Advanced Communication Lab

(15ECL76)

1. Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate
eye diagram for binary polar signalling.

a. Polar NRZ (Non-Return to Zero)

Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
h=input('Enter bit sequence:');
n=1;
l=length(h);
h(l+1)=1;
while (n<=length(h)-1)
t=n-1:0.001:n;
if (h(n)==0)
if(h(n+1)==0)
y=-(t<n)-(t==n);
else
y=-(t<n)+(t==n);

end
disp('zero');

else
if(h(n+1)==0)
y=(t<n)-1*(t==n);

else
y=(t<n)+1*(t==n);
end
disp('one');
end
d=plot(t,y);
grid on;
title('Line Code Polar NRZ');
set(d,'LineWidth',2.5);
hold on;
axis([0 length(h)-1 -1.5 1.5]);
n=n+1;
end
Command Window:

Enter bit sequence:[1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0]

one

zero

one

zero

zero

one

one

zero

one

zero

Output:
b. Polar RZ (Return to Zero)

Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
h=input('Enter bit sequence:');
n=1;
l=length(h);
h(l+1)=1;
while (n<=length(h)-1)
t=n-1:0.001:n;
if (h(n)==0)
if(h(n+1)==0)
y=-(t<n-0.5)-(t==n);
else
y=-(t<n-0.5)+(t==n);

end
disp('zero');

else
if(h(n+1)==0)
y=(t<n-0.5)-1*(t==n);

else
y=(t<n-0.5)+1*(t==n);
end
disp('one');
end
d=plot(t,y);
grid on;
title('Line Code Polar RZ');
set(d,'LineWidth',2.5);
hold on;
axis([0 length(h)-1 -1.5 1.5]);
n=n+1;
end

Command Window:

Enter bit sequence:[1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0]

one

zero

one

zero

zero

one

one

zero

one

zero
Output:

c. Half-Sinusoid

Code:
t = 0:0.2:2;
f=.5; %Input Signal Frequency
x=sin(2*pi*f*t); %Generate Sine Wave
x(x<0) = 0; %Rectified Positive Half Sine Wave
figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Rectified Positive Half');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
axis([xlim -1 1]);
x=sin(2*pi*f*t);
x(x>0) = 0; %Rectified Negative Half Sine Wave
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,x);
title('Rectified Negative Half');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
axis([xlim -1 1]);

Output:
d. Eye Diagram

Code:
%Function prz
function pout = prz(T)
pout= [zeros(1,T/4) ones(1,T/2) zeros(1,T/4)];
end

%Function prcos
function y = prcos(rollfac,length,T)
y=rcosfir(rollfac,length,T,1,'normal');
end

%Function psine
function pout = psine(T)
pout=sin(pi*(0:T-1)/T);
end

%Function pnrz
function pout=pnrz(T)
pout = ones(1,T);
end

%Eye Diagram Code

clc;
clear all;
close all;
data=sign(randn(1,400));
T=64;
for (i=1:length(data))
daTp((i-1)*64+1:i*64)=[data(i) zeros(1,63)];
end
yrz=conv(daTp,prz(T));
yrz=yrz(1:end-T+1);
ynrz=conv(daTp,pnrz(T));
ynrz=ynrz(1:end-T+1);
ysine=conv(daTp,psine(T));
ysine=ysine(1:end-T+1);
Td=4;
yrcos=conv(daTp,prcos(0.5,Td,T));
yrcos=yrcos(2*Td*T:end-2*Td*T+1);
eye1=eyediagram(yrz,2*T,T,T/2);
title('RZ Eye-Diagram');
eye2=eyediagram(ynrz,2*T,T,T/2);
title('NRZ Eye-Diagram');
eye3=eyediagram(ysine,2*T,T,T/2);
title('Half-Sine Eye-Diagram');
eye4=eyediagram(yrcos,2*T,T);
title('Raised-Cosine Eye-Diagram');
Output:
2. Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and
display the waveforms.

