Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
GRAMMAR COMPENDIUM
TEACHER’S BOOK
2
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ
ТОМСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК
Издательство
Томского политехнического университета
2011
3
УДК 811.111’36(076.5)
ББК Ш143.21-923.2
А16
Абрамова Р.Н.
А16 Грамматический сборник: книга для учителя: учебное посо-
бие / Р.Н. Абрамова, А.Л. Ботова; Томский политехнический уни-
верситет. – Томск: Изд-во Томского политехнического университе-
та, 2011. – 76 с.
УДК 811.111’36(076.5)
ББК Ш143.21-923.2
Рецензенты
4
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 6
2. NOUNS ......................................................................................................................... 9
3. ADJECTIVES ............................................................................................................. 15
4. PRONOUNS ............................................................................................................... 19
5. NUMERALS ............................................................................................................... 22
6. INTERJECTIONS ....................................................................................................... 24
7. ADVERBS .................................................................................................................. 26
8. ARTICLES .................................................................................................................. 27
9. CONJUNCTIONS ....................................................................................................... 38
16. PUNCTUATION......................................................................................................... 70
5
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 State the definition to each of the following parts of speech and the questions that
this or that part of speech can answer.
PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION ANSWER
QUESTION
1. noun what someone \ something is called; What? Who?
the name of a thing, place, quality,
action
2. adjective describes the person, thing which a What? Which?
noun refers to
3. pronoun word that can be used in place of a Who? Whose? Whom?
noun \ a noun phrase
4. adverb adding to the meaning of the verb How?
states something about the action in
a sentence by modifying a verb
5. verb word \ phrase which expresses the
existence of a state or the doing of
an action
6. numeral expresses an abstract numerical
value, a numerical determination
7. modal verbs words used with other parts of
speech (noun \ and may change the
meaning of the word itself verb)
8. interjection expresses the feeling of the speaker \
shows the will of the speaker or his \
her order or appeal to the hearer
9. preposition concerned with our relationship with Where? When?
someone else How?
10. conjunction word used to connect different
phrases\ sentences
11. particle expresses a relationship between one
person, thing, event, etc. and another
12. article affects \ determines the meaning of
the noun
13. quantifiers often modify nouns and show how How much? How
many things \ how much of some- many?
thing we are talking about; some-
times refer to whole amounts; refer
to unspecified \ particular person \
thing(s)
14. determiner word which precedes a noun in a
noun phrase to indicate which
thing/person you are referring to,
and whether you are referring to one
thing/person or several
6
1.2 Discuss the position of each part of speech in a sentence.
In written English, the basic unit of expression is the sentence, and the words in a sentence
are classified into ten word classes, which I have already described.
1.3 Identify the word class of each of the words in the following sentences.
1. A young with long black hair walked confidently across the room.
art.\ adj.\ prep.\adj.\ adj. \n \v \ad. \ prep. \ art. \ noun
2. We often played dangerous games when we were children.
pron. \ adv. \ verb \ adj. \ noun \ conj. \ pron. \ verb \ noun
3. His old firm gave Sam a beautiful gold watch on his retirement.
pron. \ adj. \ noun \ verb \ noun \ art. \ adj. \ adj. \ noun \ prep. \ pron. \ noun
4. Catherine explained to me what the situation was.
noun \ verb \ prep. \ pron. \ pron. \ art. \ noun \ verb
5. He bought a gift for his niece who lives in Australia.
pron. \ verb \ art. \ noun \ prep. \ pron. \ noun \ pron. \ verb \ prep. \ noun
6. That the match will be cancelled is now certain.
deter. \ art. \ noun \ verb \ verb\ adv. \ adj
7. In spite of the fact that hotel prices have risen sharply, the number of tourists is as
great as ever.
conj. \ art. \ noun \ conj. \ noun \ noun \ verb \ adv. \ art. \ noun \ prep. \ noun \ verb \
part. \ adj. \ part. \ adv.
8. Operations were difficult in the 18th century in those days there were no anesthetics.
noun \ verb \ adj. \ prep. \ art. \ numeral \ noun \ prep. \ determ. \ noun \ part. \ verb \ determ. \ noun
9. Joy is engaged to a daring very attractive young Air Force pilot.
noun \ verb \ prep. \ art. \ adj. \ determ. \ adj. \ adj. \ noun \ noun
10. We have 60 % chance of winning the next election.
pron. \ verb \ numeral \ noun \ prep. \ noun \ art. \ adj. \ noun
11. The material will be ready in ten days.
art. \ noun \ verb \ prep. \ numeral \ noun
12. We went round and round the town looking for the hotel.
pron. \ verb \ prep. \ conj. \ prep. \ art. \ noun \ non-verbal \ prep. \ art. \ noun
13. When I lived in London the postman usually delivered our mail at 7.
conj. \ pron. \ verb \ prep. \ noun \ art. \ noun \ adv. \ verb \ pron. \ noun \ prep. \ numeral
14. He could swim five miles when he was a boy.
pron. \ modal verb \ verb \ numeral \ noun \ conj. \ pron. \ verb \ art. \ noun
15. She asked her boss if she must work overtime.
pron. \ verb \ pron. \ noun \ conj. \ pron. \ modal verb \ verb \ adv.
16. Many people have been questioned and the owner of the stolen getaway car has been traced.
quan. \ noun \ verb \ conj. \ art. \ noun \ prep. \ art. \ adj. \ noun \ verb
17. It is feared that many lives have been lost in the train crash.
pron. \ verb \ adj. \ conj. \ quan. \ noun \ verb \ prep. \ art. \ noun
18. Charles I was beheaded in 1649.
noun \ numeral \ verb \ prep. \ numeral
19. They tried for hours but they couldn’t rescue the cat.
pron. \ verb \ prep. \ noun \ conj. \ pron. \ modal verb \ verb \ art. \ noun
20. Bill is only 9 months old and he is already able to stand up.
noun \ verb \ adv. \ numeral \ noun \ adv \ conj. \ pron. \ verb \ adv. \ modal verb \ prep. \
verb
7
1.4 Identify the clause elements in the following sentences.
Yesterday the newspapers labeled the match the event of the year.
adverbial \ subject \ verb \ indirect object \ object \ adverbial
The attendant has called me a fool twice.
subject \ verb \ indirect object \ direct object \ adverb
8
2. NOUNS
2.4 Point out the nouns and define the class each belongs to.
1. Don't forget, Europe is still the heart of the world, and Germany the heart of Europe.
(proper \ common-abstract\ common-class\ proper)
9
2. His face was sick with pain and rage. (common-class \ common-abstract)
3. He drank coffee, letting the warmth go through his cold, tired body. (common-class\
common-abstract\ common-class)
4. The mysteries of storm and the rain and tide were revealed. (common-class)
5. By this time, quite a small crowd had collected, and people were asking each other what
was the matter. (common-collective)
6. He was professor of physics. (common-class)
7. A band of dark clouds lay across the sky, and underneath it was the last pale brilliance
of the evening. (common-class\ common-abstract)
8. The crowd laughed and moved, pushing every way and everybody. (common-collective)
9. A stone caught her heel. (common-class)
10. George suggested meat and fruit pies, cold meat, tomatoes, fruit and green stuff.
(proper \ common-class)
11. The silver coloured carpet felt wonderfully soft beneath his feet, the furniture was of a
golden wood. (common-class)
12. The moon was shining through the tree stems when they sat again side by side on the
log seat. (common-class)
2.6 Translate into English, using a noun in the genitive case where possible.
1. Давид провел две недели в Ярмуте у мистера Пеготти. (David spent two weeks in
Yarmouth at Mr. Pegotte’s.) 2. Уезжая в Ярмут, мальчик ничего не знал о предполага-
емом (intended) браке своей матери. (Arriving to Yarmouth the boy didn’t know about
his mother’s intended marriage) 3. После путешествия, которое длилось несколько
часов, Пеготти с Давидом прибыли в Ярмут. (After a several hour journey Pegotte and
David arrived in Yarmouth.) 4. Приближаясь к дому мистера Пеготти, Давид увидел
детскую фигурку, стоявшую на пороге. (Approaching Mr. Pegotte’s house David saw a
child’s figure.) 5. Дядя Хэм и тетя Эмили усыновили их, когда они были детьми.
(Uncle Ham and aunt Emily adopted them when they were children.) 6. Пеготти с
гордостью говорила о доброте своего брата. (Pegotte proudly spoke about her broth-
er’s generosity.) 7. Двухнедельное пребывание в Ярмуте доставило Давиду большое
удовольствие. (David had a pleasant two-week stay in Yarmouth.) 8. В присутствии
10
мужа миссис Копперфильд боялась приласкать своего сына. (In her husband’s pres-
ence, Mrs. Cooperfield was afraid to hug her son.) 9. После минутной нерешительно-
сти Давид подошел к миссис Копперфильд и поцеловал ее. (After a minute’s hesita-
tion David came up to Mrs. Cooperfield and kissed her.) 10. После смерти жены мистер
Мердстон послал Давида в Лондон, где мальчик должен был работать в торговом
доме (warehouse) Мердстона и Гринби. (After his wife’s death, Mr. Merdson send the
boy to London to work in Merdson and Grinbin’s warehouse.)
2.7 Underline the nouns and explain their functions in the sentences below:
e.g., Many young people leave their hometown for work in the big city.
people – subject
hometown – direct object
for work – prepositional complement
1. Philip (subject) heard a man’s voice (direct object) talking quickly over the phone.
(prepositional complement)
2. The boys and girls (compound subject) took some bread and cheese (direct object)
with them.
3. Mr. Smith (subject) was still thinking of next morning’s papers. (prepositional com-
plement)
4. The breakfast table (subject) at Mr. Boffin’s (prepositional complement) was usually
very pleasant.
5. The woman (subject) needed a good night’s sleep. (direct object)
6. I will have extensively studied English grammar. (direct object)
7. The woman (subject) whom you are looking for is she.
8. My professor (subject) recommended an extremely captivating book. (direct object)
9. The woman (subject) has always hated mice. (direct object)
10. America (subject) recently elected Barack Obama (direct object) president. (indirect
object)
11. The child (subject) drew his mother (indirect object) a picture. (direct object)
12. The students (subject) studied during their spring break. (prepositional complement)
13. Because of a lengthy delay, we missed our flight. (direct object)
14. We reserved twenty hotel rooms. (direct object)
15. The librarians’ report (subject) was informative.
16. The musician Stevie Nicks (subject) is a singer (predicative) in Fleetwood Mac.
(prepositional complement)
17. We decided to go home. (adverbial modifier)
18. Yesterday the children (subject) slept in late.
19. Both native speakers and ESL students (compound subject) must learn ten functions
(direct object) of nouns. (genitive case)
2.8 Underline the noun phrases in the sentences below. Put the head word(s) of the
noun phrases above in parentheses.
Ex. (Indiana Jones) is famed for his adventures.
Indiana – pre-modifier (noun as an adjective)
Jones – head (word)
for his adventures – post-modifier (prepositional phrase)
11
1. The teacher gave an (determiner) exciting (pre-modifier) lecture (head) on noun
phrases (post-modifier – prepositional phrase).
2. This news is such a (determiner) surprise (head).
3. My sister was born in the month of September.
4. The (determiner) battered old (pre-modifier) car (head) that my neighbour bought
yesterday (post-modifier) was parked outside my house.
5. The (determiner) stairs (head) in my house (post-modifier – prepositional phrase)
is made of wood.
6. The class was all (head) working on a project together (post-modifier – ing clause).
7. The police found some (determiner) glass (head) from the broken window (post-
modifier – prepositional phrase) on the ground (post-modifier – prepositional phrase).
One (determiner) of my (premodifier) friends (head) is a vet.
8. They saw an (determiner) old (pre-modifier) film (head) at the cinema (post-
modifier – prepositional phrase).
9. I have a (determiner) terrible (pre-modifier) headache (head).
10. His father went to school (head) to see his teacher (post-modifier – infinitive
clause). Many people spend their summer (pre-modifier) holidays (head) in one of the
many cities in Italy (post-modifier – prepositional phrase).
11. Venice looks just as beautiful the (determiner) first, second or third (post-
determiner) time (head) you visit (post-modifier).
12. Some prefer the (determiner) small (pre-modifier) town (head) of Lecce in the
south of the country (post-modifier – prepositional phrase).
13. Lecce attracts a lot of (determiner) Italian (pre-modifier) visitors (head).
14. Its (determiner) fine (pre-modifier) churches (head) are usually decorated the year
round (post-modifier – ed-clause).
15. The (determiner) mountain (pre-modifier) country (head) to the north of Milan
(post-modifier – prepositional phrase) provides skiing in winter and walking in summer.
16. Each (determiner) region (head) in Italy (post-modifier – prepositional phrase) of-
fers something different.
17. His (pre-modifier) translations (head) of ancient scripts (post-modifier – preposi-
tional phrase) show how intelligent and knowledgeable he is.
12
tunately forgeries of more modern paintings can be difficult to identify. (8) There are also
techniques available for testing the age and origin of a painting’s frame, paper or canvas
and backing. (9) However, many forgeries still slip through the expert’s net. (10) Many
insist that the best way to spot a forgery is to compare it with an undisputed original. (11)
One leading expert believes that no single scientific test can reliably prove a painting is a
forgery. (12) The important thing is to look at the painting as a whole.
(1) Art experts (simple \ common-class \ plural\ genitive) have a large number of scientific
ways (simple \ class-abstract \ plural) to check whether a painting (derivative \ common-
class \ singular) is a forgery (simple \ common-class \ singular).
(3) Ultra-violet light (simple \ common-abstract \ singular), x-rays (derivative \ common-
abstract \ plural) and powerful microscopes (derivative \ common-class \ plural) can show
modern paints (simple \ common-class \ plural) and repairs (simple \ common-class \ sin-
gular) which cannot normally be seen.
(5) One of the commonest ways of proving that a supposedly seventeenth century (simple
\ common-class \ singular) painting is a forgery is to find paints in it which did not exist at
the time that the original (derivative \ common-abstract \ singular) was produced.
(2) Forged paintings (subject) are often discovered because the materials (subject) used
were not available at the time the original painting (predicative) was made.
(4) Many new colors (subject) were introduced during the nineteenth and twentieth centu-
ries. (prepositional complement).
(6) For example, many forgeries of old paintings (subject-genitive case) were uncovered
when it was discovered that the artists (subject) had used titanium (direct object) white, a
paint (attribute) first produced in 1921.
(8) There are also techniques (head) available (post-modifier – adjective) for testing the
age and origin of a painting’s frame, paper or canvas and backing. (post-modifier – prepo-
sitional phrase).
(10) Many insist that the (determiner) best (pre-modifier) way (head) to spot a forgery
(post-modifier – infinitive-clause) is to compare it with an undisputed original.
(11) One leading expert believes that no (determiner) single (post-determiner) scientific
(pre-modifier) test (head) can reliably prove a painting is a forgery.
13
11. Согласно статистическим данным, почти одна треть населения Земли испы-
тывает недостаток пресной воды даже сегодня.
12. Наиболее важной проблемой является математическая природа задач……
13. Дурное окружение не влияет на хороших людей.
14. Следует видеть ситуацию своими собственными глазами.
14
3. ADJECTIVES
15
ture was so hungry, it had eaten a hole in the bag. Mr. Bell gave it a big meal of fresh
cabbage leaves which it really enjoyed. “It’s not such a tall story”, a scientist explained.
These creatures live on the seashore and don’t lead a fast life. They can hibernate years
without eating.
3.4 Put in relative pronouns where necessary. Underline the adjective clauses.
3.5 Complete the following dialogue using the correct word from the box.
16
something, you have a good laugh and you come out feeling relaxed and happy with the
world.
I’m surprised that you like his films. Although the special effects are good, the story
is always terribly simple.
He’s not my favorite, but his films are not bad.
3.6 Consider the uses of modifiers in this adjectivally rich paragraph from Thomas
Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel. (Charles Scribner's, 1929, p. 69). Underline them.
He remembered yet the East India Tea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the tur-
bans, and the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the
nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth,
the wet loaminess of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of
blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in
July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside a farmer's covered wagon; of canta-
loupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire of
coals. He knew the good male smell of his father's sitting-room; of the smooth worn
leather sofa, with the gaping horse-hair rent; of the blistered varnished wood upon the
hearth; of the heated calf-skin bindings; of the flat moist plug of apple tobacco, stuck
with a red flag; of wood-smoke and burnt leaves in October; of the brown tired autumn
earth; of honeysuckle at night; of warm nasturtiums, of a clean ruddy farmer who comes
weekly with printed butter, eggs, and milk; of fat limp underdone bacon and of coffee;
of a bakery-oven in the wind; of large deep-hued string beans smoking-hot and seasoned
well with salt and butter; of a room of old pine boards in which books and carpets have
been stored, long closed; of Concord grapes in their long white baskets.
3.7 The following paragraph is taken from D.H. Lawrence's short story "The Horse
Dealer's Daughter". Underline the adjectives, predicate adjectives, and modifying parti-
ciples in the order in which they appear. For the purposes of this exercise, we have not
included the articles "a, an, the", and we have not included the possessive pronouns
"his" and "her".
And he hastened straight down, running over the wet, soddened fields, pushing
through the hedges, down into the depression of callous, wintry obscurity. It took him
several minutes to come to the pond. He stood on the bank, breathing heavily. He could
see nothing. His eyes seemed to penetrate the dead water. Yes, perhaps that was the dark
shadow of her black clothing beneath the surface of the water.
He slowly ventured into the pond. The bottom was deep, soft clay, then he sank in,
and the water clasped… his legs. As he stirred he could smell the cold, rotten clay that
fouled up into the water. It was objectionable in his lungs. Still, repelled and yet not
heeding, he moved deeper into the pond. The cold water rose over his thighs, over his
loins, upon his abdomen. The lower part of his body was all sunk in the hideous cold el-
ement. And the bottom was so deeply soft and uncertain, he was afraid of pitching with
his mouth underneath. He could not swim, and was afraid.
17
the 16th century Spain was the most powerful country in the world.) 3. Волга длиннее
Днепра; это самая длинная река Европы. (The Volga is longer than the Dnieper, which
is the longest river in Europe.) 4. Ватикан – самое маленькое государство в Европе.
(The Vatican is the smallest country in Europe.) 5. Одной из важнейших проблем сего-
дняшнего дня является установление прочного и длительного мира. (The most im-
portant problem today is to establish stable and permanent peace.) 6. Можно надеяться,
что в ближайшем будущем культурные связи с Англией будут еще более тесными.
(In the near future the cultural relationship with England will be much closer.) 7. Точка
кипения (the boiling point) спирта ниже точки кипения воды. (The boiling point of
spirit is lower than that of water.) 8. Платина тяжелее золота; это один из самых
тяжелых металлов. (Platinum is heavier than gold; it is the heaviest metal in the world.)
9. Утро было прекрасное, но к вечеру погода стала хуже, ветер усилился, и темные
тучи покрыли небо. (It was a beautiful morning; but the weather became worse in the
evening and dark clouds covered the sky.)
18
4. PRONOUNS
4.1 Point out the pronouns in the following sentences and define the class each belongs to.
1. There's nothing (negative) for any of us (objective) to do. 2. Both (defining)
these (demonstrative) people were resolved to treat Mr. Polly very well, and to help his
(possessive) exceptional incompetence in every (defining) possible way. 3. Such (demon-
strative) were the reflections of Felix before the brass tablet. 4. She (personal) hesitated a
moment, and then sat down beside me (objective), and laid her (possessive) hand on mine
(possessive). 5. None (negative) of us (objective) except Collingwood knew what the
Prime Minister thought of Roger or his (possessive) policy. 6. There were some aviators in
the compartment who (relative) did not think much of me (objective). 7. Husbands and
wives never listen when they (personal) talk to each other (reciprocal), only when the
other (defining) is talking to somebody (indefinite) else. 8. Let me (objective) tell you (ob-
jective) something (indefinite). 9. There was at least one person in the world who (inter-
rogative) knew that he (personal) was alive and attached some importance to the fact. 10.
We (personal) said good-bye to one another (reciprocal) and arranged to meet in the
autumn.
4.3 Point out the reflexive pronouns and define their function.
1. Much more than most politicians Gave knew himself (adverbial modifier of
manner). 2. He did not doubt the logic, he realized suddenly; what he was doubting was
himself (predicative). 3. Still, he must be thankful that she had been too young to do any-
thing in that war itself (attribute). 4. Miss Adele Gerry opened the door herself (direct ob-
ject). 5. They blamed themselves (direct object) for this unlucky marriage. 6. The theatre
manager himself (attribute)... came to shake hands with them. 7. I have made myself (ad-
verbial modifier of manner) perfectly pleasant here. 8. I want to be kept in constant touch
with his progress myself (preceded by a preposition).
19
4.5 Underline the pronouns and analyze them – type, function in the sentence.
1. It (personal – subject) follows that (conjunctive – a subordinate clause) this (demon-
strative – subject) is not satisfactory way for preparing it.
2. The level density is roughly the same (demonstrative predicative) – in all (defining–
attribute) the cases.
3. Now the impulse appeared, now it (personal – subject) disappeared.
4. It (personal – subject) reflects itself (reflexive – direct object) in many organizations.
5. The authors restricted themselves (reflexive – attribute) only to a description of the phe-
nomenon.
6. It (personal – subject) is surprising that (conjunctive – a subordinate clause) such
(demonstrative – attribute) a simple measure should give such (demonstrative – attribute)
constant information.
7. The confidence was destroyed by the mistakes made by him (objective – adverbial mod-
ifier of manner).
8. This (demonstrative – subject) is exactly the subject of the paper.
20
duce my friends. They are Lena and Alexei). 11. Наша семья любит ездить в Крым. Мы
любим его природу. (My family likes traveling to the Crimea. We like its nature). 12. Он
останется с нами на выходные? – Поговори с ним об этом. (Will he stay with us at the
weekends? Talk to him about this). 13. Никогда не обсуждай свои личные проблемы на
работе. (Never discuss your personal problems at work). 14. Помой руки и иди с нами
обедать. (Wash your hands and have dinner with us). 15. Слушай советы, но не всегда
им следуй. (Listen to advice, but do not always follow it). 16. Моя дочь не любит боль-
ших животных. (My daughter dislikes big animals). 17. Цветы очень красивые. Ты их
видел? – Нет, а кто их принес? (The flowers are beautiful. Did you see them? – No, who
brought them?). 18. Тим предложил им пригласить нас на их свадьбу. (Tim asked them
to invite us to their wedding). 19. Эти деньги его. Дай их ему и поблагодари его. (This
is his money. Give it to him and thank him). 20. Я не интересуюсь компьютерными иг-
рами. Я их не люблю. (I am not interested in computer games. I don’t like them). 21. Это
крокодил. Его зубы очень острые. (This is a crocodile. Its teeth are very sharp). 22. Я
дал ему мою визитку, а он мне свою. (I gave him my card, and he gave me his). 23.
Есть удивительные новости. Ты слышал о них? (There is astonishing news. Did you
hear it?). 24. Где моя пижама? Я не могу без нее заснуть. (Where are my pajamas? I
can’t find them). 25. Вы позвонили в полицию? – Да, они уже едут сюда на своей ма-
шине. (Did you call the police? – Yes, they are coming here in their car).
4.8 Fill each space in these sentences with it\there and an appropriate word.
1. It is very expensive to buy a new car.
2. It is difficult trying to reach her by phone so I sent a fax.
3. He put his coat on because it is getting cold.
4. There has to be some mistake – I’ve never met you before in my life.
5. There were several fights outside the stadium but no one was hurt.
6. It has been some time since I wrote to you, as I’ve been very busy.
7. It is a pity you didn’t come to the party; we had a lovely time.
8. Is there life after death? I wonder.
9. There must be some kind of explanation for such strange behavior.
10. There is no special way of doing it.
21
5. NUMERALS
5.2 Translate the text – pay attention to the translation of the numerals.
We find ourselves today between a forest and an ocean – a forest of new knowledge and
an ocean of need. We are generating more new knowledge in one year than we generated
in a full decade less than half a life-span ago. In fact, if you look upon the last
50,000 years of man’s existence in terms of life-spans, the speed of our progress – the
pace of change is readily apparent. Because 800 modern life-spans would bridge more
than 50,000 years. But of those 800 people 650 would have spent their lives in caves or
something worse; only the last 70 had any truly effective means of communicating with
one another; only the last six ever saw a printed word; only the last six had any real means
of measuring heat and cold; only the last four could measure time with any precision; only
the last two used an electric motor; and many of the items that make up our material world
were developed within the life-span of the 800th person.
Сегодня мы находимся между небом и землей – небом знаний и землей потребно-
стей. (We find ourselves today between a forest and an ocean – a forest of new knowledge
and an ocean of need.) Мы создаем гораздо больше нового за год, чем делали это за
целое десятилетие менее, чем 35–45 лет назад. (We are generating more new
knowledge in one year than we generated in a full decade less than half a life-span ago.)
Действительно, если рассмотреть последние 50 000 лет существования человечества
в единицах продолжительности жизни, то скорость нашего прогресса, темп перемен,
будет очевиден. (In fact, if you look upon the last 50,000 years of man’s existence in
terms of life-spans, the speed of our progress – the pace of change is readily apparent.)
Потому что 800 сроков современной продолжительности жизни составили бы более
50 000 лет. (Because 800 modern life-spans would bridge more than 50,000 years.) Но из
этих 800 человек 650 провели бы свою жизнь в пещерах или жилищах еще хуже;
22
(But of those 800 people 650 would have spent their lives in caves or something worse;)
лишь у последних 70 были бы действительно эффективные средства коммуникации
друг с другом; (only the last 70 had any truly effective means of communicating with one
another); только последние шесть когда-либо увидели бы печатное слово и имели бы
приспособления для измерения температуры; (only the last six ever saw a printed
word;) only the last six had any real means of measuring heat and cold); только послед-
ние четыре могли бы измерять время хоть с какой-нибудь точностью; (only the last
four could measure time with any precision;) лишь последние два использовали бы
электродвигатель; (only the last two used an electric motor); и многое из того, что со-
ставляет наш материальный мир, было разработано в течение жизни восьмисотого
человека! (and many of the items that make up our material world were developed within
the life-span of the 800th person.)
5.3 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases. Add of, as, a and the where nec-
essary.
eighth four times once quarter twenty per cent twice two-fifths
1. The money was divided equally among the four brothers, so each received a quarter of it.
2. Once a year we have our annual family gathering at my grandparents’ house.
3. A centimeter is about two-fifths of an inch or 0.394 inches to be exact.
4. A litre bottle holds almost twice as much as a pint.
5. Did you know that at least twenty percent of the adult population can’t read.
6. At £ 200,000, the selling price is almost four times the price (£ 51,000) that Dan and
Ginny Swisher paid for their house just six years ago.
7. A furlong is an eighth of a mile.
23
6. INTERJECTIONS
6.1 Identifying interjections. Now that you’ve looked at a list of interjections, practice
identifying them in these ten sentences:
1.Yowza! That is a fine looking car. (Yowza is the interjection here. It is expressing the
emotion of being quite impressed with the car).
2. Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled. (Hurray is the emotion here. Clearly,
it is expressing happiness).
3. It is so exciting, my goodness, I just can’t believe it. (My goodness is the interjection
here, expressing excitement).
4. Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was mad. (Yikes is the emotion being ex-
pressed here).
5. Oh! I can’t believe how nice you look. (Oh, the interjection, acts as a classic interjec-
tion at the beginning of a sentence. It is offset by its exclamation point).
6. Well, gee, that sure is a kind thing to say. (Here, we have two interjections: well and
gee).
7. Boo! I scared you. (Boo is the rather obvious (and scary) interjection in this sentence.)
8. Woops, I dropped the milk and it spilled. (Woops is the interjection used to express the
error).
9. Yay, it is finally Friday and the work week is over. (Yay is another interjection that ex-
presses the emotion of happiness, just as hurray did in sentence).
10. Oh well, all good things must come to an end. (Oh well is the emotion here, an inter-
jection with a tinge of resignation).
6.2 Directions for the interjection worksheet. In the following sentences, identify the in-
terjection and underline it.
1. Hi, I'm glad that you could make it to my party. (Hi is the interjection and is used as a
greeting).
2. Wow! You look great tonight. (Wow is the interjection and shows surprise).
3. That was the best performance that I have ever seen, bravo! (Bravo is the interjection
and is also used as a way to congratulate the participants).
4. I can’t believe you broke my favorite toy, bah. (Bah is the interjection and shows dis-
appointment).
5. Hmm, I wonder where I put my keys and wallet. (Hmm is the interjection and a verbal-
ization of a mental process).
6. Miners used to shout, eureka, when they struck gold. (Eureka is the interjection and
shows excitement).
7. “Shoo!” shouted the woman when she saw the cat licking milk from her cereal bowl.
(Shoo is the interjection and is being used to verbally startle the cat).
8. I guess that’s the end of the movie, darn. (Darn is the interjection and shows disap-
pointment).
9. Stop! You should always wear a helmet when riding a bike. (Stop is the interjection and
ceases the forthcoming action).
10. Yippee, I made this picture all by myself. (Yippee is the interjection and shows ex-
citement).
24
6.3 In the following sentences, write an appropriate interjection in the space provided.
The answers to the fill-in section may vary. Here is a list of interjections to help get start-
ed. However, more than one word can fit in each space above.
Balderdash,Bingo, Cheers Dang, Darn, Doh, Eureka, Goodness, Hey, Hurray, Incredi-
ble, Oomph, Ouch, Wow, Yay
1.______________, why didn't you hold the door for me?
2.______________, I’m so happy that you decided to visit this summer.
3.______________, it’s not every day that you see a dog riding a skateboard.
4.______________! How can you possibly agree with that point of view?
5. He just cost us the game with that error, ______________!
6.______________! You just gave me a great idea.
7.______________, that’s a very large dog at the end of that leash.
8. I can’t believe that I finally got an A on a project, ____________!
9.______________, my favorite author is doing a reading at the local library.
10. This is my first new car, _______________.
6.4 Point out all the interjections and say whether they are emotional or imperative.
1. "The Boers are a hard nut to crack, uncle James." "H'm! (imperative)" muttered James.
"Where do you get your information? Nobody tells". (Galsworthy) 2. "Oh! (emotional)
My eye" he said looking very low-spirited, "I am sorry for that". (Galsworthy) 3. "Good
Lord! (emotional)" said Fleur. "Am I only twenty-one? I feel forty-eight". (Galsworthy)
4. "Good Heavens (emotional)" cried my mother, "you'll drive me mad!". (Dickens)
5. Heavens! (emotional) How dull you are (Sheridan) 6. "Oh (imperative), Karen", he
said, "it's good to have you around!". (Heym) 7. Alas (imperative)! The white house was
empty and there was a bill in the window. (Dickens) 8. A man jumped on top of the barri-
cade and, waving exuberantly, shouted. "Americans! Hurrah. (emotional)". (Heym)
9. Hallo (imperative), Michael! I'm rather late; been to the club and walked home. (Gals-
worthy) 10. Ah (imperative)! You are both of you good-natured. (Sheridan) 11. "Hark
(imperative)!" cried the Dodger at this moment, "I heard the tinkler", catching up the light,
he crept softly upstairs. (Dickens) 12. "Who is that?" she cried. "Hush, hush (emotional)!"
said one of the women, stooping over her... (Dickens) 13. Well (imperative), I don't like
those mysterious little pleasure trips that he is so fond of taking. (Voynich) 14. Now, Ma-
ria, here is a character to your taste... (Sheridan) 15. Here (imperative)! I've had enough of
this. I'm going. (Shaw).
25
7. ADVERBS
7.2 Point out the adverbs and define the group each belongs to.
I. She talked to them naturally (manner), sang a little song to them... And gave them their
Sunday toys. (Buck) 2. He was free (manner) to go off with his easel where and when he
liked. (Galsworthy) 3. The man must have had diabolically (manner) acute hearing.
(Wells) 4. Patients insist on having microbes nowadays (time). (Shaw) 5. As soon as An-
nette found herself outside (place), she began to run. (Murdoch) 6. I never felt better
(manner) in my life. (Saroyan) 7. I think sometimes (time) there is nothing before me but
hard work ... (Galsworthy) 8. It was as if (adverbial conjunction – manner) his soul had
been cramped and his eyes bandaged from the hour of his birth. Why had he lived such a
life? Why had he submitted to things, blundered into things? (Wells) 9. Yes, George had
lived too fast (manner), or would not have been dying twenty years before his time – too
fast (Galsworthy) 10. She consulted her husband at once (time). (Galsworthy) 11. Fleur
having declared that it was "simply (manner) too wonderful to stay indoors", they all went
out. (Galsworthy) 12. And she lived at Mapledurham a jolly name, too, on the river
somewhere (place). (Galsworthy) 13. A week later (time) I am visited by a very stylish-
ly(manner) dressed young woman. (Saroyan) 14. They had been dancing together (man-
ner). (Dreiser) 15. He remembered her birthday well (manner) – he had always observed
it religiously (manner). (Galsworthy) 16. The driver, was ordered to take the car to the
pool, and Jates and Karen went afoot (manner). (Heym) 17. The only thing is to cut the
knot for good (manner). (Galsworthy) 18. Why, you've hardly (manner) started, it isn't
fair to bother you. (Cronin) 19. Twice (how many times) I doubled round corners, thrice I
crossed the road and came back on my tracks. (Wells) 20. They went eyeing (manner)
each other askance. (Galsworthy) 21. He took a few steps towards (manner) her and
looked less (manner) at her than at the open doorway behind her... (Greene) 22. In another
moment Adyl was leading the way downstairs (place). (Wells) 23. Soames looked at her
hard (manner). (Galsworthy) 24. The boy was due to go tomorrow (time). (Galsworthy)
25. She seems to be simple enough (manner). (This is America) 26. It [the cry] came from
the terrace below (place). (Galsworthy) 27. They are quiet at present (time). (Galsworthy)
28. I must get the money somehow (manner). (Shaw) 29. He had never (time) had a love
of music. (Galsworthy) 30. He spoke little (manner) and listened much (manner). (Hor-
gan)
26
8. ARTICLES
27
(Clark) 43. Believe me, when a woman really makes up her mind to marry a man nothing
on God's earth can save him. (Maugham) 44. I stopped,., still uncertain of myself and
whether I was saying the right thing. (Du Maurier) 45. Then it was night and he was
awake, standing in the street, looking up at the dark windows of the place where he lived.
The front door was locked and there was no one in the house. (Saroyan) 46. I believe I
can tell the very moment I began to love him. (Galsworthy) 47. We are told that the heart
of a man is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked. (Shaw) 48. "I must do it,"
said Adam; "it's the right thing." (Eliot) 49. Mr. Boythorn lived in a pretty house with a
lawn in front, a bright flower garden at the side and a kitchen-garden in the rear, enclosed
with a wall. The house was a real old house. (Dickens) 50. The bartender was a pale little
man in a vest and apron, with pale, hairy arms and a long, nervous nose. (Shaw) 51. Face
to face, he was as warm and easy-natured as he had ever been. (Snow) 52. I had not yet
learnt how contradictory human nature is; I did not know how much pose there is in the
sincere, how much baseness in the noble, or how much goodness in the reprobate.
(Maugham) 53. During the country house parties one day is very like another. The men
put on the same kind of variegated tie, eat the same breakfast, tap the same barometer,
smoke the same pipes and kill the same birds. (Galsworthy) 54. Almost at the very mo-
ment when he had returned Aileen had appeared. (Dreiser) 55. The old man quitted the
house secretly at the same hour as before. (Dickens) 56. We are told that the wicked shall
be punished. (Shaw) 57. Arm in arm we walked on, sometimes stumbling over a hump of
earth or catching our feet in rabbit-holes. (Hansford Johnson) 58. Clare was the most viv-
id member of the family. She had dark fine shingled hair and a pale expressive face, of
which the lips were slightly brightened, the eyes were brown, with a straight and eager
glance, the brow low and very white. Her expression was old for a girl of twenty, being
calm and yet adventurous. (Galsworthy) 59. When I was a child my mother used to make
cakes and send me out with them as presents to neighbours. And the neighbours would
give us presents too, and not only at Christmas time. (Murdoch) 60. I wrote to the Manag-
ing Editor that this was the wrong moment to change their correspondent. (Greene)
28
17. Они живут на одной улице. (They live on the one and same street.) 18. Он
постучался не в ту дверь. (He knocked on the wrong door.)
8.3 Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns modified by attributes in post-
position.)
1. The man of whom I speak is a low pantomime actor. 2. Excuse me now, I have to see
the man who's in trouble... (Galsworthy) 3. The people familiar with these moors often
miss their road on such evenings. (E. Bronte) 4. He listened attentively to a great many
stories she told him about the amiable and handsome daughter of hers, who was married
to the amiable and handsome man and lived in the country. (Dickens) 5. I always think
there's something rather cold and cheerless about the house that lacks a woman's touch.
(Maugham) 6. He stood up and looked at the house where he had been born, grown up,
and played, as if asking for an answer. (Galsworthy) 7. Her throat aches because of the
tears locked in it. (Lessing) 8. I am persuaded that this will be the shock of which he will
feel the effects all his life. (Eliot) 9. There were half a dozen pocket robberies on the day
in the trams of Brussels. (Bennett) 10. There we were in the country none of us knew any-
thing about, amongst Indians and the people that were only half civilised. (Galsworthy)
11. At last they reached the door at which a servant knocked cautiously. (Murdoch)
12. We passed a set of chambers where I had worked as a young man. (Snow) 13. It is in
the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession. (Shaw) 14. We dropped into a very
pleasant nook under a great elm tree, to the spreading roots of which we fastened the
boat. (Jerome K. Jerome) 15. It chanced that when this lonely young lady was about nine-
teen, she, being a fearless horsewoman, was riding, with only a young lad.., in one of the
woods near her uncle's house... and, in trotting along, her horse stumbled over a root of
the felled tree. She slipped to the ground, not seriously hurt, and was assisted home by the
gentleman who came in view at the moment of her mishap. It turned out that this gentle-
man... was on a visit at the house of the neighbouring landowner. (Hardy) 16. He was
staring at the waves like a man cornered by a strange animal. (Murdoch) 17. You don't
know the man you are married to. (Shaw) 18. He spoke with a very slow, distinct voice...
and always looked over the shoulder of the person to whom he was talking. (Wilde)
19. There had been at the dining table a middle-aged man with dark eyes and a sunburnt
face, who had attracted Martin's attention. (Dickens) 20. And he had tea sitting on the
edge of the chair that did not look too firm, all gilt and spindly. (Galsworthy) 21. They
walked a mile or more along the handsome street which the colonel said was called
Broadway... Turning, at length, into one of the numerous streets which branched from this
main thoroughfare, they stopped before a rather mean looking house. (Dickens) 22. Colo-
nel Mordaunt does not look like the man who would do a mean or dishonourable thing.
(Marryaf) 23. She is an elderly matron who has worked hard and got nothing by it. (Shaw)
24. He was, in fact, the younger edition of his father. (Galsworthy) 25. As Dick took up
his pipe, the man who had passed into the smoking car with him put down his newspaper
and looked at him. For a moment Dick was puzzled. It was the face he knew, but he could
not put a name to it. Where had he seen the man? (Winter) 26. During the twenty minutes
Michael took to read the deem, there was not a sound, except from the sheets being
turned. (Galsworthy) 27. Rosa then noticed with surprise that she was in the room in
which the party had been held. (Murdoch)
29
8.4 Translate into English.
1. Сегодня я, наконец, достал книгу, которую я уже давно хочу прочесть. (Today, I
got the book that I wanted to read.) 2. Вот человек, с которым вы хотите поговорить.
(This is the man that you wanted to speak to.) 3. Я не люблю людей, которые ко всем
придираются. (I don’t like the people who find fault in everybody.) 4. Я знаю девушку,
которая удивительно хорошо декламирует стихи. Вчера она прочла стихотворение,
которое мне очень понравилось. (I know a girl who recites poems excellently. Yesterday
she recited a poem that I liked very much.) 5. Улицы, по которым он проходил, были
узкие и грязные. (The streets where he walked were narrow and dirty.) 6. Старик посту-
чал в дверь небольшого домика, окна которого были ярко освещены. (The old man
knocked on the door of a small house, the window of which was brightly lighted.) 7. Когда
Ольга вернулась домой, она увидела, что ее сестра разговаривает с человеком, кото-
рого она никогда прежде не видела. (When Olga returned home she saw her sister talk-
ing to a man that she had never seen before.) 8. Я нашла гостиницу, где мы жили
несколько лет назад. (I found the hotel where we had lived a few years ago.) 9. Письмо,
которое она получила утром, расстроило ее. (The letter that she received in the morn-
ing upset her.) 10. Утром она получила письмо, которое ее расстроило. (In the morn-
ing she received a letter which upset her.) 11. Молодая девушка долго думала об уди-
вительном открытии, которое она сделала. (The young girl thought about the surpris-
ing discovery which she had done.) 12. На дороге они увидели большой камень, кото-
рого там раньше не было. (They saw a big stone on the road which wasn’t there before.)
13. Я знаю адрес человека, которому вы хотите написать. (I know the man’s address
who you wanted to write to.) 14. Дверь открыла женщина; в ней он сразу узнал ориги-
нал портрета, который ему показал его приятель. (The woman, who opened the door,
was the original copy, which his friend had showed him.) 15. Она поехала в город, где
жила ее дочь. (She went to the city where her daughter lived.)
30
tea.) 6. Не забудьте дать кошке молока, у нее теперь котята! (Чехов) (Don’t forget to
give the cat milk; she has kittens.) 7. Я ходил по аллее и думал о вишневом варенье.
(Чехов) (I was walking through the alley and thinking about cherry jam.)
31
duty and can now get on to brighter matters. (Murdoch) 40. How quietly you live, John.
I love the silence of this room and garden. (Murdoch) 41. At other times he would come
and sit for long periods in her room in silence. (Murdoch) 42. What a noble thing courage
is. (Reade) 43. Nothing gave him [little Hans] greater pleasure than to listen to all the
wonderful things Miller used to say about the unselfishness of true friendship. (Wilde)
44.The friendship which he had imposed from the beginning he now emphasised more
than ever. (Greene) 45. And when multitudes of men are hurt to death in wars I am driven
to grief which borders on insanity. (Saroyan) 46. She could not only sing like a lark... but
she had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own as won the love
of everybody who came near her. (Thackeray) 47. What delightful weather we are having!
(Wilde) 48. Pray, don't talk to me about the weather, Mr. Worthing. Whenever people talk
to me about the weather, I always feel quite certain that they mean something else.
(Wilde) 49. Such weather makes everything and everybody disgusting. (Austen) 50. When
he let her go, she sank breathless into the chair, gazing at him with an expression of such
terror that he put his hands over his face. (Galsworthy) 51. And so, concerned in talk that
touched not on the feelings within them, they reached Mount Street. (Galsworthy)
52. Owen saw the figure of Edward at a distance of two or three hundred yards. (Hardy)
53. Mrs. Maylie took up her abode with her son and daughter-in-law to enjoy during the
tranquil remainder of her days the, greatest felicity that age and worth can know, the con-
templation of happiness of those on whom the warmest affections and tenderest cares...
have been unceasingly bestowed. (Dickens) 54. Art is the manifestation of emotion, and
the emotion speaks the language that all may understand. (Maugham) 55. Ada sat at the
piano, Richard stood beside her. She touched the notes so softly, and sang so low, that the
wind, sighing away in the distant hills, was as audible as the music. (Dickens)
56. Mr. Bob Sawyer adjusted his skates with the dexterity which to Mr. Winkle was per-
fectly marvellous. (Dickens) 57. He had not been stationary half a minute, when he heard
his own name pronounced by a voice which he at once recognized as Mr. Tupman's, and
looking upwards, he beheld a sight which filled him with surprise and pleasure. (Dickens)
58. She sat by the window reading. From her position she could see up the lane for a dis-
tance of at least a hundred yards. (Hardy) 59. I can see the beauty and peace of this home;
I think I have never been more at rest in my life than at this moment. (Shaw) 60. Beside
his bed, for the first time during a period of nearly twenty years, he fell down on his knees
in a passionate outburst of feeling. (Hardy) 61. It was a new fear, different from that
which she had once confided in her own flat, yet grown from the same root. (Snow)
62. The empty windows of the ruins were filled with a life of their own. (Heym) 63. Cop-
perwood awakened to a sense of joy in life such as he fancied he had never experienced
before. (Dreiser) 64. Mr. Pickwick stood in the principal street of this illustrious town,
and gazed with an air of curiosity not unmixed with interest, on the objects around him.
(Dickens)
32
ей на жизнь, на людей. (He could talk with her about literature, art, and everything else;
complain about life and people.) (Чехов) 7. Я хочу быть артисткой, я хочу славы,
успехов, свободы. (Чехов) (I want to be an actress as I want success, fame and freedom.)
8. Оставим пока геометрию. Обратимся к науке, которую вы, как чиновник почтово-
го ведомства, вероятно, любите. География – наука почтальонов. (Чехов) (Let’s for-
get about geometry. Let’s look at the subject that every postman should like – geography –
the postman’s subject.) 9. Зачем я стереометрию учил, ежели ее в программе нет?
(Чехов) (Why am I studying stereometry as it is not included in the curriculum?)
10. Я с детства люблю музыку. (I loved music from my childhood.) 11. Он изучает ан-
глийскую историю. (He studies English history.) 12. Он изучает историю Англии. (He
studies the history of England.) 13. На расстоянии 20–30 шагов мы увидели странную
фигуру. (We saw a strange figure at a distance of 20–30 feet.) 14. Если вы плохо себя
чувствуете, не выходите в такую погоду. (If you feel so bad, don’t go out in such
weather.) 15. Мой брат очень любит архитектуру и мечтает стать архитектором. (My
brother likes architecture and wants to be an architect.) 16. Меня интересует история
развития английского романа. (I am interested in the history of the development of Eng-
lish novels.)
8.11 Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with names of hotels, streets, ships, and
newspapers).
1. She nodded a command to the footman, and they drove off westward, down the
Strand, and so into a little side street by Charing Cross. (Bennett) 2. I am going to Folke-
stone to-day, and shall stay at the Metropole. (Bennett) 3. They were excited because they
had been dining with the editor of the Times, and had been given a glimpse of next day's
paper. (Snow) 4. She sat in her superb private drawing room at Hotel Cecil. 5. The boys
loved him because he told them that the Navy had borrowed him from the U. S. Army just
in time to blow taps on the Maine as she was sinking, and he remained long after every-
33
one including the captain had abandoned the ship. (Wilson) 6. He began to walk very rap-
idly up towards the Trafalgar Square. (Greene) 7. He went out and ate ices at the pastry-
cook's shop in Charing Cross; tried a new coat in the Pall Mall; and called for Captain
Cannon, played eleven games at billiards with the captain, and returned to the Russell
Square. (Thackeray) 8. The street was empty, unlighted save by the reflection from
Grandlieu Street behind them... (Faulkner) 9. In 1905 the revolt broke out on the Potem-
kin, one of the battleships of the Black Sea Fleet. 10. Yet, in the bright drawing room in
Lord North Street, all he was thinking of... was what the Telegraph, the Guardian, the
popular press, would say next day. (Snow)
8.12 Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns modified by proper nouns).
1. I often go to the Pushkin Theatre. 2. I am very fond of Pushkin's short tragedies.
3. The Tretyakov gallery was founded nearly a century ago by Pavel Tretyakov. Tretya-
kov's devotion to art and his indefatigable efforts had magnificent results and furthered the
development of Russian painting. 4. I am a medical student and have held the post of
house surgeon at one of London hospitals for some time. (Marryat) 5. Fox apartment had
a spacious old-fashioned feeling. 6. Towards the end of the year 1913 several young stu-
dents living in Moscow founded a small group known as the Students' Drama Studio.
It was from that group that the Vakhtangov Theatre sprang. Vakhtangov was a tireless
innovator. Some of Vakhtangov's pupils became capable producers. 7. The sets of furni-
ture were imitations of one of Louis periods. (Dreiser) 8. The Pulkovo Observatory is over
a hundred years old. 9. The chin of the founder of the Forsyte clan was settled comforta-
bly between the widely separated points of an old-fashioned collar. (Galsworthy) 10. He
had known all the pretty Montjoy sisters scattered over the Society, but of them all Diana
was the youngest, the prettiest, most tasteful and wittiest... (Galsworthy)
34
once, and found Ada sitting at work by the fireside. (Dickens) 24. He played the flute.
(Miller) 25. Somewhere great many men were singing. (Greene) 26. He was chronically in
debt... (Snow) 27. The woman I fixed my eye on was the woman who kept the house for
me at my cottage. (Collins) 28. It is a pity to worry her if she has a talent for uneasiness.
(Galsworthy) 29. He has given permission to go up and see her there. (Priestley) 30. Be-
hind the house was a large garden, and in summer, the pupils almost lived out of doors.
(Ch. Bronte) 31.The rain had stopped, and we went on foot to Ebury Street. (Snow)
32. They started at dawn, and the boy I sent with them didn't come back till next day.
(Maugham) 33. On being informed... that her departure would be delayed... she had flown
into a violent passion. (Collins) 34. All of a sudden, his face had become stony. (Snow)
35. Dear, dear! It seems only the other day since I took you down to school at Slough
(Galsworthy) 36. Mr. Byron Waller could play a violin. (Lee)
35
5. Девушка подошла к окну. (The girl came up to the window.) 6. К окну подошла
девушка. (A girl went to the window.)
8.17 Insert articles where necessary.
Day, night, morning, evening.
1. Outside it was night. (Murdoch) 2. It was a warm summer night. (Snow) 3. The
night outside seemed very quiet. (Greene) 4. It was a foggy evening in November. (Mur-
doch) 5. During the evening we played innumerable games of piquet... (Maugham)
6. It was evening, and he was walking across the school grounds on his way home. (Sa-
royan) 7. He wondered what hour it was. The sun seemed to indicate late morning...
(Greene) 8. I think it's going to be a fine morning, after all. (Shaw) 9. The morning was
cold and sharp and sunny. (Greene) 10. It is early morning. (Shaw) 11. We are going to
have an ideal night. (Shaw) 12. The night being sharp and frosty, we trembled from head
to foot. (Dickens) 13. It was early in the afternoon. (Murdoch) 14. The night was a windy
one, with broken clouds drifting swiftly across the face of a three-quarter moon. (Conan
Doyle) 15. Night came and he sent his sadness into his sleep. (Saroyan) 16. I was up at six
in the morning. (Shaw) 17. She has had a bad night, probably a rather delirious night.
(Shaw) 18. The machines at the factory were in perpetual motion day and night. (Mur-
doch) 19. Arthur did not pass a sleepless night; he slept long and well, for sleep comes to
the perplexed, if the perplexed are only weary enough. (Eliot) 20. It was about ten o'clock
at night. (Maugham) 21. The fine September afternoon was dying fast. (Galsworthy)
22. I persuaded him to stay a night with me, and I put him into my own bed. (Maugham)
23. It was the morning after Roger had talked to me in the Park, and Margaret and I were
sitting at breakfast. (Snow) 24. Day was by this time approaching; the West was dim, the
East beginning to gleam. (Ch. Bronte) 25. On a bright January morning the telephones
kept ringing in my office. (Snow) 26. I cannot describe to you the intense silence of the
night. (Maugham) 27. I shall not forget the evening I spent with him. I had not intended to
stay more than an hour, but he insisted that I should spend a night. (Maugham)
28. He painted and he read, and in the evening, when it was dark, they sat together on the
veranda, smoking and looking at the night. (Maugham) 29. It was as lovely morning as
one could desire. (Jerome K. Jerome) 30. It was a glorious night. The moon had sunk, and
left the quiet earth alone with the stars. (Jerome K. Jerome) 31. Nell dropped a curtsey,
and told him they were poor travellers who sought a shelter for the night. The schoolmas-
ter told them that they were welcome to remain under his roof till morning. (Dickens)
32. Every day I was up at dawn, clearing, planting, working on my house, and at night
when I threw myself on my bed it was to sleep like a log till morning. (Maugham)
36
quiet.) 10. Было раннее утро, и все в доме еще спали. (It was an early morning and
everybody was still sleeping.)
37
9. CONJUNCTIONS
38
10. VERBS
10.3 Point out all the verbs. State whether they are transitive or intransitive. Translate
into Russian.
1. The door opened (intransitive) and a thick set heavy-looking young man en-
tered. (intransitive) 2. Fleur did not answer. (intransitive) She stood (intransitive) for a
moment looking at him and his mother... 3. The soldiers pushed (transitive) the foreign
workers into groups and led (transitive) them off. 4. While she stood (intransitive) hesitat-
ing, the door opened (intransitive), and an old man came (transitive) forth shading a can-
dle with one hand. 5. Fleur looked (transitive) at her watch and rose. 6. He was waiting
(transitive) for us... at the public house; and asked (transitive) me how I found (transitive)
myself, like an old acquaintance. I did not feel (intransitive), at first, that I knew (transi-
tive) him as well as he knew (transitive) me, because he had never come (transitive) to
39
our house since the night I was born (intransitive), and naturally he had (transitive) the
advantage of me.
1. Дверь открылась, и вошел коренастый молодой человек крепкого телосло-
жения. (The door opened, and a thick set heavy-looking young man entered...) 2. Флер не
ответила. Она остановилась на мгновение, глядя на него и его мать (Fleur did not
answer. She stood for a moment looking at him and his mother.) 3. Солдаты согнали
иностранных рабочих в группы и вывели их прочь. (The soldiers pushed the foreign
workers into groups and led them off.) 4. Пока она стояла в замешательстве, дверь от-
ворилась, и появился пожилой мужчина, прикрывая свечу рукой. (While she stood
hesitating, the door opened, and an old man came forth shading a candle with one hand.)
5. Флер взглянула на свои часы и встала. (Fleur looked at her watch and rose.) 6. Он
ждал нас в трактире; и спросил меня, словно старый знакомый, как я себя чувствую.
Вначале у меня было чувство, что я не знаю его, так же, как и он не знает меня, по-
тому что он никогда не приходил в наш дом, начиная с той ночи, когда я родился. И,
конечно, у него было преимущество передо мной. (He was waiting for us... at the pub-
lic house; and asked me how I found myself, like an old acquaintance. I did not feel, at
first, that I knew him as well as he knew me, because he had never come to our house
since the night I was born, and naturally he had the advantage of me.)
40
они увидели, что машина их уже ждет. (When the tourists returned, they saw the car
was waiting for them.) 4. Она постоянно говорила о своем ребенке. (She was constantly
talking about her child.) 5. Том Сойер не мог играть со своими приятелями. Он белил
забор. (Tom Sawyer couldn’t play with his friends. He was whitewashing the fence.)
6. Миссис Гуммидж постоянно жаловалась на холод. (Mrs. Gummich was constantly
complaining about the cold.)
41
out that Mrs. Copperfield gave birth to a son, then she left the house.) 6. Когда я ее видел
в последний раз, она казалась очень счастливой. Она только, что получила письмо
от брата, который вернулся с Севера, где он пробыл долгое время. (When I last saw
her, she seemed to be happy. She just received a letter from her brother who returned
from the North, where he had been for a long time.) 7. Я не пробыл и пяти минут в ком-
нате, как дверь отворилась и она вошла. (Hardly had I been in the room for five minutes
when the door opened and she entered.) 8. Оливер пробыл в стенах работного дома не
более четверти часа и едва успел покончить со вторым ломтем хлеба, как мистер
Бамб вернулся и объявил, что мальчик должен немедленно предстать перед советом.
(Oliver had been in the orphanage for less than 15 minutes and had just finished eating a
second piece of bread when Mr. Bamb returned and announced that the boy must stand
for the Counsel.) 9. Когда мы приехали в санаторий, мы прежде всего пошли к морю.
(When we arrived to the resort we went to the sea.)
