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MODULE-3
Iron Carbide diagram
Carbon is the most common alloying element in the iron
which significantly affects the allotrophy, structure and
properties of iron.
The size of the largest atom that can fit in octahedral void is
0.52 A°. correspondingly the solubility is larger here compared
to ferrite. It is soft, ductile, malleable, tough and non-
magenetic.
The graphite flakes make the grey cast iron exhibit low shock
resistance.
The resultant cast iron has properties that vary from both grey
and white cast iron.
In case of malleable cast iron, the graphite structure is formed
into irregularly shaped spheroidal particles rather than flakes
that are usually present in gray cast iron.
• Full Annealing
• Isothermal Annealing
• Process Annealing
• Normalizing
• Tempering
Annealing processes
• Annealing is a heat treatment process in which the material is
taken to a high temp. kept there for some time and then
cooled in furnace.
• relieve stresses
Full annealing
• This consists of heating the steel to a temperature above the
transformation range, holding for one two hours and then
cooling at a predetermined rate to obtain the desired
microstructure. Grain refinement is accomplished in this
instance by the recrystallisation of the steel in passing through
the critical range in both heating and in cooling.
Isothermal annealing
• It is a type of full annealing in which the steel first is cooled to
the temperature at which it is desired to have transformation
occur, at a rate sufficiently rapid to prevent any structural
change above the temperature. The steel then is held at the
selected temperature for the time necessary to complete such
transformation.
Process annealing
• This consists of heating the steel to a temperature first under
lower critical point and holding at this temperature for the
proper time(usually 2 to 4 hours) followed by air cooling
Spheroidisation
• This is accomplished by heating to a temperature just above
the critical point and cool very slowly through the critical range.
The process consists of two steps. First, the steel is heated above
the upper (or only the lower) critical point and held for some time
at this temperature. At this stage, austenite is formed in the metal.
Process
• Heat the steel approximately 4°C above its upper critical temp,
held about fifteen minutes and then allowed to cool down in
still air.
TTT Diagram
Martensite Formation
• The Martensite transformation occurs in a wide temperature
range. It begins at a temperature corresponding to a point
Ms(Martensite start). When the cooling process passes through
the point Ms, austenite begins to transform into martensite.