Code:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
n=input('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : ');
n1=input('Enter number of samples in a period : ');
L=2^n;
% % Signal Generation
% x=0:1/100:4*pi;
% y=8*sin(x); % Amplitude Of signal is 8v
% subplot(2,2,1);
% plot(x,y);grid on;
% Sampling Operation
x=0:2*pi/n1:4*pi; % n1 nuber of samples have tobe selected
s=8*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(s);
title('Analog Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(s);
grid on;
title('Sampled Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
% Quantization Process
vmax=8;
vmin=-vmax;
del=(vmax-vmin)/L;
part=vmin:del:vmax; % level are between vmin and vmax with difference of del
code=vmin-(del/2):del:vmax+(del/2); % Contains Quantized values
[ind,q]=quantiz(s,part,code); % Quantization process
% ind contain index number and q contain quantized values
l1=length(ind);
l2=length(q);
for i=1:l1
if(ind(i)~=0) % To make index as binary decimal so started from 0 to N
ind(i)=ind(i)-1;
end
i=i+1;
end
for (i=1:l2)
if(q(i)==vmin-(del/2)) % To make quantize value inbetween the levels
q(i)=vmin+(del/2);
end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(q);
grid on; % Display the Quantize values
title('Quantized Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
% Encoding Process
figure
code=de2bi(ind,'left-msb'); % Convert the decimal to binary
k=1;
for (i=1:l1)
for (j=1:n)
coded(k)=code(i,j); % convert code matrix to a coded row vector
j=j+1;
 k=k+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
subplot(2,1,1);
grid on;
stairs(coded); % Display the encoded signal
axis([0 100 -2 3]);
title('Encoded Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
% Demodulation Of PCM signal
qunt=reshape(coded,n,length(coded)/n);
index=bi2de(qunt','left-msb'); % Getback the index in decimal form
q=del*index+vmin+(del/2); % getback Quantized values
subplot(2,1,2);
grid on;
plot(q); % Plot Demodulated signal
title('Demodulated Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

Command Window:

Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : 4

Enter number of samples in a period : 8

Output:
3. Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its
constellation diagram.
Code:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
d=input('Enter input bit streams: ');
ln = length(d);
x= 0:1/100:ln*2*pi;
cc=cos(x);
cs=sin(x);
k=length(cc);
k1=k/ln;
%input data odd/even test
if (mod(ln,2)~=0)
d(ln+1)=0;
ln=ln+1;
end
for i=1:ln
if(d(i)==0)
d(i)=-1;
i=i+1;
end
end
% To make odd and even bit streams
i=1; j=1;
while((i<ln)&&(j<ln))
dd1(j) = d(i);
dd1(j+1) = d(i);
dd2(j) = d(i+1);
dd2(j+1) = d(i+1);
j=j+2;
i=i+2;
end
% To make bit streams eqv to sin waveform
t=1;
for i=1:ln
for j=1:k1
dd(t)=d(i);
d1(t)=dd1(i);
d2(t)=dd2(i);
t=t+1;
j=j+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
subplot(3,1,1)
stairs(dd);
axis([0 t -2 2]);
title('Input Bit Streams');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(3,1,2);
stairs(d1);
axis([0 t -2 2]);
title('Odd Bit streams with twice clock period');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(3,1,3);
stairs(d2);
axis([0 t -2 2]);
title('Even Bit streams with twice clock period');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(cc);
axis([0 k -2 2]);
title('Cosine Waveforms');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(cs);
axis([0 k -2 2]);
title('Sine Waveforms');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
len=length(d1);
if(k<len)
len=k;
end
%odd streams multiplied with cosine waveform
%even streams multiplied with cosine waveform
for (i=1:len)
qcc(i)=cc(i)*d1(i);
qcs(i)=cs(i)*d2(i);
i=i+1;
end
figure
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(qcc);
axis([0 len -2 2]);
title('Cosine multiplied with odd bit stream waveform');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(qcs);
axis([0 len -2 2]);
title('Sine multiplied with odd bit stream waveform');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
%QPSK output from summer
qp=qcc+qcs;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(qp);
axis([0 len -2 2]);
title('QPSK Waveform');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

Command Window:

Enter input bit streams: [1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0]

Output:

