “need to know” and not by position.
DOCUMENT – an official paper, certificates anything written that gives information or supplies
evidence.
DOCUMENTARY AND INFORMATION SECURITY – is the sum total of all policies,
regulations, doctrines, practices, enforces to safeguard the contents and integrity of any
classified information of document from compromise or loss.
DOCUMENT SECURITY - protection of documents, classified papers and vital records
from loss, access to unauthorized persons, damages, theft and compromise though proper
storage and procedures.
DOPPLER EFFECT – a phenomenon that causes frequency shift in an object located in an area
permeated by radio frequency signals.
DRY PIPE SYSTEM – a system for fire safety which is activated when the head is ruptured the
pressurized air direction to the pipes.
DRY RUN – practical test or exercise of a plan to test its effectiveness and operational
readiness.
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DURESS CODE - a type of code system so that security personnel when forced by armed men
to enter an installation can give alarm by the used of certain words in casual conversation with
other personnel in the installation.
ELECTRO MAGNETIC LOCKS- The door are closed by magnetism and the plates are
operate by means of electricity. When the power is on and the door is locked, it can resist a
pressure of more than 1,000 lbs
EMERGENCY FLASHLIGHT SUPPLIES- An extra supply of flash flight batteries and bulb
always ion hand.
ENERGY BARRIERS- Usually electrical or electronic devices used to provides assistance to
guard personnel.
ENTRANCE CONFERENCE – A conference or dialogue between the survey team and
management official of a plant before security survey is conducted.
ETHICAL STANDARD – Fundamental duty of security personnel is to serve the interests and
mission of his agency in compliance with the contact entered into with the clients or
customers of the agency he is to serve.
EXCLUSION AREA – Is used only for handling and storage or high value cargo and classified
documents. The number of people authorized to enter this area should be limited, and the are
should be under surveillance at all times.
FENCES – An independent structure designed to control physical and or visual access between
outside areas.
FILEROOM – A storage facility constructed lighter than a vault but bigger in capacity it is
installed as part of the building which holds up to 10,000 cubic meters of essential items. At
least 12 feet in height, with enough ventilation and fire proof of at least 1 hour.
FIRE HYDRANT – A mechanical device strategically located in an installation or street where
a fire hose in connected that water with pressure will be available to extinguish fire.
FLOODLIGHTS – It projects light in a concentrated beam. It is deal to use in illumination of
buildings, fences, perimeter areas and boundaries.
FRESNEL LIGHTS – It projects wide bean illumination in a long and narrow horizontal strips,
approximately 180 degrees in the horizontal plane and 15 to 30 degrees in the vertical plane.
FRISKING – This is the pat down inspection of the passenger’s body for weapons, explosive or
other dangerous substances which may be concealed. This is done through manual frisking or
with the use of hand-held metal detectors.
GOVERNMENT GUARD FORCES – A security guard recruited and employed by the
government. They are assigned to guard government installation and other government assets.
They are entitled to all benefits received by other government employee, and under the control
and supervision of the civil service commission.
GRAND MASTER KEY – A key that will open everything in a system involving two or more
master key groups.
GUARD CONTROL STATIONS – This is normally provided at main perimeter entrance to
secure areas located out of doors, and manned by guard on a full time basis.
HAZARD – Any act or condition which may be conclusive to breaches of security and resulting
in subsequent compromise, loss, damage, injury or death.
HOTEL SECURITY – Is the protection resulting from the application of various measures, of
assets, guests, personnel and other properties in a hotel.
HUMAN BARRIER – Guards, office and shop workers, etc. who stand between the intruder
and the matter to be protected.
HUMAN HAZARD – Human hazard- an act nor condition caused by humans which affects the
safe operation of a facility. They include sabotage, theft, pilferage and espionage.
INDUSTRIAL SECURITY – Form of physical security involving industrials plants and
business enterprises which includes the safe guarding of personnel, properties and operation.
INFORMATION – Any form of communicated knowledge.
INITIAL INTERVIEW – The first contact with security and should be formally conducted. Its
purpose is to impart security concern, its importance to the company and the penalties that
would result to violation of company rules, regulations and security measures.
INNER RING – Refers to areas immediately outside the VIPs door or close-in to the VIP if
outside.
ONE THOUSAND – The maximum number of security guards that and agency /company guard
force may employ to include its branches.
OPERATIONAL SECURITY – Involves the protection of the processes, formulas patents and
other industrial and manufacturing activities from espionage, infiltration , and loss
compromise, of photocopying
OUTER RING – Refers to sidewalks, stationed in front of quarters, residence of office covering
all entrances.
PERIMETER BARRIER- A medium or structure which defined the physical limits of
installations or area to restrict or impede access thereto.
PERIMETER LIGHTING- Usually referred to as protective lighting is completely a part of
standard system in security when fence and guards are employed. There are four
considerations that will influence the effectiveness o protective lighting. These are brightness,
silhouette seeing, contrast and shadow elimination. Darkness is an ally of potential intruders
and must be approximately assessed to limit hiding places.
PERSONNEL IDENTIFICATION- This system designate when are where and how passes
should be displayed and to whom, what is to be done in case of loss of the pass, procedure for
taking a pass from terminating employees; and a system in cancellation and re- issue of all a
pass, either as a security/ review or when a significant number f badges have been lost or
stolen.
PERSONAL SECURITY- It is the protection of personnel especially ranking officials from any
harm, kidnap and other acts. (VIP SECURITY)
PERSONNEL SECURITY-It is the sum of procedures followed, inquires conducted and
criteria, to determine the work suitability of a particular applicant or the retention or transfer
of particular employee.
PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION- Is an inquiry in the character, reputation,
discretion, integrity, morals and loyalty of an individual in order to determine a persons
suitability for appointment or access to classified matter.
PETERMAN- Term used in England for lock pickers, safe crackers, and penetrates or restricted
rooms or area.
PHISYCAL BARRIERS- Any physical means to impede, delay, or prevent instruction into a
protected area.
PHYSICAL SECURITY- Part of physical measures designed to safeguarded personnel to
prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials, documents, and to protect
them from espionage, sabotage, sabotage damage or theft. The broadest branch of security,
defined as a system of barriers placed between the matters protective and the potential
intruder.
PRACTICE- Authority to have access to classified information is not permanents but can be
withdrawn by the originating authority.
PRIVATE DETECTIVE- He operates on the covert type of mission on a specific confidential
order issued by his agency. Any person who does detective work for hire, reward or
commission, other than members the Armed forces of the Philippines guards of Bureau of
Prisons, provincial guards or members f the Philippines National Police or of any other law
enforcement agency f the Government
PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY-Any person association, partnership, firm or private
corporation, who contracts, recruits, trains, furnishes, or posts any security guard, to do its
functions or solicit individuals, business firms, or private, public, or government-owned or
controlled corporations to engage his/ its service or those of his/ its security guards, for hire,
commission or compensation thru subscription or as a consultant/ trainor to any private or
public corporation whose business or transaction involve national security or interest like the
operation and or management of domestic or ocean vessels, airplanes, helicopters, seaports,
airports, heliports, landing strips etc. or as consultant or any security related matter, or to
provide highly specialized security detective and investigation services like gangway security,
catering security passenger profiling, baggage examination, providing security on board
vessels or aircraft, or other security needs that the PNP SAGSD may approve.
PROMPTNESS- Punctuality when reporting for duty or always being on time.
PROPRIETARY SYSTEM- This is alarm system wherein the panel or station is located inside
the premises of the compound. It is fully owned and operated by the company and response is
assured with the least time of delay.
PROTECTIVE ALARMS- Are devices and contrivance installed inside and outside a facility
or buildings to compliment and provide additional security measure and operates to advertise
entry into sensitive and protected areas. It signals and alerts the security personnel to
intrusions within the compound. The alarm is activated in cases of tampering into the circuitry
or activated upon intrusion.
PROTECTIVE CABINETS – Referred to as the final line of defense, it is a high security
storage area where papers, plans, cash and other negotiable instruments are kept.
POTECTIVE OPERATIONS – Refers to those activities designed or intended to provide
physical protection of VIP from all hazards.
R.A. 5487 (AS AMENDED) – Otherwise known as Private Security Agency Law this law
governs the operation, administration of security agency, and activities, qualifications, duties
and licensing of security guards, watchmen and private detectives. In short, it is the intention
of this law is towards professionalism of the security services in order to upgrade the level of
security protection.
REFRESHER CONFERENCE – It reminds individuals of their job responsibility. It also
serves as a forum to resolve security problem and explain new rules and regulations.
REGULAR INVENTORY – Periodical accounting of all tools and equipment charged out to
departments or reaming on hand in supply.
RELATIVE CRITICALITY – Importance of a firm or installation with reference to the
national economy or security.
RELATIVE VULNERABILITY – Susceptibility of a plant damage, loss or destruction due to
various hazards, natural or manmade.
REMOTE STATION SYSTEM - A structure where the alarm signal is transmitted to a remote
location manned and operated by a dependent party or police department.
REPORTING FOR DUTY – Checking in at the beginning of his shift and take down in writing
any special orders for the day.
REPUTATION – Opinion or estimation in which one is generally held. It is what a person is
reported to be whereas character is what a person is.
RESIDENCE SECURITY – Protection assigned in them place the VIP resides or live.
RETURN TOOLS AT END SHIFT – It is the practice in some plants that all tools and
equipment used during the shift is checked back into the tool crib at the end of their shift.
ROUTE SECURITY – Refers to personnel assigned by the roads, avenue, boulevards where the
VIP will pass en route to his destination.
SAFE – It is a metallic container used primarily for safekeeping of documents and small items.
It should be at least 750 lbs. in weight or anchored to the building if lighter. The walls should
be at least one inch thick and the door 1 1\2 inch thick.
SAGSD – Security Agencies and Guards Supervision Division
SEARCH LIGHTS – Are incandescent lamps which are highly focused and utilized to pinpoint
possible threat areas
SECRECY – The state of being secret\ the ability to keep a secret.
SECURITY – Protection of any type of crime to safeguard life and assets by various method
and device.
SECURITY AGENCY SERVICE – A guard hired by company belonging to a private
Licensure Security Guard agency is in a contracted basis. The agency supplies the number of
guar needed to carry out the security duties and functions required. This would include
supervision as part of the force, or if the force is small, supervision may be accomplished by
schedule visits of uniformed supervisors and other agency officials. Security guard and
supervisors are paid by the agency. The agency usually makes contact with the firm or
facility. Law will do by the 24 hours duty by thru guards on an 8 hours tour of duty. Duties of
agency guards is similar to that of the other company guard.
SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM – Combination of compatible intrusion and detection device so
arrange and wired as to support one another.
SECURITY CABINET – Added protection of important vital papers, data, special
correspondence, cash and other essential documents, such as vault safe and file room.
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SECURITY EDUCATION – The exposure and teaching of employees on security and its
relevance of the building structure used to keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable
instruments.
SECURITY EDUCATION PROGRAM – A program given to employees of an installation by
lecture and other means pertaining to measure and safeguard to be taken to protect the interest
of the installation for loss, damage, sabotage, pilferage, and other criminal acts.
SECURITY GUARD – Is any natural personal, not a member of the regular police force or the
AFP who acts as a watchman.
SECURITY GUARD FORCES – A group of forces o men selected trained or organized into
functional group for the purpose of protecting operation process those disruption which
impede efficiency or halt operation at a particular plant, facility, institution or special activity.
SECURITY HAZARD – Is any act of condition which may result in the compromise of
information, loss of life, or destruction of property or disruption of the objective of the
installation.
SECURITY LIGHTNING – The providing of sufficient illumination to areas during hours o
darkness to ensure visibility and to act as to deterrent to the intruders.
SECURITY PLANNING – Is a corporate and executive responsibility. It involves knowing the
objectives or the security and the means and the method to each these objectives or goal must
then involve.
SECURITY PROMOTION – It is a positive effort to sell security or make the employees more
involved in the implementation of security measures.
SECURITY REMINDERS – It commonly manifested in office memorandum, announcement,
posters placed at strategic areas within the company.
SECURITY SUPERVISOR – Is charge with directing the work and observing the behavioral
performance of the guard under his unit.
SECURITY SURVEY – Is a process of conducting an exhaustive physical examination and
through inspection of all operation system and procedure o the facilty. (Security Risk
Analysis/ Assessment)
SINGLE PASS SYSTEM – System wherein in the badge or pass coded for authorization to
enter specific areas is issued to an employee who keeps it in his possession until his
authorization is charge or until her terminates.
SPECIAL ENTERVIEW – It is conducted with the senior company officials to facilitate
compliance by means of example.
STORAGE SYSTEM – The Third Line of Defense which may be utilized by means of safes
vaults or file rooms.
STRUCTURAL BARRIERS – These barriers are features constructed by men that tend to
delay the intruder, whether or not constructed with that specific purpose in mind.
SYSTEMATIC PILFERER – One who steals primarily because of irresistible urge due to an
unexpected opportunity and has title chance of detection.
TEACHING SKILL – A leader must be able to teach in his men what he wants to be done.
TECHNICAL MASTER – A good supervisor must know and master the skill and knowledge
that are necessary for his job.
TOPGUARD – Is an additional overhang of barbed wire placed on vertical perimeter fences
facing upward and outward with a 45 degree angle three to four strands of barbed wires, 6
inches apart and must be stalled on the supporting arms.
TOWERS – Guard tower are house like structures above perimeter barriers.
TRADE SECRET – May consist of any formula, device, pattern or compilation of information
which is used in one’s business and gives the user advantage over competitors who do not
know it. Proprietary information and intellectual property are similar to trade secrets.
TRAINING CONFERENCE – It is normally held in the training period. Conducted for at least
a period of four hours, its concern is to reiterate to employees that security is an additional
burden imposed on them as part of the company.
TRANSMISION SECURITY – The component of the communication security designed to
protect transmission firm interruptions, traffic, and analysis and initiative deception.
TWO HUNDRED – The minimum number of security guards that a private security agency
may employ.
UTILITIES OPENINGS – Sewers, air intakes, exhaust tunnels and other utility opening which
penetrate the barrier and which have cross sectional area of ninety-six inches of more should
be protected by bars, grills, providing protection to that portion of the perimeter barrier.
VAULTS – It is a heavily constructed fire resistant storage facility installed four inches higher
than the floor and the part of the building structure. The door of vaults should be at least 6
inches thick. The vault wall, ceiling, floor should be reinforced by concrete at least 12 inch
thick. It is normally moisture and condensation resistant with electrical conduits which should
not exceed 1 ½ inch in diameter. Standard size vaults can store up to 5,000 cubic feet and fire
resistant of at least 6 hours.
VIP – Refers to executives, any ranking official of the government foreign dignitaries, or other
important persons which due to their positions are accorded or provided with security.
VIP SECURITY – Involves the protection of top ranking official of the government visiting
persons of illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.
WARDED LOCKS – Simplest form of lock is a ward lock which is not uses a bolt containing a
notch called talon. The bolt is removed backward or forward by engaging a key in the talon. It
offers little degree of security and is merely used to afford for obtaining privacy.
WATCHMEN – Considered more passive as the term implies, they are to watch something and
make periodic reports or sound and alarm if some unusual condition or incidents develops.
