Laboratory Experiment - : Communication Systems Laboratory (EECB 351)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
College of Engineering
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

(EECB 351)
Laboratory Experiment 1
___________________________
Author
Alshateri Mohammed Omar Mohammed (EP0102236)
Member
Khurd Hussein Mohammed Ahmed (EE0101851)
Section 03 Date 17-10-2019
Instructor Goh Chin Hock, Dr.
Remarks
Criteria Marks
Appearance, formatting and grammar / spelling. (2)
Introduction and objective (4)
Results: data, figures, graphs, tables, etc. (5)
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
Introduction
The EMONA 101 trainer kit is a single board trainer that makes teaching telecommunications
much easier for professors in introductory university and technical college courses. It offers wide
range of over 42 modern communication topics that can be studied with one compact trainer.
Examples of the modern communication topics are the amplitude and frequency
modulation/demodulation. The key to its versatility is its unique block diagram approach for
building experiments. By working at the block diagram level, it can help the students to learn
about the communications and telecommunications principles that fill the communication
textbooks. Among the block diagrams available in the EMONA 101 are master signals, buffer,
adder, phase shifter and voltage-controlled oscillator.
Objectives
1. To study the function of the communication modules available in the EMONA 101
trainer kit.
2. To investigate the changes of amplifier signal through different gain.
3. To identify the use of adder and phase shifter in producing voltage signal.
4. To analyse the effect of frequencies in voltage signal.
Results
Part A. –Buffer Module
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT
OUTPUT
Observation:
As recorded, the peak to peak amplitude for the input signal is 37.6V.
The peak to peak amplitude for the output signal is 174V.
Since the gain is represented as Av = Vout/Vin, the buffer module’s gain is
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
174V/37.6V = 4.62766
When the Buffer module’s gain control was fully turned anti clock wise
INPUT
OUTPUT
Observation:
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
4V/37.6V = 0.106383
When the Buffer module’s gain control was fully turned clock wise
INPUT
OUTPUT
Observation:
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
292V/38.4V= 0.106383
Part B. – Adder
When the G control (for Input A) was set about middle of its travel
INPUT
OUTPUT
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
When the G control (for Input A) was set about left of its travel
INPUT
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
OUTPUT
When the G control (for Input A) was set about right of its travel
INPUT OUTPUT
When the Adder module’s G control to fully clock wise
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Vin Vout Gain
Maximum 18.4 39.2 2.13

Input A
Minimum -19.2 -37.6 1.958
When the Adder module’s G control to fully anti clock wise
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Vin Vout Gain
Maximum 18.4 1.20 0.065

Input A
Minimum -19.2 -400m 0.021
When the Adder module’s g control to fully clock wise
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Vin Vout Gain
Maximum 19.2 39.2 2.042

Input B
Minimum -19.2 -38.4 2
When the Adder module’s g control to fully anti clock wise
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Vin Vout Gain
Maximum 19.2 1.60 0.083