Code:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
num_symbols = 10;
a=1;
b=4;
int_symbols = a+(b-a)*rand(1,num_symbols);
int_symbols = round(int_symbols);
A = 1/sqrt(2);
qpsk_symbols = zeros(size(int_symbols));
qpsk_symbols(int_symbols==1)=A+1i*A;
qpsk_symbols(int_symbols==2)=A-1i*A;
qpsk_symbols(int_symbols==3)=-A+1i*A;
qpsk_symbols(int_symbols==4)=-A-1i*A;
plot(real(qpsk_symbols),imag(qpsk_symbols),'ored','linewidth',3);
xlim([-2 2]);
ylim([-2 2]);
hold on;
ezplot('x^2+y^2=1');
grid on;
title('QPSK constellation without noise');
xlabel('Real part');
ylabel('Imaginary part');
data =[0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1]; % information
figure(1);
stem(data,'linewidth',3);
grid on;
title('Information before transmitting');
axis([-2 13 -1.5 1.5]);
data_nzr = 2*data-1; % Data Represented at NZR form for QPSK modulation
s_p_data=reshape(data_nzr,2,length(data)/2); % S/P convertion of data
br=10.^6; %Let us transmission bit rate 1000000
f=br; % minimum carrier frequency
T=1/br; % bit duration
t=T/99:T/99:T; % Time vector for one bit information
y=[];
y_in=[];
y_qd=[];
d=zeros(1,length(data)/2);
for (i=1:length(data)/2)
p=data(2*i);
 imp=data(2*i - 1);
y1=s_p_data(1,i)*cos(2*pi*f*t); % inphase component
y2=s_p_data(2,i)*sin(2*pi*f*t) ;% Quadrature component
y_in=[y_in y1]; % inphase signal vector
y_qd=[y_qd y2]; %quadrature signal vector
y=[y y1+y2]; % modulated signal vector
end
Tx_sig=y; % transmitting signal after modulation
%qpsk=d;
tt=T/99:T/99:(T*length(data))/2;
figure(2)
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(tt,y_in,'linewidth',3), grid on;
title('Waveform for inphase component in QPSK modulation ');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(tt,y_qd,'linewidth',3), grid on;
title('Waveform for Quadrature component in QPSK modulation ');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(tt,Tx_sig,'r','linewidth',3), grid on;
title('QPSK modulated signal (sum of Inphase and Quadrature phase signal)');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
Rx_data=[];
Rx_sig=Tx_sig;
for (i=1:length(data)/2)
Z_in=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*cos(2*pi*f*t);
Z_in_intg=(trapz(t,Z_in))*(2/T);
if(Z_in_intg>0)
Rx_in_data=1;
else
Rx_in_data=0;
end
Z_qd=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*sin(2*pi*f*t);
Z_qd_intg=(trapz(t,Z_qd))*(2/T);
if (Z_qd_intg>0)
Rx_qd_data=1;
else
Rx_qd_data=0;
end
Rx_data=[Rx_data Rx_in_data Rx_qd_data];
end
figure(3);
stem(Rx_data,'linewidth',3);
title('Information after Receiveing ');
axis([0 13 -0.5 1.5]);
grid on;
Output:
4. Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system
by simulating the non-coherent detection of binary DPSK.

Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%Input Fields
N = 1e6; % number of bits or symbols
EbN0dB = 6:2:16; % multiple Eb/N0 values
M=2;
figure(1);
refArray = [1.0000+0.0000i 0.0000+1.0000i -1.0000+0.0000i -0.0000-1.0000i]; %
Constellation 2-DPSK
symErrSimulated = zeros(1,length(EbN0dB));
k=log2(M); % number of bits per symbol
EsN0dB = EbN0dB + 10*log10(k);
%—Generating a uniformly distributed random numbers in the set [0,1,2,..,2M-1]
data = 2*ceil(M.*rand(N,1))-1;
%—generating differential modulated symbols
% phi[k] = phi[k-1] + Dphi[k]
data_diff = filter(1,[1 -1],data); % start with 0 phase
s = refArray(mod(data_diff,2*M)+1);
%—Place holder for Symbol Error values for each Es/N0 for particular M value–
index =1;
for (x = EsN0dB)
%Channel Noise for various Es/N0
%Adding noise with variance according to the required Es/N0
noiseVariance = 1/(10.^(x/10));%Standard deviation for AWGN Noise
noiseSigma = sqrt(noiseVariance/2);
%Creating a complex noise for adding with M-PSK modulated signal
%Noise is complex since M-PSK is in complex representation
noise = noiseSigma*(randn(1,N)+1i*randn(1,N));
received = s + noise; % additive white gaussian noise
% I-Q Branching
% non-coherent demodulation
estPhase = angle(received);
% Dphi[k] = phi[k] – phi[k-1]
est_diffPhase = filter([1 -1],1,estPhase)*M/pi;
% Decision Maker-Compute
y = mod(2*floor(est_diffPhase/2)+1,2*M); % quantizing
% Symbol Error Rate Calculation
symErrSimulated(1,index) = sum(y~=data')/(N*k);
index=index+1;
end
EbN0lin = 10.^(EbN0dB/10);
symErrTheory = 0.5*exp(-EbN0lin);
semilogy(EbN0dB,symErrSimulated,'LineWidth',1.5);
hold on;
xlabel('Eb/N0(dB)');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate (Pb)');
title('Simulation BER for DPSK Modulation');
Output: