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REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAMS AND FRAMES
Course Instructors:
Prof. Dr. Asad-ur-Rehman Khan /
Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
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ONE-WAY SLAB (Simply Supported Slab)
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ONE-WAY SLAB (Simply Supported Slab)
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ONE-WAY SLAB (Simply Supported Slab)
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
The most useful method for carrying out continuous
beam analysis, in the absence of software or the
moment-distribution technique, is the ACI Coefficient
Method. When the limiting assumptions of the method
are satisfied, the technique can very quickly provide
good structural analysis solutions for continuous beam
and slab systems.
The method located in ACI 8.3.3 is founded upon the
two fundamental relationships shown below:
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐶𝑚𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 2
𝑉𝑢 = 𝐶𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 /2
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
where:
𝐶𝑚𝑜𝑚 is an ACI 318 moment coefficient that depends
upon end conditions and moment location;
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
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ONE-WAY CONTINUOUS SLAB
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
Example 1:
The cross section of a continuous one-way solid slab in a building is shown in Fig. 9.6.
The slabs are supported by beams that span 12 ft between simple supports. The dead
load on the slabs is that due to self-weight plus 77 psf; the live load is 130 psf. Design
the continuous slab and draw a detailed section. Given: f ′c = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
Example 2: Example Demonstrating Use of ACI 318
Coefficients to Generate Moment and Shear Envelopes.
Solution:
1. Create a sketch of the system considered.
2. Validate that the assumptions for use of the
coefficient method are met.
3. Compute the factored loading and clear spans
4. Design and Detail the given beam.
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Q-2 Design the One-Way Slab for office building, assuming 20psf dead load on slab in
addition to its self-weight. Use f’c =3000psi and fy =60,000psi
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
Two-Way Slab
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
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ACI 318 Moment Coefficient Method
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INFLUENCE LINES
Influence lines are important in the design of structures
that resist large live loads.
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INFLUENCE LINES
Once the influence line is drawn, the location of the
live load which will cause the greatest influence on the
structure can be found very quickly.
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INFLUENCE LINES
Although the procedure for constructing an influence
line is rather simple, it is important to remember the
difference between constructing an influence line and
constructing a shear or moment diagram
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INFLUENCE LINES
Procedure for determining the influence line at a point
𝑷 for any function (reaction, shear, or moment).
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INFLUENCE LINES
Construct the influence line for the shear at point C of
the beam in figure
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INFLUENCE LINES
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INFLUENCE LINES
Construct the influence line for the moment at point C
of the beam in figure
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INFLUENCE LINES
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
Q-1 Calculate Shear and Moment at Point C due to series
of Concentrated Loads?
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
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Maximum Influence at a Point duet to
series of Concentrated loads
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INFLUENCE LINES
Example: Calculate Maximum positive Shear and Moment at Point B due to
series of Concentrated Loads?
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(Load Pattern or Pattern Loading)
A unique need in concrete design (especially when
one considers that reinforcement may be terminated at
various locations along spans) is to place loading for
maximum effect. Therefore, we would like to study
ways to place live loading in various portions of an
indeterminate structure to create maximum positive
moment, maximum negative moment, maximum axial
loading in columns, etc.
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(Pattern Loading)
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(Pattern Loading)
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(Pattern Loading)
Let’s Consider the 5-span continuous beam shown
below:
B D F H K
A C E G J L
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Mueller-Breslau Approach
For Pattern Loading
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
To do this, simply impart a deformation in the
direction of this internal force (i.e. positive moment)
and draw the resulting deflected shape of the
continuous beam.
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Any location on the deflected shape that is on the
same-side as the “zero-line” should be loaded and any
part “under” the zero-line should not be loaded. This
leads to the pattern loading shown below.
B D F H K
A C E G J L
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Now, let’s examine the loading required to create
maximum negative moment over the support at point
C on the beam. To find this loading pattern, we simply
deform the beam in the same manner as negative
moment at C would. This is shown below.
B D F H K
A C E G J L
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
The loading pattern that will deform the beam in the
same manner is that which will cause maximum
negative moment at C. This loading pattern is as
shown below
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
The Mueller-Breslau principle can also be applied to
transverse shear within the system. For example, to
create maximum transverse shear in a span, we simply
deform the beam in a manner corresponding to
positive shear as shown in the example below
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
The checkerboard pattern that results is shown in the
figure below.
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
We should also be
concerned with creating
maximum moment and
maximum axial loading in
columns within the
framework. The deflected
shape shown to generate
single curvature bending
in columns CC’ and DD’.
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
The loading that accentuates this behaviour is shown
below.
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
As we will see in the design of column, both reverse
curvature and single curvature column bending will have
their own unique effects on assessing a column’s
strength. Reverse curvature bending can actually
improve the axial load carrying capacity when compared
to the same moment magnitudes causing single-curvature
bending.
If one would like to cause large magnitude reverse
curvature bending in columns CC’ and DD’, the loading
pattern shown below should be implemented.
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INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Simplifications Allowed in Frame Analysis
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Simplifications Allowed in Frame Analysis
The first aspect to the ACI simplifications is the creation
of a beam and column subassembly that can be utilized
for analysis. This subassemblage first defines a floor
level for consideration. The columns adjacent to the
beam defining this floor level are assumed to have their
far ends fixed if an intermediate floor is considered.
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Simplifications Allowed in Frame Analysis
These loading arrangements are shown below
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Simplifications Allowed in Frame Analysis
These loading arrangements are shown below
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Simplifications Allowed in Frame Analysis
The rather unique aspect regarding loading in concrete
design, is that shear force and bending moment
envelopes are used. One loading condition will provide
maximum positive moment within a span and another
loading condition will cause maximum negative moment
at the supports. As a result, we will be superimposing
different moment diagrams for different loading
conditions onto a single diagram that will be the basis
for the design of our member, including reinforcement
sizing, bar cut-offs, etc.
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Simplifications Allowed in Frame Analysis
A shear force and moment envelope diagram using the
three previous loading configurations is shown below
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Simplifications Allowed in Frame Analysis
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
The use of statics, moment distribution, slope
deflection, or matrix methods to analyze reinforced
concrete structures all depend upon an analytical
model. This model must be capable of capturing all
pertinent and important behavioral characteristics of the
structure and give accurate representations for the
internal forces within, and deflections of, the structure.
Modeling structures can sometimes seem to be equal
parts art and science. However, there are some
“standard” techniques that we may use to model
structures within the spirit of the ACI 318 provisions.
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Effective Span Length
𝑀𝑏1
𝑀𝑐1 𝑀𝑏2 𝑀𝑏3
𝑀𝑐2
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Effective Span Length
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Effective Span Length
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Effective Span Length
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Effective Span Length
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Moments of Inertia
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Moments of Inertia
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Moments of Inertia
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Moments of Inertia
One should always stop and consider what the ACI 318
provisions are “saying” when these types of provisions
are read. First of all, the moment of inertia of the
members in the analytical model are important.
Furthermore, cracking at the ultimate and service
loading conditions are very important to consider in the
analysis. Therefore, ACI 318 appears to be subscribing
to the following philosophy in the analysis of reinforced
concrete members:
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Moments of Inertia
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Moments of Inertia
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Support Conditions
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Support Conditions
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Support Conditions
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Support Conditions
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Support Conditions
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Support Conditions
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Support Conditions
The first two are very quick and the third requires a good
deal of engineering experience.
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Support Conditions
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Modeling or Idealization of the Structure
Support Conditions
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