Input B
Minimum -19.2 -800m 0.042
When both of the Adder module’s gain controls fully clock wise
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Observation:
As recorded, the adder module’s new output voltage is 150V.
Part C. – Phase Shifter
When the Phase Adjust Control to about the middle of its travel and the Phase Change control is
at 0-degree position.
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Observation:
The output is out of phase from the input by 180 degrees.
When the Phase Adjust Control to about the right of its travel and the Phase Change control is at
0 degree position.
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Observation:
The output is out of phase from the input by 180 degrees.
When the Phase Adjust Control to about the left of its travel and the Phase Change control is at
0-degree position
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Observation: As recorded, the input and output are in phase
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
When the Phase Adjust Control to about the middle of its travel and the Phase Change control is
at 180-degree position
INPUT OUTPUT
Observation:
Channel 1 (input) and Channel 2 (output) had the same Voltage value which is 37.6V.
Same amplitude and the wave length.
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
When the Phase Adjust Control to about the right of its travel and the Phase Change control is at
180 degree position.
INPUT OUTPUT
Observation:
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
When the Phase Adjust Control to about the left of its travel and the Phase Change control is at
180-degree position
INPUT OUTPUT
Observation:
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
Part D. – Voltage Controlled Oscillator
When the VCO module’s Frequency Adjust control to about middle of its travel. And the VCO
module’s Range control to the LO position. (when VDC was 20V)
INPUT OUTPUT
When the VCO module’s Frequency Adjust control to about right of its travel. And the VCO
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
When the VCO module’s Frequency Adjust control to about left of its travel. And the VCO
INPUT OUTPUT
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
When the VCO module’s Frequency Adjust control to about middle of its travel. And the VCO
module’s Range control to the HI position. (when VDC was 20V)
INPUT OUTPUT
When the VCO module’s Frequency Adjust control to about right of its travel. And the VCO
module’s Range control to the HI position (when VDC was 20V)
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
When the VCO module’s Frequency Adjust control to about left of its travel. And the VCO
module’s Range control to the HI position (when VDC was 20V)
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
When input coupling of the scope is connected to the Variable DCV to DC position and the
Variable DCV module is to the left.
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
When input coupling of the scope is connected to the Variable DCV to DC position and the
Variable DCV module is to the left.
INPUT OUTPUT
Observation:
Minimum DCV voltage = -2.52 V Frequency of VCO output = 95.48 kHz
Maximum DCV voltage = 2.36 V Frequency of VCO output = 138.52kHz
Part E. – Using the EMONA Trainer to Model Equations
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
When Adder module output is set up to be 4Vpp (2 kHz sine) + 4Vpp (2 kHz sine with phase
shift)
INPUT OUTPUT
When Adder module output is set up to be 4Vpp (2 kHz sine) + 4Vpp (2 kHz sine with phase
shift). The Phase Change control is 180 degree and adjusted the Phase Adjust control until the
two signals look like they’re out of phase to each other.
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
INPUT OUTPUT
Observation:
Q: Is the output waveform that you obtained is perfect?
No, it is not perfect.
The reason that we could not get perfect waveform is maybe because the phase difference of
both signals is not adjusted to perfectly 180° out of phase.
-Amplitude = 3.40 V
-The output waveform was nearly synchronized but not perfectly.
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
Discussion
Part A – Buffer Module
The buffer module is basically an inverting amplifier. From the experiment, the amplitude of the
input signal can be changed by turning the buffer module “gain” control knob clockwise or
anticlockwise. The “gain” control knob is initially set to the middle of its travel. The output
signal is observed to be 180° inverted with the input signal and have a higher amplitude than the
input signal. The input signal peak-to-peak voltage is 4.08V whereas the output peak-to-peak
voltage is 19.2V, which shows that the input signal has been amplified by the buffer module,
where the gain can be calculated as 19.2/4.08 = 4.706.
When the “gain” knob is turned fully anti clockwise, the output channel shows a constant straight
line. The output voltage is showed to be 200mV which is close to almost 0. This happens
because the gain is set to be too low. In this case, the signal is said to be attenuated or lost. The
signal gain is less than 1 and near to 0.
Very small close to 0

GAIN (very small) = Fixed
When the “gain” knob is turned fully clockwise, the output signal is observed to be 180° inverted
and very large in amplitude. The upper tip of the output signal disappeared and is said to be
“clipped”. Clipping occurs when the gain is too big for the input signal. From the results, it is
shown that the output voltage is 28.4V, which is almost 7 times larger than the input signal
voltage.
Part B – Adder
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
In the Adder module, 2 signals, signal A and signal B is being generated from the single 2kHz
sine wave and added together to see the output waveform. The output signal is observed to be
180° inverted with the original 2khz sine wave and the amplitude is larger. Signal A and Signal B
both have the same frequency but different amplitude. When signal A and signal B are added
together, a larger amplitude output signal with the same frequency is produced, which the
amplitude is observed to be larger than signal A and signal B.
Part C – Phase Shifter
The Phase Shifter module is used to change the phase of the signal, with the amplitude and
frequency of the signal remained constant. The output signal is observed to be moving left and
right when the “Phase” knob is turned anti clock wise and clock wise. When the “Phase Change”
control is set to the 180° position, the output signal is 180° inverted with the input signal,
meaning the output signal waveform is opposite the input signal waveform.
Part D – Voltage Controlled Oscillator
The VCO module is used to change the frequency of a signal. There are 2 ways to change the
frequency of the output signal:
i) Adjust the “Frequency” Knob in the VCO module

