英文笔记

Articles (冠词) – A, AN, THE, 出现在 nouns(名词)之前

a 和 an 用在 singular countable nouns 之前，表示任何一个人、动物或物品 –
a bag, a book, a whale, a zebra
a 和 an 不可用在 uncountable nouns 之前, a rice, a water, a sugar, a sand
an 用在以 vowel sounds (a,e,I,o,u 的发音)开头的 singular countable nouns 之前-an apple, an eagle, an insect, an umbrella, an hour, an
honour, an honest boy, an heir
the 用在 countable nouns 或 uncountable nouns 之前，表示一个特定的人、动物或物品
the bag, the cat, the elephant, the orange, the apple, the umbrella
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Verbs (动词)， am、is、are 是 verbs
am/was 只用在 personal pronoun “I”之后， is 用在 personal pronoun “he,she,it”之后，are 用在 personal pronoun “you,we,they”
缩写: am not = aren’t, is not = isn’t, are not = aren’t, I am = I’m,
he is = he’s, he is not = he isn’t
she is = she’s she is not = she isn’t
it is = it’s it is not = it isn’t
is/was 用在 singular nouns (单数名词)之后
Kai Jing is a cook, The lady is a policewoman
Are/were 用在 plural nouns (复数名词)之后
Ali and Muthu are good friends, The vegetables are fresh, Those flower are yellow, Lions are very fierce
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Verbs (动词) – has, have, had
has 用在 personal pronoun (人称代名词)“he, she, it” 之后
He has a cold, She has no friends, It has a long neck
has 用在 singular nouns (单数名词)之后
A spide has eight legs, Dolly has fair skin, A car has four wheels, The plant has white flowers, Malaysia has many cultural groups.
have 用在 personal pronoun (人称代名词)“I, you, we, they” 之后
I have a football, You have colourful clips in the box, We have some money left, They have the same dress
have 用在 plural nouns (复数名词)之后
The boys have football practive this evening, His parents have a dinner to attend tonight, The visitors have tickets on hand
had 是 have 和 has 的 simple past tense (简单过去式)
I had my first football when I was ten years old, It had two levels, Alice had a nightmare
缩写: has not = hasn’t, have not = haven’t
He has = he’s he has not = he hasn’t
She has = she’s she has not = she hasn’t
It has = it’s it has not = it hasn’t

I have = I’ve I have not = I haven’t

you have = you’ve you have not = you haven’t
we have = we’ve we have not = we haven’t
they have = they’ve they have not = they haven’t
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Verbs (动词) – does, do, did
does 用在 personal pronoun (人称代名词)“he, she, it” 之后
He does he cleaning, She does badly in the driving test, It does the action after giving birth
does 用在 singular nouns (单数名词) 之后
Alex does exercise with his father, The boy does the sums himself, The dolphin does jump through the hoop
do 用在 personal pronoun “I, you, we, they” 之后
I do the shopping with my mother, You do the drawing better than us, We do one show each day, They do the calculation.
do 用在 plural nouns (复数名词)之后
Father and mother do the cleaning together, The monkeys do swing from tree to tree, The kids do the drawing with crayons
Did 是 does 和 do 的 simple past tense (简单过去式)
We did bake two cakes before 7.00p.m., Sam did ten questions in the test very quickly, The teams did perform well in the test.
缩写: does not = doesn’t, do not = don’t, did not = didn’t
He does not = he doesn’t
He did not = he didn’t
She does not = she doesn’t
It does not = it doesn’t
She did not = she didn’t
I do not = I don’t It did not = it didn’t
You do not =you don’t I did not = I didn’t
We do not =we don’t’ You did not = you didn’t
They do not =they don’t We did not = we didn’t
They did not = they didn’t
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如果句子的 subject (主语)是 he,she,it 或 singular nouns (单数名词),就必须用 singular verbs (单数动词)
- 我们通常在 verbs(动词)的词尾加 s, 使它变成 singular verb (单数动词)
He cleans, She scores, The kid climbs, Sharon walks, a cat mews
- 我们在以 sh, ch, ss, x, zz, o 作结尾的动词词尾加上 es,使他变成 singular verb
Wash – washes march – marches press – presses fix-fixes buzz-buzzes go-goes
- 多数以 y 结尾的 verb,在转变成 singular verbs 时，把 y 改成 ies
He carries, she dries the fish, This plane flies to the island every Friday, The cook fries
- 如果 y 结尾的 verb, 字母 有之前是 vowels (原音：a,e,I,o,u)，我们不会去掉有， 而只在动词的词尾加 s
He plays, The tourist stays, Mother pays
如果句子的 subject (主语)是 I,you,we,they 或 plural nouns (复数名词),就必须用 plural verbs (复数动词)
I clean, You score, We watch, They mix, Those planes fly, The cooks fry
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Simple Present Tense 现在简单式
i. The boy enjoys hockey
ii. The sun rises in the east
iii. She sweeps on the floor
iv. The desk looks brand new
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Present continuous Tense – am/is/are + verb 加 ing
Sammy is peeling oranges, The managers are carrying laptops, Bill is always encouraging Ali to study hard
Present perfect continuous tense – has been / have been + verb 加 ing
Li Ping has been waiting for three hours, Mohan and Jane have been working since yesterday
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Simple past tense 过去 j 简单式
i. Dan cleaned the room yesterday.
ii. He asked me for some money.
iii. I have just eaten a huge meal.
iv. He collected model toys cars when he was young.
v. She played tennis for the school.
vi. They painted different designs on the cloths.
Past continuous tense (过去进行式)的写法：was/were + verb 加 ing
i. Richard was swimming in the sea
ii. She was reading the novel
iii. Mary was baking when the telephone rang
iv. He was talking while she was eating
Past Perfect Tense 过去完成式的写法： had + verb 的 past participle
i. Marcia had seen the movie before it reached.
ii. Bob had eaten before dawn.
Past perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行式写法：had been + verb 加 ing
i. May had been waiting for hours before they turned up.
ii. He had been selling fish before he became a farmer
iii. Miss Lee had not been coming to the rehearsals.
iv. You had not been paying taxes [previously.
v. Jim had been calling her daily for a week.
vi. The clothes were wet because it had been raining
Simple future tense (未来简单式)表示预测会发生的事情 : I / You / He / She / It / They + will + verb
i. Frank will shut down the computer
ii. The boys will play football this evening
iii. Dennis will sweep the floor
iv. You shall not go out.
Future continuous Tense (未来进行式)的写法：will be + verb 加 ing
i. Melinda will be baking the cakes next Saturday
 ii. He will be cutting some wood in the afternoon
iii. Carissa will be visiting Malaysia.
Future perfect tense (未来完成式)的写法：will have + verb 的 past participle (过去分词)
i. Connie will have moved by the end of the term
ii. The staff will have completed the work by five this evening.
Future perfect continuous tense (未来完成进行式)的写法： will have been + verb 加 ing
i. Ali will have been flying for seven years when she resigns next month.
ii. It will have been raining for eight continuous hours by six o’clock.

Grammar
Nouns – Common nouns – cat, tigers, park, library
Proper Nouns – Persons = Dr Micheal, Puan Jamilah
Animals = Fluffy, Jingles
Things = Putrajaya, Stadium Negara, SJK(C) Panchor, National Mosque
Days = Sunday, Monday, National Day, Wesak Day
Months = January, September, December
Singular Plural
Boy, camera, river Boys, cameras, rivers
Bus, bench, tax, mango Buses, benches, taxes, mangoes
Army, lady, story Armies, ladies, stories
Loaf, knife, life, wolf Loaves, knives, lives, wolves
Foot, man, mouse, woman, child, ox Feet, men, mice, women, children, oxen

A / an Many A few
Child, apple, ape, pen books, cats, chairs, apples Boys, babies, durians, trains

Several A small number of A large number of

Shirts, rugs, boxes, trays, Girls, buses, dishes, boxes Oxen, children, parents, houses

Much a little Any/no A great deal of a large amount of

Sugar, flour, rice, salt News, rain, fluid, wind Rain, dirt, oil, tea Sand, time, information, Food, butter, noodles,
discussions soup

The Any/no Some A lot of/lots of Plenty of

Dresses, book, time, Clips, eggs, rain, coffee Trees, cakes, sauce, Birds, women, garbage, Tools, rooms, water,
money petrol syrup food

Collective Nouns
People
An army of soldies A bench of judges
An audience of people A bevy of beauties
A babble of barbers A board of directors
A band of musicians A choir of singers
A class of pupils

Animals
A brood of chickens A parliament of owls
A flock of birds / sheep A pride of lions
A herd of goats / deer A school of whales / fish
A pack of wolves A swarm of bees

Things
A block of flats A bouquet of flowers
A comb of bananas A set of tools
A cluth of eggs A hedge of bushes
A bundle of sticks A suit of clothes
Personal Pronouns
I- me, You-you, we-us, they-them, he-him, she-her, it-it
Possessive pronouns
my – mine, us – ours, you – yours, they – theirs, he – his, she – hers
Reflexive pronouns
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Irregular Verbs
The infinitive The simple past
Awake, become, begin, dream, drink, get, hang, hear, lead Awoke, became, began, dreamed, drank, got, hung, heard, led

Present tense Past tense

Beat, bet, broadcast, burst, coast, cut, put, quit, read, rid, set, shut, Beat, bet, broadcast, burst, coast, cut, put, quit, read, rid, set, shut,
split, upset, spread, hit split, upset, spread, hit

Phrasal Verbs
Add up = total, ask for = request, back up = support, cut down=descent, go through=practice, pay back=return, pill down=demolish, put
off=postpone, put up=set up, split up=separate, hang out=relaxing, hold up=delay, let down=disappoint, look into =investigate,
look after=take care, look for=search, own up=admit, taken after=look like, think over=consider, think up=create, turn in=go to bed

Conjunctions
（But=可是，Because=因为，So=因此）- 不可用在句子开头部分，（Although=虽然，Since=自从）-可出现在句子开头部分

Prepositions
In front of = 在…前面 behind=后面 at=在 above=之上 below=之下 beside/next to=旁边 between=之间
Over=位置高过某人/某物 Near=靠近 through = 通过-window, entrance, tunnel Across=越过-sea, road, river, desert
Along = 沿着-road,river,way,path Among=之间 Against=对着-wall, us,

Comparatives and superlatives

Positive adjective Comparative adjective Superlative adjective (the)
Short Shorter than shortest
Tall Taller than Tallest
Difficult More difficult the most difficult
Bad Worse Worst
Good Better best
Questions words 问题… ?

Who, What, When, Where, Which, Why, How, How much, How many
Subjext-verb agreement
Singular subject / Noun Present tense verb Past tense verb
I am was
He
She Is was
It
The boy / The girl

Punctuation
Father’s car (singular) I don’t (do not) The boys’ uniforms are in the class. (plural)

Vocabulary
Sports/Games 运动/游戏 Apparatus 用具 Venue 地点
Aerobics None Open space
Badminton Racquet, shuttlecock Badminton court
Basketball Basketball Basketball court
Bowling Bowling ball and pins Bowling alley
Football Football, football boots Field
Hockey Hockey sticks, hockey ball Field
Snorkeling Mask, snorkel, fins Sea/ocean
Roller skating Roller skates Outdoors
Table tennis Bat, ball, racquet, table indoors