Design of Steel Structure

Bridge Design Project

[DOCUMENT TITLE]

Submitted To:
Dr. Faheem Butt
Submitted By:
Hafiz M Nouman Khan
Reg No:
16-CE-157
Section:
A
Date:
17-05-2019

[COMPANY NAME] [Company address]

 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Dr. Faheem Butt

Associate Professor

Civil Engineering Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

May 17, 2019

Respected Sir,

As agreed by your given project, I am submitting the attached report of semester Project For
Designing the bridge in Kashmir Between Two small villages Sawan and Chinari lying along
the banks of the river Jhelum at Sri-Nagar Road

I had tried my level best to complete Project and as well as the report with respect to the desired
requirements. However, if any explaining is required, I would be honoured to oblige. Kindly
accept this humble effort of bringing forward our findings on subject matters.

Your sincerely,

Hafiz M Nouman Khan (16-CE-157)

1|Page
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chap # 01: Initial Data

Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………..03

1.1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………04

1.2 Truss Selection …………………………………………………………………………04

1.3 Loads on the Bridge…………………………………………………………………….05

1.4 Software .……………………………………………………………………………….08

Chap # 02: Final Report:

2.1 Calculations of Loads……………………………………………………………………09

2.2 What is STAAD Pro V8i…………………………………………………………………17

2.3 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………..18

2.4 3D view of the Bridge……………………………………………………………………25

2.5 Reference…………………………………………………………………………………26

2|Page
 Chap # 01: Initial Data:

Problem Statement

There are two small villages Sawan and Chinari in Azad Jammu and Kashmir lying along the
banks of the river Jhelum at Sri-Nagar Road. The People of these villages generally need to go
across the river to meet their relatives living on the opposite side. On the other hand, living on
the end of the river need to visit the former village to purchase grocery and related items as
well as meeting their relatives. The previous means of bridge was a rope bridge which is
dangerous and unreliable. A National Charity Organization with the support of the local
government initiated the step to build a permanent pedestrian bridge comprising of steel
trusses, Keeping in view the safety and reliability.

The river flows through this region in a gorge with a varying depth from 300 - 500 ft.
The selected location of the bridge site has a width of 30 m between the two ends of the river
as shown in the schematic diagram. The bridge may comprise of two trusses as supported
structure for a deck made of timber planks. Assume that the trusses are simply supported and
the load on the deck is equally distributed between the two trusses. Therefore, I need to design
only one truss which will be replicated on the side of the deck. The load to be considered for
the design of the pedestrian bridge is due to the people walking over it with their daily grocery
items as well as occasional gifts for their relatives. To maintain safety for pedestrian, the side
railing will be welded with the vertical / Inclined members of the truss, making it necessary for
the deck to be at the level of bottom chords of the trusses. You need to be extra cautious for
the wind blows since this bridge is over a gorge. Further, this area lies in high seismic zone and
has seen devastation in 2005 Kashmir Earthquake. Your services are required for the design of
the truss and its members only. You can happily leave the connection details (Welded
Connection) and Supports design for another volunteer.

3|Page
1.1 Abstract:
This report consists of the two chapters which I named as Initial Report and Final Report. The
Initial Report consist of the selection of type of truss, selection of loads, and collecting the data
which will use in the project, properties of truss, the software that may use in the Bridge design.

While the Final Report consists of the Calculations of the load i.e. Deck load calculations,
Seismic Load calculations from UBC-97 Tables.

1.2 Truss Selection:

There may be many trusses that can be used for Bridge making i.e. Howe Truss, Pratt Truss,
Lattice Truss, K-Type truss. So, in my project I selected the Howe- Type Truss.

1.2.1 Howe Truss:

It is a truss having vertical and diagonal members between the upper and lower horizontal
members.

Modern Study states that the Howe truss has individual spans that range from an unusually
short 6.1 m (20 ft) up to an impressive 61.0 m (200 ft). [1]

1.2.2 Geometric properties of the Howe Truss:

• Panel Length = P = 3 m
• Number of Panel = 10
--------------------------------------------------------------

[1] https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/04098/04.cfm

4|Page
 • As the height varies for bridge making is in between H= L/8 to L/12 so the I take the
Height is

L/10= 30/10 = 3m

Maximum Rise of Truss =H = 3 m

• Length of Diagonal Member = √(3)2 + (3)2 = 4.24

• Span Length of Truss = L = 30 m

• Spacing of trusses, Centre-to-Centre = S= 3m

1.3 Loads Acting on the Bridge:

The bridge will be subjected to different types of loadings which are as follow:

• Dead Load
• Live Load
• Wind Load
• Snow Load
• Seismic Load

The Explanation of the above describes loads are given below:

• Dead Load

dead loads account for the non-dynamic forces that place continuous and permanent force on a
structure. They consist of the building and all of its fixed components – both structural and non-
structural.

• Self -load of the Truss

There are many ways from which we can calculate the self-load of the Truss. Self-load of truss
may be assumed equal to 20 percent of all dead load acting on the truss. OR we can assumed
the value of self-load of the truss from LRFD AIDS book. However, this value can be revised
using Thayer formula.

• Live Load

Live loads are just one of many loads to consider during the structural design process. i.e. snow loads,
pedestrian loads, etc. Standard pedestrian load is 3600 N/m2 which is used on all sidewalks

5|Page
simultaneously with the vehicular design live load. Separate bridges for pedestrian and bicycle
traffic should be designed for a live load of 4100 N/m2. The dynamic load allowance is not
considered for these loads.

• Wind Load

the force on a structure arising from the impact of wind on it.The following graph shows the average
wind intensity during a year in Sawan AJK. And I would take the Maximum value of the Wind
Velocity in that region from the Following Graph. So that we can easily calculate the Maximum
intensity of Wind and can design the Bridge at maximum loads. And the maximum value of
velocity is 21.3 Kmph

• Snow Load

Snow load is the downward force on a building's roof by the weight of accumulated snow and iceThe
snow load is calculated according to maximum expected depth of snow in a particular locality
and density of snow.

Max. density of snow = 786 kg/m3

Max Depth of snow from last Ten Years in that Specified Region = 3.6 cm

The following graph shows past data of snowfall that had occurred in past year.

6|Page
 • Seismic Load

The seismic activities in near Muzaffarabad, Srinagar, Kashmir will exert a transverse load or
i6t can act on some angle on the bridge truss which will always act on the Supports of the
Bridge. The following figure shows earthquake near Srinagar, Muzaffarabad etc. and their
depth as well as their magnitude. About 14 years ago a magnitude of 7.6 MW seismic activity
had occurred which is largest seismic activity till now.

7|Page
 1.4 Software:

We can Design the bridge manually but it will take a lot of time. To Avoid the any
inconvenience or to design the Bridge in an easy way we can use softwares. The main benefit
of using the softwares is that it will save our, a lot of time. The followings softwares we can
use for design Bridge by trusses.

• STAAD Pro V8i

• SAP2000
• MDSOLIDS
• Lusas Bridge

But here I will use the STAAD Pro V8i

8|Page
 Chap # 02: Final Report:

2.1 Calculations of Loads:

➢ Live Load:

The value of the live load is simply taken from the STEEL STRUCTUERS 3rd edition. The
value of the live load for the pedestrian bridge is 4100 N/m^2.

➢ Dead Load:

The dead load is calculated according to the STEEL STRUCTUERS 3rd edition. The following
loads are considered, which are given below:

Deck Load Calculation:

Deck Dimensions:

(With = 2.5 m Length = 30 m Thickness = 1.5cm)

Density of Corrugated/Mild Iron Sheet = 7850 Kg/m^3

Volume of Sheet = 30*2.5*0.015 = 1.125 m^3

Mass = 1.125*7850 = 8831.25 Kg

Weight = 86546.25 N = 86.54 kN

Deck Weight per unit Area = 1.155 kN/m^2

Self-weight of purlins = 0.0981 kN/m²

Self-weight of bracing Element = 0.0392 kN/m²

Miscellaneous = 0.0588 kNm²

Total Dead Load = 1.351 kN/m2

Self-weight of Truss would be calculated Automatically in the Software.

9|Page
 ➢ Snow Load:

Depth of the snow is equal to the 3.6cm

Length of the bridge is 30m and width is equal to 2.5m.

Maximum Density of the ice for this area is 786 kg/m^3 Taken from BOOK. The calculation
are performed according to the STEEL STRUCTUERS 3rd edition

The calculation are given below:

Volume= 30*2.5*0.036

= 3.78 m^3

Mass= density * volume

= 786*3.78

= 2971.08kg

Weight= mass * gravitational constant

= 2971.08 * 9.81

= 29116.584 N

Load intensity = weight/area

Snow Load = 29116.58 / (30*2.5)

= 0.3825 kN/m^2

➢ Wind Load:

The formula use for wind calculation is taken by LRFD BOOK of 3rd Edition

P=Ce * Cq * qs * Iw

As the exposure height is 3m. so,

Ce = 1.25

As Velocity taken is 21.3 km/hr of that Specific region. So,

qs=0.0475v^2

10 | P a g e
 =0.0475*(21.3) ^2

=21.55

Iw= 1.0

Cq= 0.4 outward (for flat roof)

P= 1.25*0.4*21.55*1

= 10.97 N/m^2 = 0.01097 kN/m^2

➢ Seismic Load:

For the calculation of the seismic load, I us etheUBC-97 which is standard for the seismic Load
calculations.

We can find the total design base shear in a given direction by the following formula.

➢ Maximum design base shear Formula is given below:

➢ Minimum design base shear Formula is given below:

➢ OR If our Area where we have to find out the out the seismic load is in Seismic Zone 4,
then Minimum design base shear Formula is given below:

Where,

V= total design lateral force or shear at the base.

11 | P a g e
W= total seismic dead load

I = Building importance factor which is 1.25 taken from standard UBC-97

Z = Seismic Zone factor

R = response modification factor for lateral force resisting system

Ca = acceleration-dependent seismic coefficient

Cv = velocity-dependent seismic coefficient

Na = near source factor used in determination of a C in Seismic Zone

Nv = near source factor used in determination of v C in Seismic Zone

T = elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds

The values of these coefficient are given below:

W= total dead load

= 1.351 kN/m^2

I= 1.25

As our region is in Seismic zone 4. So, we would take Z following,

Z= 0.40

Seismic Zone MAP:

12 | P a g e
Now I would take Value of R from the Following Table. I am taking 3rd row from the following
table which contains the values of the Moment Resisting frame system and had take the value
of Steel. So, R = 8.5

13 | P a g e
From the following 1st table, I would select the soil type, then proceed to find the seismic
load coefficients

Finding the Seismic load Coefficients. Here we would take the maximum distance of the
Earthquake Epi Center.

Na= 1.0

Nv= 1.0

14 | P a g e
 Ca= 0.40Na

= 0.40

Cv=0.56Na

=0.56

Where:

Ct= (0.0853) for steel moment-resisting frames.

Ct= (0.0731) for reinforce concrete moment-resisting frames.

Ct= (0.0488) for all other buildings.

15 | P a g e
 Ht= height of truss=2.5m

T=0.0853(2.5) ^(3/4)

=0.169sec

Design force:

V= (0.56*1.25*1.351)/(8.5*0.194)

=0.57kN/m^2

Minimum force (for 4th zone):

V= (0.8*0.40*1*1.25*1.351)/8.5

= 0.00635 kN/m^2

Maximum force:

V= (2.5*0.40*1.25*1.351)/8.5

= 0.1986 kN/m^2

So, the value used for the analysis is given below:

Seismic load= 0.1986 kN/m^2

16 | P a g e
2.2 What is STAAD Pro V8i ?
STAAD Pro is a structural analysis and design software which is widely used to analyse and
design structures for bridges, towers, buildings, transportation, industrial and utility
structures. The software has now its latest version, STAAD Pro V8i with new and improved
features.

Main Advantage of this Software is that it reduces our manual calculation and time. This
Software confidently design steel, concrete, timber, aluminium, and cold-formed steel structures anywhere
in the world using over 90 included international design codes, regardless of which STAAD option you
choose.

➢ Advantage of using STAAD Pro Software:

• Faster method of designing the structure.

• Does not involve any manual calculation.
• Suitable for almost all types material for designing i. e. Concrete, Steel, Aluminium
etc.
• Shows accuracy in results i. e. Shear Force, Bending moment diagram for each and
every beam and column of the structure. That you were doing manually.
• Shows result for Number of reinforcements used longitudinally, Shear
reinforcement.
• Helps to make improvement in structure, section, dimensions.

17 | P a g e
 • You can design structure for any type of load i.e. Dead load, Live load, wind load,
snow load, area load, floor load etc.
• You can design simple beam to sky scraper and analyse whether it will fail at applied
load or pass.
• Easy to learn.

➢ Limitation:

• Not for brick masonry work.

• Does not show the amount of material used.
• Not for costing and estimating.
• Require proper skill for typical designs.
• And few other.

2.3 Methodology:

1. First of all I selected the truss for the bridge designing.

2. Then considers and collect the information of the loads that would affect the efficiency of

the bridge according to the region.

3. Then according to some suitable methods and standards, I calculated the Loads intensities

per unit area.

4. Then complete the design process in the Software. The software I used is the STAAD Pro

V8i

5. Now opne the Software and start with a New project.

6. After that a dialogue box in which there would be thw details of the units. Set the units in

kilonewton and meters.

18 | P a g e
7. Now from the Tab Menu, click on the Geometry and select the Run Structure Wizard. A

dialoge box will open.

19 | P a g e
8. Then from the dialoge box, select the truss that would be used for the bridge makig. Give

dimensions for the bridge and press apply so that bridge would be made.

9. Now click on thye General Tab which on the left side of the screen. So that process would

be proceeded.

10. Now Apply the Supports to the Bridge. I made the bridge simply supported just by

applying the Hing and Roller supports

20 | P a g e
11. Then go to the Load and Defination TABS for defining the loads i.e. Dead load, lilve load,

sesimic load , etc.

12. Define all the loads and put the Loads intnsities which we calculated earlier in units of

kN/m^2

13. Now I Applied all the loads according to their condition that how these loads would affect
the bridge by AREA LOAD Command.
14. Now Go to the Property Tab for Selection of material and Section of the Truss. I had
taken the STEEL as a structural material uing Define and Section Database Command.

21 | P a g e
Designed Sections
of the Truss

15. At the End, go to the Design Tab and click on the Define parameters and apply the

Yeilding limit of the steel and set the code AISC LRFD.

16. Now click on the COMMAND tab which is besides the define parameters tab and given

the commands for computing the complete process. CHECK CODE and TAKE OFF

commands should be selected.

17. Now click in the Analyse Tab and check the analysis whether any error is in the process
or not. If no errors in the process then our Design process is OK.

22 | P a g e
18. Now click on the select from Tab menu and then click on the By Specification and click

on the All Failed Beams. So that we can check is there any beam is failed or not?

19. If beams failed then go to Property Tab and click on the Section Database and I seclect a

economical Section for the bridge design that had not failed in given load conditions.

23 | P a g e
20. At the End print a Report from PostProcessing Tab.

24 | P a g e
2.4 3D View of Bridge:

Front View of Bridge:

25 | P a g e
Selected Section:

W250×49 is used for for the floor beams and vertical and diagonal members

W250×45 is used for the Top and Bottom chord

2.5 Referenece:

3 https://cedarstripkayak.wordpress.com/lumber-selection/162-2/

4 https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/04098/04.cfm

5 Steel Structures by Z.A. Siddiqi and Muhammad Ashraf

6 http://seismic.pmd.gov.pk/seismicnew/network.html
7 https://www.worldweatheronline.com/sawan-weather-history/azad-kashmir/pk.aspx
8 https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/sark-
chinari_pakistan_1164743

26 | P a g e