ii) Changing the voltage on the Variable DCV
The output signal is observed to have a lower frequency compared to the input signal when the
VCO module’s Range control is set to the “LO” position.
Part E – Using the EMONA Trainer to Model Equations
Signal equations can be tested and modelled using the EMONA Trainer.
The equation is given to be: 4 Vpp (2kHz sine) + 4 Vpp (2kHz sine with phase shift)
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)
By theory, we should get the output signal to be perfect 0 because both the 4Vpp(2kHz) signal
and another 4Vpp(2kHz) which is 180° are out of phase with each other and should cancel each
other to become perfect 0. In experiment, the output signal that we get is slightly crooked and the
amplitude is 400mV almost near to 0.
The reason that we could not get perfect 0 is maybe because the phase difference of both signals
is not adjusted to perfectly 180° out of phase. Other reasons would be faulty instruments and
materials used in experiment leading to inaccuracy in measuring and adjusting the signal
waveforms.
Conclusion
As for the conclusion, EMONA 101 Trainer is a simple and useful device in telecommunication
system. This device is simple and easy to use thus make it suitable to be use as a teaching
instrument to student in need to the introduction on how communication industry works out
there. The uses of block diagram in the manual also help student to understand the system faster
or less time consuming. The output signal can easily be changed based on the demand or how
we want the signal looks like by using this EMONA trainer. For this experiment, 4 basic usage of
this trainer has been introduced; buffer, adder, phase shifter, phase control shifter and voltage
control oscillator. We can see the result are different between 4 basic usage trainer that has been
used. From the results, we can learn how to read the graph and taking out the data that has been
showed such as minimum and maximum frequency, peak to peak voltage, amplitude and many
more.
Criteria Marks
Discussions (5)
Conclusions (4)

Laboratory Experiment - : Communication Systems Laboratory (EECB 351)

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Part A. –Buffer Module

The peak to peak amplitude for the output signal is 174V.

Since the gain is represented as Av = Vout/Vin, the buffer module’s gain is

The peak to peak amplitude for the output signal is 4V.

Since the gain is represented as Av = Vout/Vin, the buffer module’s gain is

The peak to peak amplitude for the output signal is 292V.

Since the gain is represented as Av = Vout/Vin, the buffer module’s gain is

When the Adder module’s G control to fully clock wise

Vin Vout Gain

Maximum 18.4 39.2 2.13

When the Adder module’s G control to fully anti clock wise

Vin Vout Gain

Maximum 18.4 1.20 0.065

When the Adder module’s g control to fully clock wise

Vin Vout Gain

Maximum 19.2 39.2 2.042

When the Adder module’s g control to fully anti clock wise

Vin Vout Gain

Maximum 19.2 1.60 0.083

As recorded, the adder module’s new output voltage is 150V.

Part C. – Phase Shifter

The output is out of phase from the input by 180 degrees.

The output is out of phase from the input by 180 degrees.

Observation: As recorded, the input and output are in phase

Same amplitude and the wave length.

Same amplitude and the wave length.

Same amplitude and the wave length.

Part D. – Voltage Controlled Oscillator

Minimum DCV voltage = -2.52 V Frequency of VCO output = 95.48 kHz

Maximum DCV voltage = 2.36 V Frequency of VCO output = 138.52kHz

Part E. – Using the EMONA Trainer to Model Equations

Q: Is the output waveform that you obtained is perfect?

No, it is not perfect.

-The output waveform was nearly synchronized but not perfectly.

Part A – Buffer Module

Very small close to 0

Part C – Phase Shifter

Part D – Voltage Controlled Oscillator

i) Adjust the “Frequency” Knob in the VCO module

Part E – Using the EMONA Trainer to Model Equations

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