WHAT IS SECURITY
It is the condition of being protected; securing from threats and dangers; safe from harm
and injury; complete peace of mind with feeling of satisfaction and comfort.
CONCEPT OF SECURITY
SECURITY is the state of being secured; freedom from fear or danger, loss,
destruction or damages. Basically, it was the action of man against man that led to many
unsecured and unsafe conditions. Reasons could be economic, revenge, or just plain greed and
avarice. Whatever the motives, the civilized man needs adequate protection. Security is also
defined as a defense against crime.
Since security in general is very hard to comprehend, it can be divided into three major
areas:
a. Physical Security – this concern with the physical measures adopted to prevent unauthorized
access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard them against
espionage, damage, loss and theft.
b. Personnel Security – this is an important as physical security. Personnel security starts even
before the hiring of an employee and remains to be maintained for as long as the person is
employed. Its purpose is to insure that a firm hires those best suited to assist the firm in
achieving its goals and objectives and once hired assist in providing necessary security to the
workforce while working carrying out their functions.
c. Document Security – this involves the protection of documents and classified papers from
loss, access by unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise through disclosure.
Classified documents need special handling. Lack of indoctrination and orientation among
the personal handling them can result in the leakage, loss, theft adn unauthorized disclosure
of the documents.
Physical security, personnel security, and document security cannot exist independently -
they are mutually supporting. They are in many respects overlapping. Physical security is
correlated to the other two parts, interwoven and one is essential to the other.
Different Types of Security
1. PHYSICAL SECURITY is concerned with the physical measures adopted to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials and documents, and to safeguard them
against espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.
Another definition described it as the system of barrier places between a
potential intruder and the matter to be protected.
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D. Sufficiency of Resources
1. Manpower Resources 4. Financial Resources
2. Logistical Resources 5. Legal Resources
3. Technical Resources 6. Other Resources
C. AIRPORT SECURITY
1. To prevent presumpt terrorism and other lawless activities within airport vicinity.
2. To protect and safeguard civil aviation operations and airline industries.
3. To ensure security and safety of aircraft, air ports complex, runway, tower house, and vital
installations of airports.
4. To avoid hijacking and heinous crime incidents within airport area and / or during fight of
aircraft.
5. To modernize air safety and civil aviation security instruments and facilities.
D. MARITIME SECURITY
1.To protect and preserve maritime and aquatic-mineral resources.
2.To safeguard all maritime industries to include vessels, ships, barges, smuggling,
gunrunning, etc.
3.To enhance, develop, improve and modernize it’s security and safety capabilities and
machinery’s.
4.To plan and design for more effective and suitable programs and operations of maritime
security in every situation.
5.To counter external threats to our national security.
F. PHYSICAL SECURITY
1. To ensure protection of vital government installation and materials.
2. To avoid or prevent intruders or enemies to come in restricted or prohibited areas.
3. To provide systems, procedures, mechanics, steps and measures how to provide security
and safety to the entire area, locality and for vicinity.
4. To prevent and control entry of spies, infiltrators, saboteurs, etc.
5. To determine actual and safety requirements and personnel needed.
G. PERSONNEL SECURITY
1. To ensure proper selection, recruitment and employment programs and operations of
personnel in a government or organization.
2. To upgrade and modernize standards, procedures mechanics and systems of acquisition,
promotion and termination of personnel services.
3. To provide effective, reliable, credible and compatible security oriented personnel in every
section / division / department / agency / unit / organization.
4. To prevent entry of infiltrators, deep-penetration-agents, saboteurs, etc. into the protected
organization.
5. To observe strictly the security and safety guidelines and policies on matters affecting
personnel affairs.
PHYSICAL SECURITY
Physical Security
Definition : Physical Security measures are being used to define, protect, and monitor
property rights and assets. These measures consist of barriers and devices that would detect,
impede, and prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to
safeguard them agiants espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.
Physical security may be also defined as the safeguarding by physical means, such as
guard, fire protection measures of plans, policies, programs, personnel, utilities, information,
facilities and installation against compromise, trespass, sabotage, pilferage, embezzlement, fraud,
or other dishonest criminal act.
General Consideration : One important consideration in physical security is the security
problem. The security problem is affected by the nature of material stored thereat and the activity
taking place within; the geographical, economic and political situation of the area; the potential
enemy action; existing hazards; and the available logistical support.
What is a Barrier?
A barrier can be defined as any structure or physical device capable of restricting,
deterring, delaying, illegal access to an installation.
PERIMETER BARRIERS is a system of protection designed to restrict or impede
access to restricted areas by unauthorized persons.
PURPOSE OF BARRIERS
A. Outline the perimeter of the area to be protected
B. Create as physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry
C. Delay intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension of intruders
D. Assist in a more efficient and economical employment of guards
E. Facilitate and improve the control of pedestrian and vehicular traffic
b. Man-made such as structural construction life fences, walls, floors, roofs, grills, etc.
TYPES OF BARRIERS
a. Natural Barriers – refers to natural terrain features that delay or make the entry or access
of intruder difficult. Examples: rivers, cliffs, ravines, etc.
b. Structural Barriers – refers to barriers or features constructed by man that tend to deny
access, or delay intrusion. Examples: walls, fences, roofing’s, ceilings, etc.
c. Human Barriers – persons being used in providing a guarding system or by the nature of
their employment and location, fulfil security functions. Also refers to guards, office and
shop workers who stand between the intruder and the matter being protected.
d. Animal Barriers – refers to canine or dogs trained to guard duties such as German
Shepherds, Doberman, etc.
e. Energy Barriers – refers to the electrical or electronic devices used to enhance security in
addition to the guard system. Examples: protective lighting and anti-intrusion alarm system.
TYPES OF FENCING
1. Solid 2. Full view
FULL VIEW FENCE – a fence constructed in such a way that a visual access through
the fence is possible. Barbed wire, cyclone wire (chain link), concertina or decorative grills are
example of Full View Fence.
Advantages of Full View Fence:
It permits 24 – hour observation by roving and stationary security guards;
It does not create shadows for possible cover and concealment
The idea that lighting can provide improve protection for people and facilities is as old as
civilization. Protective lighting is the single most cost-effective deterrent to crime because it
creates a psychological deterrent to the intruders.
1. Floodlights – these can be used to accommodate most outdoor security lighting needs,
including the illumination of boundaries, fences and buildings and for the emphasis of
vital areas or particular buildings.
2. Street Lights – this lighting equipment received the most widespread notoriety for its
value in reducing crime.
3. Search Lights – these are highly focused incandescent lamp and are designed to pinpoint
potential trouble spots.
4. Fresnel Lights – these are wide beam units, primary used to extend the illumination in
long, horizontal strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier. Fresnel projects
a narrow, horizontal beam that is approximately 180 degrees in the horizontal and from
15 to 30 degrees in the vertical plane.
KINDS OF ALARMS
a. Audio Detection Device – it will detect any sound caused by attempted force entry. A
supersonic microphone speaker sensor is installed in walls, ceilings and floors of the
protected area.
b. Vibration detection Device – it will detect any vibration caused by attempted force entry.
A vibration sensitive sensor is attached to walls, ceilings and floors of the protected area.
c. Metallic Foil or Wire – it will detect any action that moves the foil or wire. An
electrically charge strips of tinfoil or wire is used in the doors, windows or glass surfaces
of the protected area.
d. Laser Beam Alarm – a laser emitter floods a wall or fencing with a beam so that when
this beam is disturbed by a physical object, an alarm is activated.
e. Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device – an invisible/visible beam is emitted and when this
is disturbed or when an intruder breaks contact with the beam, it will activate the alarm.
What is a LOCK?
A Lock is defined as a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to
prevent entry into a building, room, container or hiding place.
Types of Locks
1. Key-operated Mechanical Lock – it uses some sort of arrangement of internal physical
barriers (ward tumblers) which prevent the lock from operating unless they are properly
aligned. The key is the device used to align those internal barriers so that the lock may be
operated.
FOUR GENERAL GROUPS OF KEY LOCKS
A. Warded Lock – a lock that had been developed in the middle ages.
B. Lever Tumbler Lock – lock used in safe deposit box and mail boxes.
C. Disc Tumbler Lock – also known as wafer tumbler lock.
D. Pin Tumbler Lock – the most widely used lock
2. COMBINATION LOCK is a lock that requires manipulation of parts according to a
predetermined combination code of numbers or letters.
3. PADLOCK is used to secure two objects like a lock in the same relative position.
4. CODE-OPERATED LOCK – a type of lock that can be opened by pressing a series of
numbered button in the proper sequence.
5. ELECTRICAL LOCK – a type of lock that can be opened and closed remotely by
electrical means.
6. CARD-OPERATED LOCK – a type of lock operated by a coded lock.
Types of Keys
1. Change Key – a specific, which operates the lock and has a particular combination of
cuts which match the arrangement of the tumblers in the lock.
2. Sub-master Key – a key that will open all the lock within a particular area or grouping in
a given facility.
3. Master Key – a special capable of opening a series of lock.
4. Grand Master Key – a key that will open everything in a system involving two or more
master key groups.
2. Pass Exchange System – an exchange takes place at the entrance of each controlled area.
Upon leaving the personnel surrenders his badge or passes and retrieve back his basic
identification.
3. Multiple Pass System – this provides an extra measure of security by requiring that an
exchange take place at the entrance of each restricted area.
PERSONNEL SECURITY
What is Personnel Security?
Personnel Security includes all the security measures designed to prevent unsuitable
individuals or persons of doubtful loyalty to the government, from gaining access to classified
matter or to any security facility, and to prevent appointment or retention as employees of such
individuals.
Objectives of Personnel Security
1. To provide the standards and procedures necessary to insure the appointment,
employment of retention of suitable and loyal individuals in government service.
2. To develop the necessary and proper security discipline among the applicants and
employee in the government service as well as protect and preserve the security interest
of the Philippine government.
3. Inculcate the desirable security attitudes and habits among the applicants and employees
of the government as well as promote the efficiency of the service.
GENERAL PHILOSOPHIES
1. Have strong faith and trust in God.
2. Always be devoted to you family and loves ones.
3. Be seriously committed to your security job or profession.
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Selection of Guards
Republic Act Number 5487 and its implementing rules and regulations prescribed the
minimum requirements for guards to be able to secure a license to exercise profession as a
security guard, private detective, security officer and security consultant.
General Disqualification
1. Dishonorably discharge from the service in the PNP/AFP or any private government
entities.
2. Physically and Mentally unfit
3. Conviction of a crime
4. Addicted to drugs or alcohol dummy for a foreigner
5. Elective or Appointive government official
3. Firearm’s License – all firearms of the security agency should be covered with firearms
license issued by the PNP through the Firearms Explosive Division under the Civil Security
Group, renewable every two years. No duplication of two or more firearms with the same
make and serial number shall be covered by one license.
A. SECURITY GUARD FORCE may be defined as a group of forces of selected men, trained
and organized into a functional group for the purpose of protecting operational processes from
those disruption which impeded efficiency of halt operations at a particular plant, facility,
institution or special activity.
SECURITY HAZARD is any act or condition which may result in the compromise of
formation, loss of life, loss or destruction of property, or disruption of the objective of the
installation.
Types of Hazard
a. Natural hazards (storm, earthquakes, etc.)
b. Human or man-made hazards (sabotage, pilferage, etc.)
Types of Pilferer
1. Casual pilferer 2. Systematic pilferer
GUARD SYSTEM – the strategic placement and combination of human, animal and
energy barriers between the intruder and the matter to be protected.
GovernmentGuard
PROPRIETARY GUARDS
Advantages:
Generally high caliber Less turnover
Provide better service More loyal to the company
Knows more complex security issues
Disadvantages:
Expensive
Possibility of joining guard union is Non availability of back up
high personnel
CONTRACT GUARDS
Advantages:
Less expensive Relieved of guard supervision
Convenient Availability of Back up guards
Lesser administrative/personnel Security
related problems
Free from Payroll-related problem
Agency usually accepts civil liability
Disadvantages:
Improper Training No loyalty to company
Low Caliber personnel Large turnover
Project image
REFERENCES:
Rommel K. Manwong and Gilbert C. San Diego (2006), Dynamics of Law Enforcement
and Public Safety Administration (1st Edition, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s
Book Trading, Inc.
Rommel K. Manwong and Darlito Bernard G. Delizo(2010), Law Enforcement
Administartion, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
JUAN L. AGAS & RICARDO M. GUEVARA (2008), Criminology Glossary, Quezon
City, Philippines, Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.
WILFREDO C. DOMINGO & HARRY C. LORENZO (2010), Industrial Security
Management, Manila Philippines, Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
OSCAR GATCHALIAN SORIANO (2008), The Art and Craft of Industrial Security
Management, Quezon City, Philippines, Great Books Publishing.
POLICE PATROL
ORGANIZATION WITH POLICE
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
D E F I N I T I O N OF T E R M S
ADMINISTRATION – Denotes functions that determine the basic policies, programs and
objectives of an organization and the means and method to the employed to achieve them.
AERIAL/SKYPATROL – I t was activated on April 20, 1996 and formally launched on May 2,
1996 for air patrol operation in NCR with three helicopter as its initial air assist capability.
AFTERNON SHIFT – It is usually the busiest and offers the greatest variety of activities
wherein officers deployed on the afternoon shift encounter a broad range of activities ad
people that make their job challenging. The afternoon shift combines the service orientation of
the day shift with the criminal apprehension function of the midnight shift.
AUTOMOBILE PATROL – It is the most extensively used and the most effective means of
transportation for police patrol.
BACK BERAND – Refers to a thief found with stolen goods borne on his back.
BAY AND RIVER PATROL – It is specialized being highly operating in water maintains the
common form of patrol.
BEAT- It is an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
BILLY- a policeman’s nightstick or baton.
BICYLCLE PATROL- Is a type of patrol which utilizes bicycles and ace a combine advantage
if mobility, speed and stealth. They are easily maneuvered in crowded areas and cheaper
operate.
BLISTERFOOT- use to denote a policeman in uniform in patrol assignment.
BLOODLESS EMERGENCY- an urgent situation confronting a police officer where the
subject is not involved in violence such as accidents, shooting incidents, or street fights. This
refers particularly to mental cases victims of drugs, alcohol or suicidal patients.
BUREAU – largest organic unit within a large department.
CANINE UNITS - dogs often used in lieu of a second officer in a motorized patrol unit. They
serve as supplement to the regular patrol force and allow officers to patrol the same or greater
area and maybe utilized in the detection of explosives, drugs and other contrabands.
CHAIN OF COMMAND - it is a system which has for its purpose to ensure that order,
directive and other information are issued downward and upward through the organizational
structure and timely and uniformed manner, it is intended to help the supervision to
established and maintains necessary control over the activities of his subordinates.
CHECK POINTS - a strategic point or area manned for uniformed policemen to establish to
check/intercept the passage of suspect/criminal and contrabands. Also referred to as choke
points.
COLUMN FORMATION - used generally for approach to the riot area.
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT - this involves knowing the geographical location, topography,
streets and people as well as the political organization in the area of responsibility. Its
objective is to create a climate of trust and understanding within the community.
COMPREHENSIVE PATROL -kind of alternative patrol system where in the regular police
patrol duties are augmented with prescribed objectives and verifiable tasks.
COPS – Community Oriented Policy System.
CRIME STATISTICS - it is a science dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation , and
presentation, of masses of numerical data on crime.
DAY SHIFT - this shift is devoted to service activities. The people that a police officer meets
during the day shift are usually law abiding and create new problems. The often concentrate
patrol effort around parks and congested recreational areas. Officers assign to the day shift do
not do a lot of hand core crime fighting; they tend to be more service oriented.
DECOY PATROL – This patrol methods rely heavily upon disguise, deception, and lying in
wait rather than upon high-visibility patrol techniques.
DESIRE AND OPPURTUNITY – Consistent factors in the commission o crime.
DIRECTED DETERRENT PATROL – In this patrol method the patrol officers perform
specific predetermined preventive functions on a planned and systematic basis. These
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preventive activities are designed on the basis of detailed analysis of crime incidents
offender’s characteristics, methods of operating, and location. It attempts to identify certain
crime trends and then develop specific patrol methods to interrupt these patterns. Ideally
suited for cities which are large enough to experience crimes problems in which patterns and
characteristics can be identified.
DISCRETION - Refers to the wise use of ones judgment, by utilizing personal experience and
common sense to decide on the course of action to be taken for a particular situation.
DISTRICT – A geographical subdivision of the city for patrol purposes usually with its own
situation.
DISTRICT ORIENTATION TOUR- Utilized to familiarize and orients a policeman about the
patterns and characteristics of his patrol area before he goes out on actual patrol.
EMERGENCY CALL- A kind of call which requires the use of the flashing light and siren and
may violate traffic laws provided that extreme care is exercised.
EVENT ORIENTED PATROL- Refers to the identification of events which may require the
application of intensified patrol efforts or different kinds of patrol efforts strategies due to the
nature of the problems they may create.
FIXED WING AIRCRAFT PATROL- This type of patrol would afford police officers to
cover vast area particularly inaccessible remote areas at the least possible time without the
hassle of refueling in cases of long distance which has to be covered.
FOOT PATROL - Traditional type of patrolling which greatly advantageous in terms of
fostering police community relations. It is an integral element of many modern community
oriented policing programs. The foot patrol officer is usually able to develop a much closer
relationship with the people who reside, shop or work in his beat. He can readily identify
people on the beat since they experience impersonal and direct contact with them. The various
roles of an officer information provider, assistance giver, law enforcer, councilor and friend
are facilitated by this patrol method.
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION - This organization, the performance of certain duties at all
levels is controlled and directed by separate organizational authority.
HAZARD - Is any person, thing situation or condition or place which if allowed to exist may
induce an accident or cause the commission of crime.
HIGH VISIBILITY PATROL – The theory underlying high visibility patrol is that there are
certain kinds of crimes.
HORSE PATROL - Used for certain patrol problems in jurisdiction that contain large park
areas of similar places where automobiles either cannot go or may be forbidden.
HOUSE VISITATION - This function is performed by patrol units where policeman routinely
visit residential houses and work places to offer crime prevention advice or to organize
community crime groups.
INSPECTIONAL SERVICES - Are effectively performed by foot patrolmen in uniform, as
they go about their routine tasks o walking their assigned beats, they pay particular attention
to persons and thing.
LAW ENFORCEMENT - This embraces crime prevention and crime control role, including
the customary police functions.
LEAP FROG - Method where two patrol officers alternately take the lead in the search and
cover each others as they progressively move on.
LOCATION ORIENTED PATROL- The process of conducting intensified surveillance over
selected areas that have been identified through crime analysis or though intelligence data as
being high risk areas for the commission of selected types of crimes.
LOW VISIBILITY PATROL - Low visibility patrol is design to increase the rate of
apprehension of persons engaged in selected types of crimes. Its secondary effect is that other
types of crimes will be deterred as the result of greater probability of persons being arrested in
the commission of the crime.
MALFEASANCE – It is the performance of some act which ought not to e done.
MARINE PATROL - Water patrol units are highly specialized form of police patrol and are
utilized in those communities that have access to navigable waterways such as lakes oceans,
and rivers. They represent and extremely valuable addition the regular patrol force.
MEETING UNUSUAL NEEDS - This refers to the result of intermittent and usually
unexpected variations in activities, civil disturbances, special community events, disaster
plans, and civil defense.
MIDNIGHT SHIFT - Called “graveyard shift” to denote lack of activities or “dog watch
“which suggest that it is the penalty box of the police work. It is for the reason that due to the
seniority the youngest and least experienced officers often end on this shift.
MISFEASANCE - It is the improper performance of some act which ought not to be done.
MOB - Refers to e crowd which may become boisterous disorderly and may cause violence and
lawlessness.
MOBILE PATROL - It is the dominant form of police patrol method.
MOTORCYCLE - Primarily used for traffic control and enforcement their speed and
maneuverability makes them an indispensable police vehicle.
NON-FEASANCE - It is the omission of some act which ought to be performed.
OFFENDER ORIENTED PATROL - Refers to the process of conducting surveillance of an
individual. In this case intelligence data as well criminal history information on non offenders
will form the basis for the identification of targets against which patrol efforts are directed.
PARTICIPATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT - Locally referred to as the community oriented
policing systems or cops, it now has wide applications by the PNP particularly in the Metro
Manila area. Teamwork concept between the police and the citizenry is not something new
although it seems to be something new to those who are not aware of or have forgotten the
basic.
PATROL - Refers t e repeated circuit of in guarding covering in a particular area. It is the only
form of police service which directly attempts to eliminate the desire and opportunity of an
individual to commit misconduct.
PATROLLING - It is a system of sending out of uniform police men to conduct police visibility
patrols within area of responsibility and prevent the commission of crimes.
PATROL FORCE - it is the largest elements in a police organization whose members patrol the
streets on foots, dressed in the familiar khaki uniform, or riding a conspicuously marked,
radio-equipped patrols car, the nature of their service bring them in direct and constant contact
with the public every hour of the night, an every day an and height of the year.
PATROL HAZARD - A term used frequently to describe a specific condition or place that
requires a patrols officer’s special attention.
PATROL OBSERVATION - Refers to constant an alert patrolling with keen sense of
observation on persons and thing and is use as gauge of efficient patrol offices.
PATROILER - A French word which roughly means, “to travel on foot.” Origin of the word
Patrol
PCP - Refers to the present day local Police Community Precinct which evolved from the
NCOB program (New Cops on the black) and from the cops (Community Oriented Policing
System) they are smaller units which were established to operate below the police station
level. To develop trust, confidence, support and cooperation between the member of the
police force and the community, Police Community Precinct (PCP) has been organized in
Metro Manila. In other area of responsibility, the COPS KABABAYAN centers have been
established. The goal of this mini police department to bring the police closer to the people
they serve.
POLICE OMNIPRESENT - This is crime repression activity of the police which is
accomplished by making their presence known and deploying patrol units in the plain cloths
to create in the mind of the citizens that the policemen are everywhere.
POLITEIA - Etymology of the word police, meaning government of a city.
POST - A fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as designated
desk or office/ crosswalk or an intersection for traffic duty/ or spot or location for general
duty.
PRECAUTIONARY ACTIVITY - These would refer to the system of vigilant duty whereby
the policemen assigned thereat cope instantly with outbreak of incident or accident. This is
achieved by consultation and dialogue between the police and residents on how to prevent
similar incident of disorder.
PROACTIVE PATROL - Refer to an alternative patrol systems which means the fielding on
the field units in their respective area of responsibility with prescribed objectives and
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verifiable tasks scheduled for the day to augment the calls and other on sight activities that
makes up the officer’s day.
QUADRANT - Using the scene of the crime as the center of the quadrant grid, the areas to be
searched is divided into four equal “ pie shaped” quarters generating from the center.
REACTIVE PATROL- This is a traditional patrol activity which consists driving around the
district waiting for something to happen.
REPRESSION OF CRIMINAL AN DELIQUENT BEHAVIOR- Repression f crime is
generally accomplished whether by having police officers present at specific location
maintaining a highly visible profile or by publicizing a highly active cover operation.
REPRESSIVE POLICE- A style of policing which generally tends to alienate the police from
the community use by rules and government lacking popular support and rely on this
technique to maintain them in power.
ROUTE- It is a light of streets, designated for patrol purposes also referred to as line beat.
SATURATE PATROL- A technique which calls for the deployment of as many police
officers as possible in a specific geographic area with known crime trend.
SECTION- function units within a particular division, necessary for specialization.
SECTOR - An area containing two or more boats, routes or pots.
SELECTIVE EMFORCEMENT - It is refer to targeting of specific criminal activity which
can be used with favorable result to respond high levels of criminal conduct. It allows a
department to maximize personnel deployment with respect to emergent crime trends with
minimum impact on normal patrol operations.
SHIFT SCHEDULING - It is one of the most important task face by patrol dispatchers and
police administrators. It is undertaken by dividing the numbers of variable patrol hours into
the number of hours actually devoted to call for service or other work load indicators.
SKIRMISHER TERRAIN PATROL - Usually four wheel drive vehicles designed to easily
maneuver an traverse with ease sandy area such as desserts and beach fronts as well as prone
to floods. This would enable patrol officers to respond quickly to calls to emergency scenes,
which may not be accessible to more conventional forms of transportation.
SPECIFIC DETERRENCE- It is of crime prevention technique which has an effect to an
activity of a specific individual or group.
SPLIT FORCE PATROL- A means of satisfying the needs of both prevention patrol an the
demands made by calls for service.
SPOT COVER - Usually a fixed post, generally at an intersection or some other vantage point,
overlooking one or more possible avenue of escape.
STREET QUISTIONING METHODS - This is a method whereby policemen on patrol may
interview, within the bounds of law, suspicious personalities at random in order to serve as
deterrent to those who intend to commit a crime.
STRONG POINTS - A critical points or intersection manned by minimum of five(5) uniformed
police personnel pre deployed to intercept fleeing bank robbers or criminals.
SUBERSIVES – Are persons or organization, organized to over throw legitimate government.
SWAT – Special Weapons and Tactics. A specialized mobile police assault force designed to
quell threats and contain crisis.
TACTICAL OPERATION AND STRATEGIES – It is the proper utilization and deployment
of the patrol force includes the design and implementation of patrol strategies and tactical
plans which are designed t meet the daily operational requirements as well as unique
conditions that may arise from time to time.
TARGET ORIENTED PATROL – Strategies which are directed toward specific persons,
places or events. Combining the elements of high visibility and low visibility patrol, and
directed deterrent patrol to identify persons, places or events which attract to create crime
problems. Various means are then used either to deny the opportunity for the crime to occur or
to intercept the criminal in the commissions of the offense.
TEAM POLICING – Refers to a grassroots approach undertaken to bring the people and the
police together in a cooperative situation. Its distinguishing feature is the establishment of
neighborhood. Crime watch groups for the purpose of encouraging the people to report crimes
and to assume greater interest and responsibilities in crime and prevention and suppression.
UNIT – Functional groups within a section where further specialization is needed.
WHAT IS PATROL?
According to Hale, Patrol is the essence of police function while Payton said, the Patrol
Division is the backbone of a police department. However, making it simpler, patrol may refer to
the regular tour made by a guard in a place in order to protect it or to maintain order. It could
also mean a person or a group (such as a police or military unit) sent to carry out a tour of duty in
a certain place with a particular mission either for reconnaissance purposes or simply to provide
protection.
Line functions or activities are further broken onto subcategories, both of which are Field
Services:
a. Primary Line Function – ex. Patrol
b. Secondary Line Function – ex. Traffic management, criminal investigation, etc.
Crime Prevention – is classically defined as the anticipation, recognition and appraisal of crime
risk and the initiation of positive action to remove or reduce risk.
Crime Suppression – is the modern approach in crime control which deals with the
apprehension, investigation, trial, correction and punishment of the criminal.
Police Discretion – wise use one’s judgment, common sense, and personal experience in making
decision on a particular situation.
Immersion – is the process by which policeman merged with the community in order to know
them. This can easily be done through patrol.
2. Low Profile Theory – Low Police Visibility increases the opportunity to apprehend
criminals. Deceptive absence of the police officers will let criminals believe that they will
not be detected or caught if they execute crimes that they planned. In this theory, the
objective is to attract as little attention as possible while on the process of patrolling. The
officers should operate in a manner that it would be difficult for either criminals or the
public to determine that police are around. The principle of Covert Operation is integrated
in this theory.
B. Patrol Methods
Patrol methods are various means of getting from one place to another within a specified
patrol jurisdiction. Various methods of patrol are not intended to isolate the patrol officer from
the people he vowed to serve and protect.
Patrol effort made by the police may be in the form of any or combination of the
following:
1. Beat Patrol
a. Foot Patrol
b. Sector Patrol
2. Sector Patrol ( Motorized Patrol )
a. Automobile Patrol
b. Motorcycle Patrol
c. Aircraft Patrol ( Helicopter and Fixed Wing )
3. Specialized Patrol Methods
a. Horse (Mounted) Patrol
b. Marine (Water) Patrol
c. Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol
d. Special Terrain Patrol
FOOT PATROL
Foot Patrol is restricted to small areas and is used to deal with special situations while
maintaining contact with officers in patrol cars. Foot patrol is used to secure Two Types of
police geographical units;
1. Post – a fixed position or location where an officer is assigned for guard duty.
2. Beat – the smallest area specifically assigned for patrol purposes.
What are the factors to be considered in determining the size of the beat?
1. Area to be patrolled;
2. Man – made and natural barriers
3. Number of men to patrol the area;
4. Type of patrol to be sued
What are the factors to be considered in determining the number of men to be deployed?
1. Size or area to be patrolled
2. Topography ( Physical Characteristics or terrain of the area )
3. Crime Rate
4. Possible problems to be encountered on the beat
AUTOMOBILE PATROL
The patrol car is the most extensively used and the most effective means of transportation
for police on patrol. Equipped with state – of – the – art police gear, patrol cars today provide a
rapid, safe, and efficient means of transportation under average operating conditions. Automobile
patrol has the greatest mobility and flexibility. Most experts on patrol operation agree that it is
the most cost – effective method of patrol.
BICYCLE PATROL
Bicycle Patrol is growing in popularity because of easy operation and its acceptance by
the public, particularly children who view them as a non-threatening form of patrol. Bicycles
are now used in many countries as a simple and inexpensive means of silent transportation to
carry police officers throughout their patrol district. Often, bicycles are used in parks and on
beaches and have many of the same advantages and disadvantages as motorcycles.
MOTORCYCLE PATROL
Most police departments have their motorcycles marked with the same insignia as their
patrol cars. Motorcycles are beginning to be a favorite of patrol officers because of the ease and
speed of moving around. Motorcycle Patrol has many of the same advantages as automobile
patrol, especially in speed and maneuverability. Motorcycles have greater access than
automobiles to some areas and are better suited to heavy traffic, narrow alleys and rugged
terrain.
AIRCRAFT PATROL
Among the more recent trends in patrolling is the use of aircraft, either helicopter or
fixed-wing. Today, it has become necessary for the police use aircraft in performing both routine
and specialized patrol activities. The use of aircraft is not totally new. In 1925, the Los Angeles
County Sheriff Department has already formed a volunteer Reserve Aero Squadron. Full-time
Aero detail is still an official unit in this police department today.
Disadvantages of Using K – 9
1. Most police dogs work with only one handler.
2. K – 9, like most dogs, is territorial, and its handler and its K – 9 cruisers are part of its
territory.
3. Dog training is expensive. Dog training usually takes 10 to 12 weeks.
4. Police department that initiates a K – 9 sections is vulnerable to law suits.
PATROL MANAGEMENT
The following are simple but vital questions in the management of a patrol unit in your
own department or in any police department.
2. URGENT CALL – This is similar to the routine call, which also requires the responding
police car to observe all traffic rules and does not use its flashing lights or siren. However, it
proceeds directly to its destination and does not stop unless an incident of far more serious
nature occurs. This includes when the police responds to investigate:
a. Trouble of unknown nature.
b. Shoplifter complaint.
c. Vehicular accidents in which there are no physical injuries.
d. Prowler complaints.
e. Lost children complaints.
f. Report of mob activities.
g. Reports of domestic or tenant-landlord or neighborhood conflicts.
3. EMERGENCY CALL – In most cases, this category requires the use of the flashing light
and fluctuating siren although there are exceptions which include the attempt to surprise
criminals in the act. It is permissible in this case for the responding police car to violate
traffic laws provided that extreme care is exercised while driving at high speed. This
includes when police responds to:
a. Investigate a crime in progress.
b. Investigate a traffic accident in which people are injured.
c. Rescue or assist another patroller in trouble.
d. Aids an injured person.
e. Pursue or apprehend suspected criminal/s.
f. Assist in firefighting.
g. Stop an ongoing fight in progress.
WHAT ARE THE TWO SCHOOL PF THOUGHTS REGARDING THE BEST MEANS
OF APPROACHING ANY SCENE WHERE A CRIME IS BELIEVED TO BE IN
PROGRESS?
FIRST is to approach the scene with lights and siren flashing and to pull on directly at the
scene of the reported crime. The idea here is to frighten the criminal in order to prevent him from
completing his criminal act.
SECOND is to approach the crime scene as inconspicuously as possible in order to use
the advantage of surprise in apprehending the criminal or preventing his escape.
Further, once crime took place, it can be further explained by using the interaction of
these three (3) factors: Criminal Tendency, Total Situation, and Resistance to Temptation.
Criminal tendency is innate to every human being. Total situation speaks of the environmental
circumstances. Resistance to temptation could also be innate to a person which could be
attributed to his cultural and educational upbringing.
A. FIXED COMPONENTS – These include the following; Police Station HQ; Police
Community Precincts (PCP); Traffic Post; and Visibility Posts – police outpost.
1. Station Desk (SD) – plays the most important role in the implementation of the police
mission – to serve and protect the community. Further it serves as the Three (3) Cs of
the police force: Communication; Coordinating; and Center/ Command Post.
Situation / Locator Map (with magnetic equipment) – also called spot map; the key-
point in the Police Station Desk; capable of providing visual IPS situation because it
shows the: area of responsibility (AOR); Real Time Current Situation; and Real Time
Status of the IPS.
2. Police Community Precincts (PCP) – Led by a police commissioned officer with the rank
of Chief Inspector or Superintendent with a minimum of 30 personnel including the PCP
Commander divided in 3 shifts of 8-hours duty.
B. PATROL COMPONENTS – The patrol components of the IPS are: Air Patrol; Line Beat
Patrol; Mobile Patrols; Motorcycle Patrol; Bicycle Patrol; Reaction Unit Patrol (SWAT);
and Detective Repressive Patrol.
1. Police Beats (PBs) – these are consist of any contiguous or adjacent area defined by
identifiable boundaries within the AOR of a PCP where an officer can effectively patrol
during his tour of duty; it is an area that can be effectively patrolled on foot and police
officers can respond to calls for police assistance within a matter of minutes.
2. Mobile Patrol (MP) – The SOPs are similar to the earlier discussions under the
automobile type of patrol. In cases where a vehicle is stopped, the following 10 Rules in
Stopping Vehicles should be applied:
a. During daytime, select the widest portion of the road where to stop a motorist.
b. Signal the motorist to pull closer to the right side of the curb with the patrol car
parked behind the violator’s vehicle.
c. Observe flow of traffic coming from behind before opening the door and alighting
from the patrol car.
d. In issuing a citation, occupy the right side of the vehicle using the hood to accomplish
the citation.
e. At nighttime, select a well-lighted place to stop a motorist.
f. Never stand to do anything in front of a stopped vehicle with its engine running and
its driver still at the vehicle.
g. Never stand to do anything between the stopped vehicle and the patrol car if the
driver of the stopped vehicle is at the wheel.
h. Never stand on the way of the door of the stooped vehicle especially if he is ordering
a suspicious driver to get out of the vehicle.
i. Never allow a person being interrogated to stand on the firearm side.
j. Never allow an apprehended suspect to sit inside the patrol car on the side where the
policeman’s f/a is tucked.
3. Detective Beat (DB) or Detective Beat System (DBS) – DB is a contiguous area where a
team of police investigators is assigned with a specific task of conducting follow-up
investigation to all complaints, reports, referrals, and other requests with the end-in-view
of full compliance and/or the filling of a case.
2. Deployment Phase
a. Report to SD by the Pos (Patrollers)
b. Pos make patrol plan and follow patrol procedures
c. Adopt the buddy-buddy system
d. Make situation report on an hourly basis or upon reaching the end of their line beat
e. Report and/or record in the PSR (Patrol Sheet Report) all unusual incidents
After which, the Patrol Commander collects the DPR and submits it to the HQ for
consolidation and reference.
C. AUXILIARY COMPONENTS – in the Philippines, the police are the members of the PNP
with two (2) statutory characteristics:
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1. National in Scope
2. Civilian in Character
Who are the members of the Auxiliary Police (or Auxiliary Components of the IPS)?
1. Private Security Guards
2. Traffic Enforcers and Aides
3. Junior Police
4. Law Enforcement Services Cadets
5. Barangay Chairman and Tanods (Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSO))
6. Civilian Volunteer Organizations (CVOs) such as civilian volunteer radio
communications, and volunteer public utility vehicles (PUV) drivers and Non-
Government Organizations (NGOs) like Bantay Bayan, Bayan Muna, etc.
EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATIONS
POSTAL SERVICES
Different societies have devised systems for transporting messages from place to place
and from person to person. The earliest were courier-type services whereby messengers carried
memorized or written messages from one person to another, and returned with the reply. The
Persian and Roman empires and some Asian societies sent couriers regularly along planned
routes to retrieve reliable and timely information about trade and military affairs from distant
areas.
THE TELEGRAPHY
The first truly electronic medium was the telegraph, which sent and received electrical
signals over long-distance wires.
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THE TELEPHONE
In 1876, Scottish-born American inventor Alexander Graham Bell was the first to patent
and produce a telephone. His patent was titled improvement in Telegraphy, and contained the
design of a device that would transmit the human voice over wires instead of electrical clicks or
other signals, like the telegraph. Originally, Bell thought that the telephone would be used to
transmit musical concerts, lectures, or sermons. The American inventor Elisha Gray filed an
intention to patent at the same time, but after many court battles, Bell was given the rights to the
invention.
THE RADIO
The telegraph and telephone were systems for distance communication that sent electrical
signals through wires. The earliest system for sending electrical signals through the air via
electromagnetic waves was called wireless, and later radio. Radio technology was based on the
discoveries of James Clark Maxwell.
THE COMPUTERS
The earliest computers were machines built to make repetitive numerical calculations that
had previously been done by hand. By the 1890s, calculating machines were used to tabulate the
US Census with a punched-card system invented by Herman Hollerith. Electromechanical
calculators were being built by the 1930s, especially by a new company called the International
Business Machines Company (IBM). The first truly electronic memory and processors were built
by John Vincent Atansoft in 1939 at the Iowa State College, and the first fully functioning
electronic computers, a series of ten called Colossus, were built by the British Secret Service
during World War II to help them crack the Germans’ secret military codes.
MOBILE PHONE
This is a very recent mode of communication which is already utilized by private and
commercial entities. The Police and the Military are also using this as one of the major
alternatives of communication.
POLICE COMMUNICATIONS
The Police Radio Dispatcher - the radio dispatcher is the personnel in a police
communication center or coordinating center tasked to receive and transmit radio messages.
Before a policeman or civilian can become a radio dispatcher, he must be trained formally or
through an OJT. The dispatcher is also called radio coordinator and radio operator.
Voice Qualities of effective Radio dispatcher- the three characteristics of a person’s voice
are:
1. Loudness or Volume- depends on the size of the human voice box
2. Pitch or Voice Frequency- the level of the voice which depends on the number of cycles
per second emitted by the speaker (high pitched is not pleasant and clear in talking through a
mike)
3. Timbre- the quality of a speech sound that comes from its tone rather than its pitch or
volume
WALKIE – TALKIES
The slang term for the two-way radio systems developed by Motorola in the 1930s
designed for home and police radios. Today, it is known as two-way hand held radio (HHR) or
radio transceiver.
Features and Advantages of Walkie-talkies:
1. Portable and easy to operate;
2. The foot patrolman can both send and receive messages quite easily; and
3. Enables patrol officers to call for immediate assistance.
B. BREVITY – This means using few words. Due to the expanding volume of radio
traffic, it is essential that there be no unnecessary or repetitious words in the transmission.
Half the words in the English language are not needed in order to understand the message. There
is certainly no need to add to the communication problem. The important point is
understanding and clarity. Sometimes we can make a simple message confusing just by saying
too much.
C. COURTESY – Courtesy refers to politeness of the words being used in
communication. As the old adage points out, “Courtesy begets courtesy”. “Anger begets
anger”. The practice of courtesy is actually a practice of a good human relation. In radio
communication, courtesy can be shown:
1. by saying thank you (but this may take very valuable air time)
2. in the tone of voice
3. by avoiding humorous comments over the air when somebody “goofs up” or
commits error in transmitting or understanding the message; and
4. by avoiding “jamming up” when police officers are on the air.
LETTER PHONETIC
EQUIVALENT
A ALPHA
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B BRAVO
C CHARLIE
D DELTA
F FOXTROT
G GOLF
H HOTEL
I INDIA
J JULIET
K KILO
L LIMA
M MIKE
N NOVEMBER
O OSCAR
P PAPA
Q QUEBEC
R ROMEO
S SIERRA
T TANGO
U UNIFORM
V VICTOR
W WHISKEY
X XRAY
Y YANKEE
Z ZULU
Ten-codes, properly known as ten signals, are code words used to represent common
phrases in voice communication, particularly by law enforcement and in Citizens' Band (CB)
radio transmissions. The codes, developed in 1937 and expanded in 1974 by the Association of
Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO), allow for brevity and
standardization of message traffic. They have historically been widely used by law enforcement
officers in North America, although some departments have controversially attempted to prohibit
their use.
REFERENCES:
BOOKS
Rommel K. Manwong and Gilbert C. San Diego (2010), Dynamics of Law Enforcement and
Public Safety Administration (1st Edition), Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s Book
Trading, Inc.
Rommel K. Manwong and Darlito Bernard G. Delizo (2006), Law Enforcement
Administartion, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
Mario A. Garcia (2007), Police Patrol Plans and Operations with Police/Public
Communication System: Quezon City, Philippines, Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc
JUAN L. AGAS & RICARDO M. GUEVARA (2008), Criminology Glossary, Quezon City,
Philippines, Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
HISTORICAL SETTING
Biblical Beginnings
The earliest source of intelligence, in the age of belief is super natural interventions in the
affairs of men, were prophets, seers, oracles, soothsayers and astrologers.
MOSES
One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with format, can also be found in
the Holy Bible Numbers 13:17.
“ And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan and said unto them, get you up this
way southward, and go up into the mountain; and see the lands, what it is; and the people that
dwell therein, whether in tents, or in strongholds; and what land is; whether it be fat or lean,
whether there be wood therein, or not. And be of good courage and bring of the fruit of the land.”
The scriptures also named the twelve intelligence agents whom the Lord directed Moses to sent
into the Land of Canaan and records that “ all those men were heads of the children of Israel”.
RAHAB
The Harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21) who sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel,
made a covenant with the agents and duped their pursuers. She was not only an impromptu
confederate of immense value for the Jewish leader of that far distant day, but also established a
plot – pattern which is still of periodic relief to motion picture producers.
DELILAH
The Philistine used her when she allowed spies to hide in her house (Judges 16). Delilah
was an impromptu intelligence agent. Apart from her tonsorial specialty, she also allowed sex to
gain intelligence from a powerful enemy. She achieved the largest effective force of her
employer’s adversaries and contriving the stroke which put that force out of action.
SUN – TZU
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The East was ahead of the West in the raft of intelligence in 400 BC rejecting the oracles
and seers. Sun – Tzu, a Chinese philosopher takes a more practical view according to him, what
is called foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits, nor from gods, nor from analogy with
past events nor from calculations. He wrote, “It must be obtained from men who knew the enemy
situation.” It is no wonder that Sun – Tzu’ book entitled “ The Art of War ” is the favorite
readings of the late Mao Tse Tung and is a required reading material for the Chinese Communist
Tacticians. He further wrote the saying in which most people in the intelligence service believe
became a parlance in the world of intelligence:
“ Know thy enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles, If you
know your yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who will meet defeat in
every battle”
Hannibal
He was considered one of the brilliant military strategists in the history of military
intelligence. He had developed an effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome. He usually
roam around the city often disguise himself as a beggar to gather first hand information.
Julius Caesar
During his time, the staff of each Roman Legion includes ten “speculators” who served
as an information- collecting agency. The “speculators” were the first intelligence personnel to
appear definitely in a military organization. Military success of the Romans was aided by
communication system. Made use of carrier pigeons, which made possible the amazing speed
with which intelligence of Imperial Rome was transmitted. They also employed ciphers to ensure
secrecy of communications.
George Washington
Conspirator under oath abounds in the history of every nation. George Washington was
Grand Master in intelligence. He mobilized the Free Masons of the colonies at the outbreak of
the American War of Independence.
Karl Schulmeister
Karl Schulmeister was Napoleon’s eye. Napoleon’s military secret, born on August 5,
1770. He began his career in offensive espionage under a cover role. He was able to infiltrate the
Austrian General Staff.
Wilhelm Stieber
He incorporated intelligence in the General staff Support System. He further device
military censorship and organized military propaganda. He works as a census taker and
developed informal gathering of data.
Alfred Redi
He was one of the most brilliant intelligent agents. Though a homosexual, he became
Chief of the Austro – Hungarian Secret Service. He became a double agent of Russia. In 1913,
his treason also led to the death of almost 500,000 agents and soldiers combined in his 13 years
espionage episode.
Brahma Kautilya
In Ancient India, he overthrow the Nanda Dynasty and established the first
MAYURYAN king in the Indian throne. He recommended to his king that for the ruler to
succeed, the ruler should strike at his enemy’s weak points by means of spies. He proposed the
following means to conquer enemy’s stronghold: Intrigues and Spies – Winning over enemy’s
people – Siege and Assault – Before beginning military operation, a conqueror should know the
comparative strength and weaknesses of himself and his enemy. No war should be undertaken
without careful examination of all factors reported by the kings’ spies.
MAYRYAN SPY SYSTEM – rivalled Modern Soviet and had the following tasks:
Shadow the kings’ ministers and officials and attempt to determine their very thoughts – Report
wrong doings of the people – Operate secretly in foreign countries – Spread unrest – Commit act
of sabotage – Assassinate political and military leaders – Official envoys were instructed to make
friends with officials of the enemy to compare their military strengths with their own.
Battle of Midway
In June 1442, the turning point of the Naval in the Pacific, the victory gained by the
Americans was due to the disrupted messages from the Imperial Japanese Navy.
State Informer
Edward I, King of England in 1725 organized a systematic police system so called Witch
and Ward. By Royal proclamation, the profession “State Informer” was created in 1734
enjoining all informers to expose criminal activities and be compensated.
Joseph Petrosino
He was member of the New York Police Department in early 1900, he was the head of
the Italian Squad. Through extensive intelligence network, he was credited to smash and
neutralization of the Black Society.
INTELLIGENCE refers to an end product (knowledge) resulting from the recording, evaluation,
and analysis, integration and interpretation of the information. It is also an activity involve in the
production of that end product which includes collection, processing, dissemination and use of
the knowledge.
FORMS OF INTELLIGENCE
The two methods of collection of information for the production of intelligence are overt
and covert. These forms are descriptive of the manner by which raw information is gathered. It is
Overt if the information or documents procured openly without regards as to whether the subject
of the investigation become knowledgeable of the purpose or purposes for which it is being
gathered. It is Covert if the information obtained without the knowledge of the person against
whom the information or document may be used, or if the method of procurement is done not in
open manner.
1. Overt – involves those openly conducted by intelligence personnel such as research and
liasoning;
2. Covert – Intel activities undertaken clandestinely in order to get the necessary
information not available to open source.
PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE
1. Timeliness – intelligence must reach the user in time to serve, as basis for appropriate action.
2. Commander’s Need – intelligence must fit the need of the commander,
3. Principle of Planning – principle of intelligence which requires careful and thorough setting
of ideas.
4. An Integral Part of Military Operation – intelligence activities are made part of any military
operations.
5. Flexibility – intelligence activities are based on reason and judgment, and not on fixed
procedures.
6. Imagination and Resourcefulness – are essential for a successful intelligence operation.
7. Principle of Security – anything placed between, thing protected and potential intruder;
8. Principle of Continuity – intelligence activities follow a single continuous cycle.
9. Need To Know – knowledge for those who have an area of interest/ influence and according
to the needs of an authorized individual.
10. Compartmentalization – intelligence is not disseminated to an individual or unit due to some
restriction as required by the commander.
SOURCE
Completely Reliable - - - - - - A
Usually Reliable - - - - - - B
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Fairly Reliable - - - - - - C
Not Usually Reliable - - - - - - D
Unreliable - - - - - - - E
Reliability Unknown - - - - - - F
Definition:
INTELLIGENCE is a processed set of information. The product resulting from a
collection, evaluation and interpretation of information which concerns one or more aspects of
foreign nations or of functional or geographic areas and which is immediately or potentially
significant to the development and execution of PLANS, POLICIES and OPERATIONS.
WHAT IS INFORMATION?
This is an unevaluated material of every description including those derived from
observation, communications, reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources from which
INTELLIGENCE is produced.
TYPES OF INFORMANTS
1. CRIMINAL INFORMANTS – an informant who gives information to the police pertaining
to the underworld about organized criminals with the understanding that his identity will be
protected.
2. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANTS – is similar to the former but he gives information about
violations of law to include crimes and criminals.
3. VOLUNTARY INFORMANT – a type of informant who gives information freely and
wilfully as a witness to a certain act.
4. SPECIAL INFORMANT – those who gives information concerning specialized cases only
and it is regarded a special treatment by the operatives (ex. Teachers, Businessmen, etc.)
5. ANONYMOUS INFORMANT – those who gives information through telephone with the
hope that the informant cannot be identified.
INFORMANTS RECRUITMENT
1. Selection
2. Investigation
3. Approach
4. Testing
– an item of intelligence or information of the characteristics of the area of operations and the
enemy, which the commander feels he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.
Note: Information are obtained 90% from Open Sources and only 10% from Clandestine /
Special Operations.
DIRECTING
In Directing the collection effort, the selection of assets and agents to be tapped is an
important things to be considered: Directing stops upon formulation of the SOR (Specific Order
or Request).
COLLECTING
This can be achieved OVERTLY (Collected from OPEN Sources) and COVERTLY
(collected clandestinely or secretly).
Collection Planning – this is a continuous process which ultimately coordinates and
integrates the efforts of all collection units and agencies.
Collection Agency – any individual or organization which exploits a source to collect
and/ or process information.
Factors to be considered in Selecting Collection Agencies:
1. Capability
2. Suitability
3. Multiplicity
4. Balance
PROCESSING
This is the very phase in the Intel Cycle in which the information becomes
INTELLIGENCE.
Steps in Processing Information (R, E, A)
Recording – this is the reduction of information to writing or some form of graphical
representation and the arranging of this information into groups of related items.
Evaluation – the examination of raw information to determine its intelligence value,
pertinence of the information, reliability of the source/ agency and its credibility or
truthfulness of the information.
COLLATION – is the organization and grouping of raw data to be reduced into a
useable form.
DATA EVALUATION – after information were obtained in relation to the inquiry, the
analyst will evaluate the information according to its reliability and validity, and
the relationship of the sources to the information.
Note : When grading any information, separate the source from the information. Do not grade
them together, because what may have been a reliable source in the past may not be true for the
present or future situation.
Steps in Analysis
1. Interpretation or Assessment 2. Integration
Pitfalls to Avoid:
1. Garbage Information b. Disinformation c. Intelligence Noise
INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
Intelligence Operations is the result of intelligence planning, planning is always ahead of
operation although an operation can be made without a plan, it is usually due to sudden and
inevitable situations but definitely this is poor intelligence management.
7. Briefing
8. Dispatch
9. Communication – technical method like telephone/ radio, non-technical method like
personal meeting, live drop or dead drop
10. Debriefing
11. Payments – depends upon the motivation of the informant
Regulatory – pay no bonuses
Supplemental – income that is enough to ease his financial worries
12. Disposition – involve activity on rerouting, retraining, retesting, termination
13. Reporting
14. Operational Testing
Types of Cover
1. Natural Cover – using actual or true background
2. Artificial – using biographical data adopted for the purpose
3. Cover within a Cover – justification of existence
4. Multiple Cover – any cover you wish
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
According to Intensity and sensitivity
1. Discreet – subject person to be watch is unaware that he is under observation.
2. Close – subject is aware that he is under observation varied on each occasions.
3. Loose – applied frequently or infrequently, period of observation varied on each occasion.
According to Methods
1. Stationary – this is observation of place usually a bookie stall, a gambling, joint, a
residence where illegal activities are going on (Fixed Position).
2. Moving – surveillant follow the subject from the place to place to maintain continuous
watch on his activities.
3. Technical – this is surveillance by the use of communications and electronic hardware’s,
gadgets, system and equipment.
CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE
Casing is the term use in the police organization while reconnaissance is used in military
term. Casing or reconnaissance is the surveillance of a building place or area to determine its
suitability for intel use or its vulnerability in operations. It aids in the planning and operation by
providing needed information. It assists the agents handler to install confidence in his agent
during briefing phase by being able to speak knowingly about the area of operation. Casing is
also considered a security measure because it offers some degree of protection for those
operating in an area unfamiliar to them.
ELICITATION
It is a system or plan whereby information of intelligence value is obtained through the
process direct intercommunication in which one or more of the parties to the common is unaware
of the specific purpose of the conversation. The three phases are determination of the mission,
selection of the subject, and accomplishment of the mission.
TACTICAL INTERROGATION
The need for obtaining information of the highest degree of credibility taken on the
minimum of time can be through interrogation which varies and dependent entirely on the
situation. In tactical interrogation, familiarization of the following is necessary:
Interrogation – the systematic asking of questions to elicit information in the minimum
time.
Interrogator – person who does the questioning.
Interrogee – any person who is subjected to the to the interrogation process in any of its
forms and phases.
Suspect – any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity.
Source – a person who for any reason submits information of intelligence interest usually
on a voluntary basis.
Provocateur – an individual from enemy forces who is deliberately introduce in our
custody with a specific mission of causing some unfavourable action or reaction on our
part.
Types of Interrogation
1. Screening – usually accomplished as soon as after capture, apprehension or arrest of an
interrogee. The objective is to obtain background information about the interrogee and
determine his area of knowledge and ability.
2. Formal Interrogation (Detailed) – the systematic attempt to exploit to an appropriate
depth those areas of the interrogee’s knowledge, which have been identified in the
screening process.
3. Debriefing – a form of eliciting information, which is generally used when the area of
intellectual capability of the interrogee is known.
4. Interview – the interviewer must be fully aware of the actual type of information desired
and alert on the interviewee’s moods and expressions.
5. Interrogation of Lay Personnel (Specific Type) – the techniques used are the same as
in the interrogations, however, especial effort must be made to established a common
frame of reference between the interrogator and the ineterrogee.
6. Technical Interrogation – the level of interrogation where the source has specific and
such detailed information that requires a trained expert in the subject matter to be
explored.
INTTEROGATION TECHNIQUES:
Techniques of Approach – the purpose is to gain the cooperation of the source and induce him
to answer questions which will follows:
1. The “Open Techniques” – the interrogator is open and direct in his approach and
makes no attempts to conceal the purpose of the interrogator.
2. The “Common Interest” Technique – the interrogator must exert effort to impress the
interrogee of their common interest.
3. Record File (We Know All Technique) – the interrogator prepare a file on the source
listing all known information (record should be padded to make it appear to be very
extensive).
4. Exasperation Techniques (Harassment) – effectively employed against hostile type
interrogee.
5. Opposite Personality Technique – also known as “Mutt and Jeff”, “Threat and Rescue”,
“Bad Guy – Good Guy”, “Sweet and Sour”, “Sugar and Vinegar”, “Devil and Angel”.
Use of two interrogators playing opposite roles.
6. Egotist Techniques (Pride and Ego) – usually successful when employed against an
interrogee who has displayed a weakness or a feeling of insecurity.
7. “Silent” Technique – employed against nervous or the confident type of interrogee.
8. “Question Barrage” Technique (Rapid Fire Questioning) – intended to confuse the
interrogee and put him into a defensive position.
REFERENCES:
Rommel K. Manwong and Gilbert C. San Diego (2006), Dynamics of Law Enforcement
and Public Safety Administration (1st Edition, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s
Book Trading, Inc.
Rommel K. Manwong and Darlito Bernard G. Delizo(2010), Law Enforcement
Administartion, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
JUAN L. AGAS & RICARDO M. GUEVARA (2008), Criminology Glossary, Quezon
City, Philippines, Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
assist the office on what forms are to be used for a particular purpose, the number of copies to
be made and where they are to be routed.
OCCUPATION – it refers to a collection of job which is sufficiently similar with regard to their
main task to be grouped together under a common title.
OPERATIONAL PLANS – refers to the work programs of the line divisions.
ORGANIZATION – it is the arrangement of people with common purpose and objective in
manner to enable the performance of related tasks by individuals grouped for the purpose.
This organization can functional, line and staff, etc., depending on the objectives and
functions of organization.
ORGANIZED TRAINING – is the means by which officers are provided with the knowledge
and the skills they receive to perform their multiple complex duties.
ORIGINATED POLICY – this type of policy comes from the board of directors or the
president and is intended to set up guidelines in the operation of the firm.
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT – this includes analyzing, improving and monitoring the
performance of each and of the organization as a whole.
PERSONAL INTERVIEW – it is used to determine whether or not the candidate’s pattern of
personality traits is suitable for police work.
PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY – refers to that obligation imposed by law and regulation on
any morals of the PNP for the proper use, maintenance and care of supplies entrusted to them.
PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION – is the development of people, promotion of their
welfare and benefits as to their welfare and benefits as to the primary component of the police
force.
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT – it is defined as that area of management concerned with
human relations.
PERSONNEL PLANNING – refers to a study of the labor supply of jobs which are composed
with the demands for employees in those victims an organization to determined future
personnel requirements which either increases or decreases.
PERSONNEL PROGRAM – refers to the activities programmed to implement the
organizational philosophy or creed and the personnel philosophy of central managers in
relations to people so as to accomplish organizational objectives.
PERSONNEL RECORDS – it is a file showing the history of each police officer, both prior
and subsequent to joining the force it is indispensable.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY (PNPA) – administers the Cadetship
program that provides the core of professionally trained young officers for the public safety
courses.
POLICE NATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUE- Handles non-officer career courses including
specialized courses through its regional training schools.
PHYSICAL AGILITY TEST – it is used to determine whether or not the applicant posses the
required coordination strength, and speed of movement necessary for police service. Also
known as physical ability test.
PLACEMENT – refers to the process of making an employee adjusted and knowledgeable in a
new job and or working environment.
PLANNING - it is the determination in advance how the objectives of the organization will be
trained. It involves the determination of course of action to take in performing a particular
function or activity.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION – is the direction of the police organization or a part of it, and
the application of its various resources in such a way as to carry out its functions efficiently
and effectively.
POLICE MANAGEMENT – is the act, method or art of administering, controlling or
conducting a police unit or force.
POLICY – defined as a general plan action that serves as guide in the operation of a company.
They are tools of management which give life and direction to the program of activities and
set the limits within which action is to be pursued by the personnel concerned.
POLICY FORMULATION – involves what are to be done in the form of orders or broad
statement of action.
POLICY MANUAL – it covers all personnel policies and procedures, if made available to
managers and supervisors, will be a great help in their decision-making and employees
relationship.
POTENTIAL – the overall gross worth and capability of a candidate to assume a higher
position and greater responsibility based on tangible past performance.
POSITION – it is defined as a group of tasks duties and responsibilities regularly assigned to
and performed by a person. Used to indicate work of a mental and clerical character,
performed by professional.
PROBATIONARY APPOINTMENT – given to as applicant who possesses the appropriate
illegibility for position of PO1, who shall serve a probationary period of six (6) months
following his original appointment.
PROCEDURAL PLANS – they are outlined and officially adopted as the standard method of
action to be followed by all members of the department under specific circumstances.
PROCEDURES – are series of steps for the orderly arrangement of or records which include
alphabet, geographic, numeric, and subject of chronological.
PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYEES – refers to those individuals whose work is predominantly
non-routine and intellectual in character.
PROPER INCENTIVES – include reasonable pay allowances, promotion, assignments, career
development, guidance and fair equitable disciplinary.
PROPERTY ACCOUNTABILITY – it is the primary obligation imposed by law and
regulation on the supply accountable, office to keep forward record of supplies.
PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICERS ADVANCE COURSE – a mandatory training requirement for
police personnel aiming to be promoted to the rank of Chief Inspector, it consists of eight
modules namely: the general subjects, role of public safety bureaus on national development,
communication skills, Management II, research, institutional linkages, Law, Human Rights
and Specialization subjects which are distinct for each bureau of public safety service.
PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICERS BASIC COURSE – designed to provide the knowledge, skills
and attitude to junior officer of the PNP, BJMP and BFP to enable them to perform their
prominent duties and responsibilities for the middle staff positions. The course consists of
seven modules namely: general subjects, communication, leadership and management, law,
intelligence, investigation and specialization subjects which are distinct for each public safety
bureau. Passing the course is a requirement to be promoted to the rank of Senior Inspector.
PUBLIC SAFETY BASIC RECRUIT COURSE – entry training requisite for PNP permanent
appointment with the initial rank of Police Officer I.
PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICERS CANDIDATE COURSE – a mandatory requirement for
promotion to Inspector, its primary objective is to provide the senior public safety non-
commissioned officers with essential knowledge and skills to strengthen their leadership
qualities and sense of responsibility.
PUBLIC SAFETY SENIOR OFFICERS COURSE – the program of instruction covers both
academic and non-academic subjects including law enforcement, research methodology,
communications skills, development administration, internal security administration,
environmental studies, local and foreign educational tour. Also termed as OSEC, it is a
mandatory training requirement for promotion to Police Superintendent.
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD – each employee is given a set of questions, answering this,
they describes his jobs, its operations, his duties and his responsibilities.
RECORD CYCLE – refers to the lifespan of a record from creation until disposition.
RECRUITMENT – refers to the process of encouraging job applicants from outside an
organization to seek employment in an organization.
REPAIR – the act to restore or place the unserviceable to a condition by replacing or adjusting
damage parts, assemblies or components.
REPORTING – refers to the making of detailed account of activities, work progress,
investigation and unusual in order to keep everyone informed of what’s getting on.
RESPONSIBILITY – means the management is held accountable for the result arising from the
authority.
SELECTION – it is the process of determining the most qualified job applicant or employees
for a given position in a company.
Within organizations, there are sources of authority other than the above-mentioned.
French and Raven (1959: 150-167) identified five sources of power and authority in social
relations:
a. REWARD POWER c. LEGITIMATE POWER
b. COERCIVE POWER d. REFERENT POWER
STYLES OF LEADERSHIP
Generally, many books discussing leaders and leadership identified the leadership styles
into three only. These are:
1. AUTHORIZATION. Authoritarian leader makes all decisions without consulting the
subordinates and closely controls work performance.
2. DEMOCRATIC. Democratic leader is group oriented and promotes the active
participation of subordinates in planning and executing tasks.
3. LAISSEZ-FAIRE. Laissez-Faire leader takes a “hands-off” passive approach in dealing
with subordinates.
A number of factors that encroaches on how well these three responsibilities are met are:
a. The Officer’s Leadership Style
b. The Community Preferences
c. Available Resources
d. The Officer’s Selection Process
A. TRAITS OF A LEADER
a. Bearing g. Discipline m. Judgment
b. Tactfulness h. Integrity n. Decisiveness
c. Initiative i. Dependability o. Patience
d. Courage j. Morality p. Edurance
e. Unselfishness k. Loyalty q. Enthusiasm
f. Knowledge l. Visionary
B. LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES
1. Know yourself and seek self-improvement
2. Know your men and seek out for their welfare
3. Be technically and tactically proficient
4. Set as an example
5. Train your men as a team
6. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your action and the action of your people
7. Employ your men accordance with their capability
Winning the respect and liking of the people supervised depends chiefly upon the
CHARACTER of the supervisor himself and the LEADERSHIP exercised. Appointment to a
supervisor position does not in itself guarantee that a man will automatically become accepted as
a leader, BECAUSE LEADERSHIP MUST BE EARNED.
The real leader is business-like, but he looks a thing in a friendly fashion. That many
people will work for less money to stay with friendly supervisor. One would like to work for the
man who looks at everything in a friendly manner. A ready smile, a friendly approach, will
OPEN LIKE MAGIC in a workplace like POLICE OFFICE or POLICE STATION.
To develop friendly personality, a supervisor or a leader may try the following:
a. Be conscious of the other person and not what he done;
b. Assume that people like you;
c. When you greet person, greet him empathetically;
d. Build up the other fellow’s feeling of self-worth
e. Admit your own defects, anyway no one is perfect;
f. Practice use of the word YOU and avoid the word I;
g. Admire your friends and workers; and
h. Associate with other people who are successful and happy.
A. Definition of Management
MANAGEMENT is the process of directing and facilitating the work of people
organized in formal groups in order to achieve a desired goal.
POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT is the art of preparing, organizing and
directing the efforts of members of a police in order that they may achieve accomplishment of
police purpose
Nature of Management
Management embraces the essential elements of authority and responsibility exercised in
the process of organizing and directing people at work so that they may obtain their maximum
efficiency both for themselves and the organization where they belong. It is concerned in placing
the right people on the right job and in maintaining satisfied work force. It accomplishes its
objectives through the effective use of men, money, materials, methods, and machines (SM’s of
Management)
B. Elements of Management
C. Functions of Management
According to Prof. Luther Gulick, the seven basic functions of management may be
summed up by the word POSDCORB and this stands for the following:
Command Responsibility
Command responsibility is a doctrine existing both in the Philippines Armed Forces and
National Police. This doctrine was established in order to ensure a more effective, sustained, and
successful campaign against unprincipled and erring government officials in administering their
offices or organization.
This was rationalized on the context that strict and effective management and control of
an organization by the supervisor is critical in ensuring responsive delivery of services by the
government especially in police matters. It is therefore expected that a supervisor or commander
is duty-bound and, as such, is expected to closely MONITOR, SUPERVISE, DIRECT,
COORDINATE, and CONTROL the overall activities of his subordinates within his area of
jurisdiction, and can be held administratively accountable for neglect of duty in taking
appropriate action to discipline his men.
This was institutionalized under Executive Order No. 226. The full text of the
Executive Order was included here as a mechanism of effective police administration and
supervision and is part of the appendices found in the last portion of this book.
A true leader is one, who by his ideals, qualities, and potentials can create worthy
aspiration; and by his precepts and example can correct others to that aspiration, and lead them in
an unselfish cause. In the police service, we need leaders who can both inspire his men to do
things productively and effectively and CONVINCE, PERSUADE and MOTIVATE other who
at first do not want to do their jobs or works and make them enjoy doing them soundly.
Basically, these are the basic functions and the very quality of a Police Manager.
ELEMENTS OF DECISION-MAKING
1. Choice (option)
2. Consciousness (knowledge)
3. Orientation (experience)
CONCEPT OF DECISION-MAKING
Decision are to conform to right and law, they are to be viewed to one’s own conscience
and are to be justified by all consequences.
Decision cannot be made if the leader does not have the choice between courses of
action. If only one choice is available, no decision is required. Once the decision is made, it is
time to act. The decision must be put into effect and then evaluate to ensure that the desire results
are being achieved. Because that which is a good decision today may not be a good decision
tomorrow.
ERRORS IN DECISION-MAKING
1. Haphazard/Careless/Inappropriate decision-making
2. Dealing with the symptoms rather than causes of a problem.
3. Failure to solicit guidance, advises, coordination and consultation to:
4. Blased and prejudiced, partiality and factionalism, and pride, etc.
5. Immorality, corruption’s mismanagement, undisciplined, etc.
GUIDANCE IN DECISION-MAKING
A. Divine Wisdom
B. Education, Training and Experiences
C. Professional Commitment
D. Culture and Values
5. Police Training and Development – refers to any method used to improve the attitude,
knowledge and skill or behavior pattern of an employee for adequate performance of a
given job.
6. Police Appraisal or Performance Rating – performance rating is the evaluation of the
traits, behavior and effectiveness of a police officer on the job as determined by work
standards.
7. Police Compensation – financial compensation in the form of wages of salaries constitutes
the largest single expenditure for most organizations.
Police Personnel Programs and Policies
Nature of Personnel Programs
Personnel Programs refers to the activities programmed to implement the
organization philosophy or creed and the personnel philosophy of central managers in relation to
people so as to accomplish organizational objectives.
Dissemination of Policies
1. Police Handbooks – these handbooks are distributed to all personnel, and contain
among other things, information about the benefits and services that the organization
grants to its officers, the organization’s history, its organizational structure, its officers
and other information useful to the officers in understanding their relationship with the
organization.
2. Police Manual – a policy manual covering all police personnel policies and
procedures, if made available to managers and supervisors, will be a great help in their
decision making and employees relationship.
3. Memoranda and Circulars – memoranda and circulars are another common means of
communicating police policies to all officers.
4. Bulletin Boards – organizational policies, rule and regulations, and activities may be
typed out mimeographed and the posted on bulletin boards.
5. Meetings or Conferences – are often held to inform officers about new policies, their
objectives and implementation.
6. Police publications – communication has gained such importance to and attention by
management in recent years.
On Selection Procedures
The purpose of the selection process is to secure these candidates who have the highest
potential for developing into good policemen. The process involves two basic functions. The first
function is to measure each candidate’s qualifications against whose ideal qualification that are
established chiefly through job analysis. The second function, because of the comparative nature
of the merit system, is to rank the candidates relatively on the basis of their qualifications.
POLICE APPOINTMENT
Any applicant who meets the general qualifications for appointment to police service
and who passes the tests required in the screening procedures, shall be recommended for initial
appointment and shall be classified as follows:
Temporary – if the applicant passes through the waiver program as provided in RA
8551.
Probationary – if the applicant passes through the regular screening procedures.
Permanent – if the applicant able to finish the required field training program for
permanency.
POLICE TRAINING
Organized Training – is the means by which officers are provided with the knowledge and
skills required in the performance of their multiple, complex duties, in order that the
recruit officer may commence his career with a sound foundation of police knowledge
and techniques, it is most important that the entrance level training he soundly
conceived, carefully organized and well-presented.
POLICE APPRAISAL
Appraisal refers to the process off measuring the performance of people in achieving
goals and objectives. It is also known as “performance evaluation system”.
POLICE PROMOTION
Promotion is a system of increasing the rank of a member of the police service. It has
the following objectives:
a. To invest a member of the police force with the degree of authority necessary for the
effective execution of police duties.
b. To place the police officer in a position of increased responsibility where he can make
full use of his capabilities.
c. To provide and promote incentives, thus motivating greater effort of all members of
the police force, which will gradually improve efficiency in police works.
Under the law, the NAPOLCOM shall establish a system of promotion for uniformed
and non-uniformed members of the PNP, which shall be based on:
a. Merit – includes length of service in the present rank and qualifications
b. Seniority
c. Availability of vacant position.
The promotion shall be gender fair which means women in the PNP shall enjoy equal
opportunity for promotion as that of men.
Preferences for Promotion
a. Appropriate Eligibility
b. Competency and vacancy
c. Seniority
Factors in Selection for Promotion
a. Efficiency of Performance
b. Education and Training
c. Experience and Outstanding Accomplishment
d. Physical Character and Personality
e. Leadership Potential
Kinds of Promotion
a. Regular Promotion
b. Promotion by Virtue of Exhibited Acts (Special Promotion)
c. Promotion by Virtue of Promotion
direction of police effort, in the supervision and control of personnel, and in the determination of
department policy.
Incidents to be Recorded
The following incidents shall be recorded in appropriate police records:
a. Violation of laws and ordinances reported and discovered
b. All calls in which member of the police force dispatched or takes official action
c. All legal papers handled such as warrants, subpoenas, summonses, citations, and the
like
d. Cases of missing and found persons, animals and properties
e. Reported vehicular and other types of accidents which requires police action
f. All personal injuries, bodies found, suicides
g. Damage to property
h. All cases in which police member is involved
i. All arrests made
j. Miscellaneous cases, general and special orders, violation of rules and regulations and
any other reportable incidents that the police commanders or supervisors desire to be
recorded.
4. All reports shall be checked to see that crime classification conforms to the forms and
classification of the offenses;
5. The offense or complaint report on crime cleared by arrest shall be noted as cleared;
6. Arrest record shall be complete, special care being taken to show the final disposition
of all charges;
7. Records shall be centralized;
8. Records and statistical reports shall be closely supervised by the chief or station
commander or any other superior officer;
9. Periodic inspection shall be made to see to it that rules and regulations of the local
agency relative to record creation and maintenance are strictly complied with and;
10. Statistical records shall conform in all respect to the uniform crime reporting
standards and regulations.
A. CASE RECORDS
The CASE RECORDS is the heart of any police records system. It is the basis for an
analysis of offenses and the methods by which they are committed. The following are the
different types of reports included under the case records that shall be accomplished by all
concerned.
A case record is composed of two categories, namely:
1. Complainant/assignment sheet, which reflects all information regarding complaints
and reports, received by the police from citizens and other agencies, or actions
initiated by the police.
2. Investigation reports which contains the finding of an action taken by the
investigating officer based on inquiries made and by obtaining the available facts of
the incident.
a. Case Report
b. Supplemental/Progress-Final Report
c. Continuation Report
d. Technical Report
e. Accident Report
f. Wanted Person Report
g. Daily Record of Events
1. Police Operations
2. Police Assignments; and
3. Admin. Instructions
B. ARREST AND BOOKING RECORDS
This record maintains the arrest and jail booking report that is required for all persons
arrested. It shall bear an arrest number for each made. Arrest and booking Records shall be made
out of complete information in full on each person arrested.
1. Arrest Report
2. Booking Report
3. Prisoner’s Property Receipt
C. IDENTIFICATION RECORDS
Identification record is the third major division of police or law enforcement records.
Fingerprint records are the hearts of the any identification system.
The various identification records for the identification of criminals and other individuals
now extensively used in police stations shall include ht following:
1. Fingerprint Record
Criminal Fingerprint – all persons arrested for an offense shall be fingerprinted and an
identification number shall be assigned to each prisoner to identify records relating to
him. A prisoner shall be fingerprinted each time he is arrested, even though his records
are already on file, in order that a copy may be sent to the NBI main office. The
2. Criminal Specialty or Modus Operandi File – This consist of photographic records and
modus operandi of known criminals. This shall be filed accordingly based on:
a. Certain Modus Operandi Characteristics
b. Major Classes of Crime
c. Criminal Behaviorism and;
d. Identification Number
D. ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS
These are records required in the management of the department’s personnel and
designed to aid in the following administrative functions:
1. Assignments;
2. Promotions; and
3. Disciplinary actions
Such records are so essential in administering personnel matters that they must be
maintained in a police department.
Other is of control characters such as:
a. Personal Records d. Assignment Records
b. Correspondence File e. Other Files
c. Memoranda, Policy Files, Order, etc.
E. MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS
Police stations perform a variety of service, which do not relate to recorded complaints.
In addition to the general classes of records, there is a miscellaneous group, which on occasions
created filling problems within a department. The average small police station may simply
maintain one file folder for its category. Each piece of correspondence, together with a copy of
the reply, should be filed in chronological order in an appropriate location file.
F. INDEXING
Police stations shall prepare and maintain index cards for all names appearing in the case
reports, and index card for serial number and description of recovered lost or stolen property that
has been brought to their attention. The following are the different types of “Index File”.
a. Master Name Index File
Index cards shall be made on all names appearing in the case report such as:
Complete name and aliases;
Names of complainants;
Victims;
Suspects and wanted persons
Addresses and locator of all persons whose name appear in the case report.
a. Property Index File
a. Numbered Property Index b. Unnumbered Property Index
Responsibility for filing each class of records shall be definitely assigned to one or more
designated clerks. Access to records cabinets shall be restricted to records division member only.
Documents security classifications must be applied in accessing records of the police stations
and officers as a practice. When any records is removed from file, an appropriate borrower’s slip
is used and a Charge-out Card is accomplished.
1. Borrower’s Slip 2. Charge – out Card
H. FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURE
It is essential that each Station Commander have an administrative device that will ensure
that all cases brought to the attention of the force shall receive appropriate attention. The
mechanics of the follow-up system consists in making use of one furnished copy of the
complaint/disposed of at the time of the original report.
I. SPOT MAP
Spot map are useful to indicate the traffic accidents, critical and crime locations. The
location and frequency of crime hazards aids in the direction of enforcement efforts. It provides
supervising officers with evidence of weakness of the police service in a certain locality and
shows the individual police officer where the attention is specially needed.
In place of the crime index and the location index, spot map shall be maintained by the
police stations for its use as follows:
1. Traffic Spot Maps
2. Crime Spot Map
3. Disaster Spot Map
REFERENCES:
BOOKS
Rommel K. Manwong and Gilbert C. San Diego (2006), Dynamics of Law Enforcement
and Public Safety Administration (1st Edition, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s
Book Trading, Inc.
Rommel K. Manwong and Darlito Bernard G. Delizo(2010), Law Enforcement
Administartion, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
Jonah B. Badua (2010), Textbook in Police Personnel and Records Management for
Criminal Justice Education, Quezon City, Philippines:Wiseman’s Book Trading, Inc.
JUAN L. AGAS & RICARDO M. GUEVARA (2008), Criminology Glossary, Quezon
City, Philippines, Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.
Special Laws
Definition of Terms
2. Urban-Commercial Society – has civil law (some standards and customs are written
down), specialized police forces (some for religious offense, others for enforcing the
King‘s Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient.
3. Urban- Industrial Society – not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibit) but laws
that prescribe good behavior, police become specialized in how to handle property crimes,
and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and
disincentives.
4. Bureaucratic Society – has a system of laws (along with army lawyers), police who tend
to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding.
5. Post-Modern Society – where the emphasis is upon the meaning of words and the
deconstruction of institutions.
The role of the international police in the control of the impact of globalization in
policing and human rights violations is tremendous being uniquely positioned to contribute
substantially to the success of all law enforcements efforts aimed at combating global crimes,
human rights violations and terrorism.
About INTERPOL
INTERPOL is the world‘s largest international police organization, with 190 member
countries. Created in 1923, it facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and
3 | P a g e LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION/Charlemagne James P. Ramos R.C., J.D./2016
CSC-Antipolo City Pride/What Criminologist Knows?/2016
assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat
international crime.
INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic
relations do not exist between particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of existing
laws in different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
INTERPOL’s constitution prohibits ‗any intervention or activities of a political, military,
religious or racial character.‘
Non-member countries
1. Palau 5. Tuvalu
2. Solomon Islands 6. Vanuatu
3. Kiribati 7. North Korea
4. Federated States of Micronesia
INTERPOL’s Leadership
The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General work closely together in
providing strong leadership and direction to the Organization.
INTERPOL’s Structure
As defined in Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL (whose correct full name is 'The
International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL‘) comprises the following:
General Assembly
Executive Committee
General Secretariat
National Central Bureaus
Advisers
The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL‘s Files
The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization‘s Governance.
General Assembly - INTERPOL‘s supreme governing body, it meets annually and
comprises delegates appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important
decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances, activities and
programmes.
Executive Committee – this 13-member committee is elected by the General Assembly,
and comprises the president, three vice-presidents and nine delegates covering the four
regions.
General Secretariat - located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a
day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80
countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization‘s four official languages: Arabic,
English, French and Spanish. The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world;
in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d‘Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe,
along with Special Representatives at the United Nations in New York and at the European
Union in Brussels.
National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a
National Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the
designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member
countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and
apprehension of fugitives.
Advisers – these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the
Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.
Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files (CCF) – this is an independent body
whose mandate is threefold: (1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by
INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations, (2) to advise INTERPOL on any
project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of personal
information and (3) to process requests concerning the information contained in
INTERPOL's files.
are unwilling participants. It is a crime under international law and many national and regional
legal systems.
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY
INTERPOL offers tools, training and operational support to disrupt the organized criminal
groups that engage in various forms of this modern-day slavery, including:
■■Trafficking in women for sexual exploitation. Women and children are lured by
promises of decent employment and forced into sexual slavery.
■■Trafficking for forced labour . Victims are held in conditions of slavery in a variety of
jobs, including agricultural and construction work, domestic servitude and other labour-
intensive jobs.
■■Commercial sexual exploitation of children in tourism . Apparent in Asia, Africa and
Latin America, predators are attracted by the relatively low risk of prohibition or
prosecution in these destinations for engaging in sexual relations with minors.
■■Trafficking in organs . Trafficking in humans for the purpose of using their organs, in
particular kidneys, is a rapidly growing field of criminal activity.
Though there are many forms of trafficking, one consistent aspect is the abuse of the
vulnerability of the victims.
Training local authorities to detect and prevent human trafficking is also imperative. In
conjunction with local police, INTERPOL organizes training courses at the basic and advanced
levels that are tailored to the specific circumstances in each particular region.
ON DRUG CONTROL
The Criminal Organization and Drug Sub-Directorate is located within the Specialized
Crime Directorate of the Interpol General Secretariat. It is the central repository of
professional and technical expertise in drug control within the Interpol framework. Essentially, it
acts as a clearing-house for the collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of drug-related
information. It monitors also the drug situation on global scale, coordinates international
investigations, and maintains liaison with the United Nations, its specialized agencies and other
international and regional serve as a main source of professional and technical advice on narcotic
matters to Interpol bodies such as the General Assembly, Executive Committee and National
Central Bureaus.
The mission of the Criminal Organization and Drug Sub-Directorate is to enhance
cooperation among member countries and to stimulate the exchange of information
between all national and international enforcement bodies concerned with countering the
illicit production, traffic and use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
■ Project Drug.net - to tackle the growing area of drug trafficking via the Internet. Having
achieved its initial aim of creating a global network of specialists, this Project now
concentrates on supporting ongoing operations in the field.
■ Project White Flow - to boost intelligence exchange on South American-produced cocaine
smuggled into Europe via West Africa. Project White flow aims to gather identification
material on mid- to upper-level cocaine traffickers linked to Africa and to better disseminate
this data among INTERPOL‘s member countries.
■ Operation Ice Trail - to target organized crime groups trafficking huge quantities of
methamphetamine by courier and/or cargo shipment from Iran via Turkey to destination
countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
■ Anti-doping initiatives - INTERPOL works in partnership with the World Anti-Doping
Agency to fight the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport. A Memorandum of
Understanding signed in 2009 formalizes the sharing of information and expertise with a
view to dismantling the organized networks behind trafficking in doping substances.
In an operational case from 2010, known as Siska, INTERPOL helped coordinate the
investigative activities and flow of information between Belgium, Germany, Sierra Leone,
Switzerland and the USA to successfully dismantle an organized crime group trafficking
cocaine from South America to Europe via Sierra Leone. In July, a number of involved
member countries began coordinated, targeted operational activity against several members
of this syndicate, resulting in several arrests, house searches and seizure of numerous exhibits.
ON ENVIRONMENT CRIME
Environmental crime is a serious and growing international problem, with criminals
violating national and international laws put in a place to protect the environment. These
criminals are polluting the air, water and land. They are pushing commercially valuable wildlife
species closer to extinction and they are significantly impacting the biological integrity of the
planet.
the working parties is not Interpol‘s only contribution to combating ITC‘ but it certainly
represents the most noteworthy contribution.
Both disciplines make use of a range of analytical techniques and analysts need to have a
range of skills and attributes.
through a multi-disciplinary approach. Its primary objectives are to identify members of groups
involved in international terrorist activity and to provide a searchable database of wanted or
suspected terrorists. To date, 121 member countries have contributed to terrorism-related matters,
with 240 designated FTF contact officers forming a global network of specialists in this area.
Six regional task forces have been created, each coordinated by an expert in the field of
counter-terrorism for the geographical area in question:
■■Project Al Qabdah (Middle East and North Africa);
■■Project Amazon (Central and South America);
■■Project Baobab (East, West and Southern Africa);
■■Project Kalkan (Central and South Asia);
■■Project Nexus (Europe);
■■Project Pacific (Southeast Asia and Pacific Islands).
These projects are designed to identify active terrorist groups and their membership in
specific regions; solicit, collect and share information and intelligence; provide analytical
support; enhance the capacity of member countries to address the threat of terrorism, and identify
and request FTF contact officers in member countries.
A working group meeting is held annually for each project. These meetings are
operationally focused and bring together specialists to exchange information, examine the
current trends and issues in the region and discuss case studies. The working groups provide a
firm foundation from which to launch specific investigations and, ultimately, dismantle terrorist
networks and make arrests.
Terrorism in all its forms constitutes a grave threat to international peace and
security. INTERPOL has designated the fight against terrorism as a priority crime area
and has committed significant resources to supporting member countries in their efforts to
protect their citizens from all types of terrorism, including bioterrorism, firearms and
explosives, attacks against civil aviation, maritime terrorism, and weapons of mass
destruction.
Types of Notice
Red Notice Yellow Notice
To seek the location and arrest To help locate missing persons,
of wanted persons with a view often minors, or to help identify
to extradition or similar lawful persons who are unable to identify
action. themselves.
of UN Security Council
Sanctions Committees.
Volunteers
Formed in 1946, The Volunteer Special Constabulary (VSC). The VSC comprises of
volunteers from all walks of life in Singapore, from businessmen to blue-collar executives to
even bus captains, bonded with the same aspiration to serve the nation by complementing the
Singapore Police Force.
Civilian Staff
Civilian staff in the Police Force are deployed in areas such as technology, logistics,
human resource and administrative and finance services as well as planning and intelligence. The
civilian staff schemes falls under the general civil service schemes managed by the Public
Service Division. These schemes include:
Management Executive Scheme (MX) for degree holders
o Home Affairs Senior Executive (HASE)
Corporate Support Scheme (Cs) for diploma and below
o Technical Support Officer
o Corporate Support Officer
.
Uniforms of the Singapore Police Force
Dark blue (or more accurately Dacron blue) is the organizational color of the Singapore
Police Force, and has remained until 1969.
Police Pledge
Section 3 (3) Police Act. 1967 stipulates that the duties of the Royal Malaysian Police
personnel are as follows:
1. Apprehending all persons whom he is by law authorized to apprehend;
2. Processing security intelligence;
3. conducting prosecutions;
4. Giving assistance in the carrying out of any law relating to revenue, excise, sanitation,
quarantine, immigration and registration;
5. Giving assistance in the preservation of order in the ports, harbors and airports of Malaysia,
and in enforcing maritime and port regulations;
6. Executing summonses, subpoenas, warrants, commitments and other process lawfully issued
by any competent authority;
7. Exhibiting information;
8. Protecting unclaimed and lost property and finding the owners thereof;
9. Seizing stray animals and placing them in a public pound;
10. Giving assistance in the protection of life and property;
11. Protecting public property from loss or injury.
12. Attending the criminal courts and it especially ordered, the civil courts, and keeping order
therein
13. Escorting and guarding prisoners and other persons in the custody of the police.
RMP Organizations
Apart from the 2 departments involve in the administration viz Management Department
and Logistics Department, RMP have 6 departments involved in crime prevention they are:
Criminal Investigation Division,
Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division,
Internal Security and Public Order Department 9KDN / KA).
Special Branch,
Commercial Crime Investigation Department; and
They are led by the directors with the rank of Commissioner of Police (Army Equivalent
rank of 3 Stars Gen. or Lt. General)
The main branches under this department are: General Operation Force:
The Police Field Force (PFF) organized in battalions, was once the para-military units of the
Royal Malaysian Police. The force, which was also known as the Jungle Squad (Pasukan
Polis Hutan (PPH) in Malay) was tasked to operate in the jungle fringes in counter-
insurgency roles;
2 elite forces are known as Pasukan Geraka Khas (PGK) and Unit Gempur Marin
(UNGERIN).
The Federal Reserve Unit (Malay: Pasukan Simpanan Persekutuan) is better known with the
abbreviation FRU. Their role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief and rescue, as
well as special operations assistance.
C4-I Implementation System (abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications,
Computer- Integrated) unit is based at Police Control Center in all police contingents in
Malaysia.
Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unit or Unit Udara PDRM (UUP) is a special unit of
Royal Malaysian Police was a big role in this duties look after national security with through
surveillance and patrol from the air and help national security agency another.
Special Branch – This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national
security. Its role is to collect security intelligence related to both domestic and external
threats, intercept subversive activities by extremist groups and individuals which could
threaten the nation‘s stability. Also, it is in charge of obtaining, processing, evaluating and
disseminating information to other departments and organizations.
This department is divided into several branches: (1) Technical intelligence, (2) Social
Intelligence, (3) External Intelligence, (4) Political Intelligence, (5) Economic Intelligence; and
(6) Security Intelligence.
Commercial Crimes Investigation Department – This department‘s main function is to
investigate, arrest, and prosecute offenders committing white collar crimes such as fraud, breach
of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery, counterfeiting etc.
Ranks – Senior officer: Highest is Inspector General (4-Star) and Deputy Inspector
General and all Department head are headed by Commissioner of the Police. Followed by
Deputy Commissioners, Senior Asst. Commissioners I and II, and Assistant Commissioners:
(Gazette Officers) Superintendents are categorized into (3) Superintendent of the Police, Deputy
Supt. and Asst. Supt.; (Non-Gazetted Officers) Inspectors are: Chief Inspector, Inspector and
Probationary Inspector: Ranks and File Officers (Subordinate): Sub-Inspector (SI); Sergeant
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Major (SM); Sergeant (Sgt.); Corporal (Cpl.); Lance Corporal (L/Cpl.); and Police Constable
(PC).
Organization
Polri has a centralized command and divided into territorial forces
Provincial police (Kepolisian Daerah or Polda)
Regional police (Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwill)
City or regency police (Kepolisian Resort or Polres) and
Sub-district police (Kepolisian Sektor or Polsek).
The Thai police have low official salaries, typically 6000 baht ($125) per MONTH, (or
barely P6,000.00) and the police stations are poorly paid by the government.
However, the minimum educational specification for applying to the police academy is
completion of a high school education, and the requirements were even lower a while back (now
older police). While many applicants have a Bachelor‘s Degree. It‘s not a requirement because of
concern there won‘t be enough good non-commissioned personnel. There also needs to be better
training of non-commissioned officers in conducing investigations and the English language.
Kong Police Force as "Asia's Finest". And in having set up the foundation for the social stability
of Hong Kong, and has won a good reputation as one of the safest cities in the World.
In 2008, a rating investigation of Asian police departments voted by the Political and
Economic Risk Consultancy Agency, result in the Hong Kong Police Force have been rated the
excellence of Asian police departments. The rating awarders commented that the Hong Kong
Police Force are respectable and outstanding in their performance of upholding the law and
maintaining public orders, keeping the Hong Kong people living and working in peace and
contentment. Furthermore, a quantitative research derived from the United States of America and
United Kingdom with its statistical outcome, aims for the World's police forces' overall quality,
including local public security, case cracking rate, incorruptibility, professionalism and language
proficiency, etc. The result is the Hong Kong Police Force has been rated in the top of Asia, also
as one of the best of the World.
The current Commissioner of Police is Tang King Shing, including the Hong Kong
Auxiliary Police Force and civil servants, leading a force of about 40,000 personnel, which
makes Hong Kong the second greatest citizen-officer ratio society in the world. In addition, the
Marine Region with about 3,000 officers, and a fleet of 143 is the largest of any civil police force.
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police who is assisted by two deputy
commissioners - a "Deputy Commissioner - Operations" supervises all operational matters
including crime - and a "Deputy Commissioner - Management" is responsible for the direction
and coordination of the force management including personnel, training and management
services.
usage. These local government officers are not considered to be police forces as they generally
only have the power to issue fines and do not have the same powers as state police. They may
rely upon appointment as a Special Constable or legislated powers for their authority.
Policing agencies
State police also perform certain functions on behalf of the Australian Government such
as the enforcement of various Commonwealth Acts and Regulations in conjunction with the
Australian Federal Police and other Commonwealth officers.
While the Australian Capital Territory Police is under the jurisdiction of the Australian
Federal Police, the following policing agencies are regulated by their respective State or
Territory Government and are highly visible:
New South Wales Police Force Tasmania Police
Northern Territory Police Victoria Police
Queensland Police Service Western Australia Police
South Australia Police
Sheriffs
In recent years, the states and territories have returned the responsibility of recovering
court ordered fines to their sheriffs. In practice, the police often carry out the functions of sheriffs
and bailiffs in the country and more sparsely populated areas of Australia.
Imperial Guard
In 1947 the Imperial Police Headquarters (Kōgū-Keisatsu Honbu?) was created under
the control of the Home Ministry from the Imperial Household Ministry. It came under the aegis
of the National Police Agency of Japan in 1957. It provides personal security for the Emperor,
Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial Family of Japan, as well as protection of
imperial properties, including the Tokyo Imperial Palace, Kyoto Imperial Palace, Katsura
Imperial Villa, Shugakuin Imperial Villa (both in Kyoto), Shosoin Imperial Repository in Nara
and the imperial villas as Hayama, Kanagawa and Nasu, Tochigi.
Local organization
There are some 289,000 police officers nationwide, about 97 percent of whom were
affiliated with local police forces. Local forces include:
forty-three prefectural (ken) police forces;
Tokyo Metropolitan (to) police force, in Tokyo;
two urban prefectural (fu) police forces, in Osaka and Kyoto; and
one district (dō) police force, in Hokkaidō.
Prefectural Police
Each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative divisions corresponding to
those of the bureaus of the National Police Agency. Headquarters are staffed by specialists in
basic police functions and administration and are commanded by an officer appointed by the
local office of the National Public Safety Commission. Most arrests and investigations are
performed by prefectural police officials (and, in large jurisdictions, by police assigned to
substations), who are assigned to one or more central locations within the prefecture.
Experienced officers are organized into functional bureaus and handle all but the most ordinary
problems in their fields.
Kōban
Kōbans are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in
residential districts—form the first line of police response to the public. The Koban system is
composed of about 6000 police boxes (Koban) and about 7000 residential police boxes
(Chuzaisho). Koban is staffed by relatively small number of police officers (3-5 officers in usual),
and also Chuzaisho is usually staffed by a single officer. About 20 percent of the total police
force is assigned to koban. Staffed by officers working in eight-hour shifts, they serve as a base
for foot patrols and usually have both sleeping and eating facilities for officers on duty but not on
watch. In rural areas, residential offices usually are staffed by one police officer who resides in
adjacent family quarters. These officers endeavor to become a part of the community, and their
families often aid in performing official tasks.
Vigilance at the Koban and Chuzaisho is maintained by standing watch in front or sitting
watch inside, enabling police officers to respond immediately to any incident. While keeping a
constant watch, they perform a myriad of routine tasks, such as receiving crime reports from
citizens, handling lost and found articles, counseling citizens in trouble and giving directions.
Outside their Koban and Chuzaisho, police officers patrol their beats either on foot, by
bicycle or by car. While on patrol, they gain a precise knowledge of the topography and terrain
of the area, question suspicious-looking persons, provide traffic guidance and enforcement,
instruct juveniles, rescue the injured, warn citizens of imminent dangers and protect lost children
and those under the influence or intoxicated.
Radio-equipped patrol cars are deployed at each PPH, police station, Koban and
Chuzaisho. Police officers use them for routine patrol and rapid response. These cars remain in
constant radio contact with their police station and the communications command center of the
PPH. When an emergency is reported, this rapid response capability plays a major role in the
quick resolution of such incidents.
Riot police
Within their security divisions, each prefecture level police department and the Tokyo
police maintain Kidotai, special riot units. These units were formed after riots at the Imperial
Palace in 1952, to respond quickly and effectively to large public disturbances. They are also
used in crowd control during festival periods, at times of natural disaster, and to reinforce regular
police when necessary. Full-time riot police can also be augmented by regular police trained in
riot duties. Currently, there are 10,000 in the whole riot force.
Special operations
The National Police Agency has a counter-terrorist unit known as the Special Assault
Team, operating under police control.
A small number of anti-riot-trained police officers had been trained to handle incidents
that cannot be dealt with by regular police and riot police officers, but can operate independently
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or with SAT cooperation. These units include the Special Investigations Team of the Tokyo
Metropolitan Police, the Osaka Police's Martial Arts Attack Team and the Chiba Police's Attack
Response Team.
Rank
Police officers are divided into nine ranks: superintendent general, superintendent
supervisor, Chief Superintendent, senior superintendent, superintendent, police inspector,
assistant police inspector, police sergeant and police officer.
The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position of the Japanese police. His
title is not a rank but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On the other hand, the MPD
Superintendent General represents not only the highest rank in the system but also assignment as
head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.
Conditions of service
Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to the force is
determined by examinations administered by each prefecture. Examinees are divided into two
groups: upper-secondary-school graduates and university graduates. Recruits underwent rigorous
training—one year for upper-secondary school graduates and six months for university
graduates—at the residential police academy attached to the prefectural headquarters. On
completion of basic training, most police officers are assigned to local police boxes called
Kobans. Promotion is achieved by examination and requires further course work. In-service
training provides mandatory continuing education in more than 100 fields. Police officers with
upper-secondary school diplomas are eligible to take the examination for sergeant after three
years of on-the-job experience. University graduates can take the examination after only one year.
University graduates are also eligible to take the examination for assistant police inspector,
police inspector, and superintendent after shorter periods than upper-secondary school graduates.
There are usually five to fifteen examinees for each opening.
The police forces are subject to external oversight. Although officials of the National
Public Safety Commission generally defer to police decisions and rarely exercise their powers to
check police actions or operations, police are liable for civil and criminal prosecution, and the
media actively publicizes police misdeeds. The Human Rights Bureau of the Ministry of Justice
solicits and investigates complaints against public officials, including police, and prefectural
legislatures could summon police chiefs for questioning. Social sanctions and peer pressure also
constrain police behavior. As in other occupational groups in Japan, police officers develop an
allegiance to their own group and a reluctance to offend its principles.
Strength
Force Size 68,818 (2004)
Local Pop. 23,036,087
Headquarte No. 7, Section 1, Zhongxiao East Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei City
rs 10058, Taiwan
Operations
Superior Hou Yu-ih
Jurisdiction
Area 35,980 km²
The National Police Agency is an agency under the Ministry of the Interior, Republic of
China (Taiwan), which oversees all Taiwan police forces on a national level. The National Police
Agency is headquartered in Taipei City.
Ranks. Rank insignias are worn over the right breast pocket when in uniform.
History
The current police service in Taiwan traces its roots back to police forces established in
Taiwan during Japanese colonial rule, as well as police services established in Mainland China
during the early 20th Century.
The first formal police forces in Taiwan were organized by the Japanese Colonial
Government which oversaw Taiwan between 1895 and 1945. In the early years of Japanese rule,
rebellions were common especially in rural areas. With the passage of the "Bandit Laws", police
forces as well as garrison units from the Japanese military were tasked with suppression of rebels,
though large scale rebellions had largely died out by 1902. movement, Secret police forces were
tasked with keeping a close watch on political groups and agitators.
control, fire control and science, border police, crime investigation, maritime police, foreign
affairs, information management, law and other related subjects.
In 2006, police selection criteria were amended to include all persons with a high school
diploma between ages 18 - 28 able to pass a police civil service exam and undergo one year of
training. This removed the past requirement where only graduates of specialized police colleges
and universities were allowed to become police officers.
Conscripts may also choose to fulfil their mandatory twenty month national service
requirement in the Police Department following basic training. Conscripts are typically deployed
to assist local officers in positions such as traffic control, riot control, secretarial work, and basic
patrol. Conscripts serving in the police force are generally not issued firearms.
provincial or municipal police in Ontario and Quebec), more than 190 municipalities, 184
Aboriginal communities and three international airports.
The RCMP was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police
(RNWMP, founded 1873) with the Dominion Police (founded 1868). The former was originally
named the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), and was given the Royal prefix by King
Edward VII in 1904. Much of the present-day organization's symbolism has been inherited from
its days as the NWMP, including the distinctive Red Serge uniform, paramilitary heritage, and
mythos as a frontier force. The RCMP/GRC wording is specifically protected under the Trade-
marks Act.
Personnel
The RCMP employs 28,700 employees, including police officers, civilian members, and
Public Service Employees.
----------Total 28,700
Regular Members
The term "Regular Member," or RM, originates from the RCMP Act and refers to the
17,916 regular RCMP officers who are trained and sworn as Peace Officers, and include all the
ranks from Constable to Commissioner. They are the police officers of the RCMP and are
responsible for investigating crime and have the authority to make arrests. RMs operate in over
750 detachments, including 200 municipalities and more than 600 Aboriginal communities. RMs
are normally assigned to general policing duties at an RCMP detachment for a minimum of three
years. These duties will allow them to experience a broad range of assignments and experiences,
such as responding to alarms, foot patrol, bicycle patrol, traffic enforcement, collecting evidence
at crime scenes, testifying in court, apprehending criminals and plain clothes duties. Regular
members also serve in over 150 different types of operational and administrative opportunities
available within the RCMP, these include: major crime investigations, emergency response,
forensic identification, international peacekeeping, bike or marine patrol, explosives disposal and
police dog services. Also included are administrative roles including human resources, corporate
planning, policy analysis and public affairs.
Ranks
The rank system of the RCMP illustrates their origin as a paramilitary force. The insignia
were based upon the Canadian army of the time, which is almost identical to that of the current
British Army. Higher ranks have been increased over the years since the formation of the force,
whereas the rank of inspector, which was initially a subaltern, is now a field officer level, the
lower officer ranks having been dropped. With the military introducing the warrant officer, the
RCMP non-commissioned officers were maintained using the older military style.
The ranks of inspector and higher are commissioned ranks and are appointed by the
Governor-in-Council. Depending on the dress, badges are worn on the shoulder as slip-ons, on
shoulder boards, or directly on the epaulettes. The lower ranks are non-commissioned officers
and the insignia continues to be based on British army patterns. Since 1990, the non-
commissioned officers‘ rank insignia has been embroidered on the epaulette slip-ons. Non-
commissioned rank badges are worn on the right sleeve of the scarlet/blue tunic and blue jacket.
The constables wear no rank insignia. There are also special constables, auxiliary constables, and
students who wear identifying insignia.
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Federal
The federal government does not run a general purpose law enforcement agency.
National-level law enforcement coordination is provided by a board of cantonal police
commanders. The Federal Office of Police, an organisation belonging to the Federal Department
of Justice and Police, coordinates international operations and may request cantonal police
support for criminal investigations conducted under federal jurisdiction (such as with respect to
organised crime, money laundering and terrorism). The Office's investigative arm is the Federal
Criminal Police, which operates a small special operations unit, Einsatzgruppe TIGRIS, whose
existence was not made public until 2009.
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The Federal Department of Finance is responsible for the Swiss Border Guard Corps. The
military of Switzerland, led by the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports,
operates a professional military security service and a military police service. These services, as
well as the armed forces in general, can be tasked to support the cantonal police forces in
situations where civilian police resources are insufficient, such as catastrophes or large-scale
unrest. In this case, the military serves under cantonal civilian responsibility and command.
The Swiss Federal Railways operates a railway police service through Securitrans, a joint
venture with Securitas AG. Its agents are uniformed but unarmed, and may detain troublemakers
on the Swiss railway network.
Cantonal
The 26 cantonal police agencies and numerous municipal police agencies are the
backbone of Swiss law enforcement. They are not subordinate to federal authorities. Their
commanding officers report to the head of the respective cantonal or municipal department of
police, who is a member of the cantonal or municipal governing council.
Police training is conducted in cantonal service academies and at the Interkantonale
Polizeischule Hitzkirch, a joint police academy of twelve police agencies established in 2007.
Private
Several private security services such as Securitas AG and Protectas exist in Switzerland.
Their agents (except those of the railway police service as noted above) do not have any law
enforcement authority, such as the power of arrest, beyond that of ordinary citizens.
Organ Minim
Entr
izatio Retirem Minimu Highest um
Country Agency ance
nal ent age m Rank Rank Qualifi
Age
Name cation
Philippin Philip Departm 21 56 years Police Police Baccala
es pine ent of years old Officer Director ureate
Nation the old one General Degree
al Interior (PO1) Holder
Police( and
PNP) local
Govern
ment
(DILG)
New New New 20 55 years Constabl Commision Tertiary
Zealand Zealan Zealand years in e er Educati
d Govern old service on
Police ment/
Ministry
of Police
Japan Law National 21 60 years Police Chief Upper-
Enforc Police years old Officer Superintendseconda
ement Agency old (Junsa) ent ry-
in or NPA (Keishie) school
Japan graduat
e and
universi
ty
Graduat
e
Columbi Nation Ministry 21 50 years Patroller Commission High
a al on years old er of school
REFERENCES:
Rommel K. Manwong and Gilbert C. San Diego (2006), Dynamics of Law Enforcement
and Public Safety Administration (1st Edition, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman‘s
Book Trading, Inc.
Rommel K. Manwong and Darlito Bernard G. Delizo(2010), Law Enforcement
Administartion, Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman‘s Books Trading, Inc.
JUAN L. AGAS & RICARDO M. GUEVARA (2008), Criminology Glossary, Quezon
City, Philippines, Wiseman‘s Books Trading Inc.
www.interpol.org