42
Past Simple, Past Perfect, or Past Perfect Continuous
1. Я две недели гостила у приятельницы. (I had visited my friend for two
weeks.) 2. Я уже две недели гостила у приятельницы, когда получила ваше письмо.
(I had been visiting my friend for two weeks when I received your letter.) 3. Он вчера два
часа играл на скрипке. (Yesterday he played the violin for two hours.) 4. Он уже целый
час играл на скрипке, когда мы пришли. (He had been playing the violin for two hours
when we came.) 5. Девушка долго играла на рояле, и мы слушали ее с большим удо-
вольствием. (The girl had been playing the piano for a long time, and we were listening
to her with pleasure.) 6. Сестра была больна уже несколько дней, когда я узнал об
этом. (My sister had been ill for several days when I found out about it.) 7. Она отложила
в сторону письмо, которое писала, и задумалась. (She put aside the letter that she had
been writing and became thoughtful.) 8. Она пошла на почту отправить письмо,
которое написала накануне. (She went to the post-office to send the letter which she had
written last night.) 9. Все еще спали, когда зазвонил телефон. (Everybody was sleeping
when the phone rang.) 10. Сью внимательно наблюдала за Джонси, когда та открыла
глаза. (Sue was observing Johnie when she opened her eyes.) 11. Сью, которая некото-
рое время наблюдала за своей больной подругой, подошла к ее кровати. (Sue had
been observing her sick friend for some time, then came up to her bed.) 12. Она отложила
в сторону книгу, которую читала. (She put aside the book which she had been reading.)
Revision – tenses
(A) 1. Ты уложила свои вещи? Такси уже десять минут ждет у дверей. (Have
you packed your things? The taxi has been waiting for ten minutes at the door.) 2. Теперь
я поняла. (Now I understand.) 3. Он уже пять месяцев заведует лабораторией и мно-
гому научился за это время. (He has been supervising the lab for five months and has
learnt a lot.) 4. Я приду к вам, если только меня не задержат на работе. (I’ll come if I
don’t stay too long at work.) 5. Я всегда интересовалась естественными науками.
(I have always been interested in sciences.) 6. Кто взял мой словарь? Я уже полчаса
ищу его. (Who has taken my dictionary? I have been looking for it for half an hour.) 7.
Мы здесь уже с начала месяца, но не было еще ни одного солнечного дня. (We have
been here since the beginning of the month, but there has not been a single sunny day.) 8.
Она вечно говорит по телефону. (She is always talking on the phone.)
(B) 1. Сэм, негритянский мальчик, очень любил рисовать. (Sam, a black boy,
liked drawing very much.) 2. В детстве Сэм постоянно что-нибудь рисовал. (In his
childhood Sam was always drawing something.) 3. Сэм уже несколько недель посещал
класс рисования, когда он начал рисовать красную розу. (Sam had been going to
drawing classes when he began to draw a red rose.) 4. Когда мисс Ролстон подошла к
Сэму, он уже кончил рисовать розу и рисовал негритянскую девушку. (When Miss
Rollstone came up to Sam, he had finished drawing the rose and was drawing a black
girl.) 5. Сэм некоторое время рисовал негритянскую девушку, когда мисс Ролстон
подошла к нему. (Sam was drawing the black girl for some time, when Miss Rollstone
came up to him.) 6. Сэм не рисовал и десяти минут, когда мисс Ролстон подошла к
нему. (Sam had been drawing for only ten minutes when Miss Rollstone came up to him.)
7. Мисс Ролстон подошла к Сэму и остановилась позади него. (Miss Rollstone came
up to Sam and stood behind him.) 8. Мисс Ролстон подошла к Сэму и стояла позади
него. (Miss Rollstone came up to Sam and was standing behind him.) 9. Мисс Ролстон
подождала, пока Сэм не окончил рисунок. (Miss Rollstone was waiting until Sam had
finished the drawing.) 10. Рисунок был превосходен. Хотя Сэм взял только несколько
43
уроков, он сделал большие успехи. (The drawing was perfect. Though Sam had taken
only a few lessons, he made great progress.) 11. Мисс Ролстон взяла рисунок и обеща-
ла отвезти его в Филадельфию вместе с рисунками, которые он закончил раньше.
(Miss Rollstone took the drawings and promised to take them to Philadelphia with the
other drawings which he had finished earlier.) 12. Заведующий художественным отде-
лом просмотрел рисунки, которые мисс Ролстон принесла ему. Рисунки ему очень
понравились, но он отказался их принять, когда узнал, что художник – негр. (The
museum supervisor looked through the drawings which Miss Rollstone had brought him.
He liked the drawings very much, but he refused to take them when he found out that the
artist was a black boy.) 13. Мисс Ролстон пробыла в Филадельфии около недели.
(Miss Rollstone stayed in Philadelphia for a week.) 14. Мисс Ролстон пробыла в Фила-
дельфии около недели, прежде чем поняла, что ничего не может сделать для Сэма.
(Miss Rollstone had been in Philadelphia for a week then she understood that she could
do nothing for Sam.)
(C) 1. Молодые художники жили несколько месяцев вместе, прежде чем
Джонси заболела воспалением легких. (The young artists had been living for several
months when Johnnie caught pneumonia.) 2. Она была больна уже несколько дней и
плохо выглядела. (She had been ill for several days and looked bad.) 3. В то время как
Сью рисовала, она услышала голос Джонси. Джонси смотрела в окно и считала.
(When Sue was drawing she heard Johnnie’s voice. Johnie was looking through the win-
dow and counting.) 4. Джонси сказала: «Когда упадет последний лист, я умру».
(Johnnie said «When the last leaf falls, I’ll die. ») 5. «Не смотри в окно, пока я не кончу
свою работу», – попросила Сью подругу. («Don’t look at the window until I have fin-
ished my painting. » Sue asked her friend.) 6. Сью рисовала своего «Старого шахтера»
около часа. (Sue was drawing her «The Old Miner» for an hour.) 7. Сью рисовала свое-
го «Старого шахтера» около часа, когда, наконец, почувствовала смертельную уста-
лость и легла спать. (Sue had been drawing her «The Old Miner» for an hour, when she
was dead tired and went to bed.) 8. Когда Сью проснулась на следующее утро, Джон-
си пристально смотрела на опущенную штору. Она думала о последнем листе – ду-
мала о нем, быть может, уже не один час. (When Sue woke up the next morning Johnnie
was staring at the lowered curtains. She was thinking about the last leaf – she had been
thinking about it for more than an hour.) 9. Сью отложила кисть и пошла готовить
бульон для Джонси. (Sue put the brush aside and went to prepare soup for Johnnie.)
10. Сью отложила кисть в сторону и готовила бульон для Джонси. (Sue put the brush
aside and was preparing soup for Johnnie.) 11. Старый Берман постоянно говорил о
своем шедевре. (Old Berman was constantly talking about his masterpiece.)
12. Умирающий художник был счастлив – он создал свое великое произведение.
(The dying artist was happy – he had created his masterpiece.)
44
11. MODAL VERBS
11.1 Point out all the modal words and define their meaning.
1. Over the ridge she would find him. Surely (certainty) she would find him.
(Wells) 2. He had stopped their mouths, maybe (supposition), but at what a cost. (Gals-
worthy) 3. She s just engaged to him. Of course (certainty) she is frightfully excited about
it, and naturally he wants her to come away and marry. (Wells) 4. Winifred could barely
get a word out of him, he ate nothing, but he certainly (certainty) took his liquor and his
face kept getting whiter. (Galsworthy) 5. She was probably (supposition) dissatisfied just
as he was. (Dreiser) 6. Knowledge of something kept from her made him, no doubt (cer-
tainty), unduly sensitive. (Galsworthy) 7. The Buccaneer, watching him go so sadly, felt
sorry perhaps (supposition) for his behaviour to the old man. (Galsworthy) 8. Thorp was
actually (certainty) too sick to see anybody. (Heym) 9. "Allow me, Sir, the honour of
grasping your hand – permit me, Sir, to shake it", said the grave man. "Certainly" (cer-
tainty), said Mr. Pickwick. (Dickens) 10. My dear Ma'am, you deserve a very excellent
husband-you do indeed (action-desirable). (Dickens) 11. Bertine and I are just on our way
home, truly (action-desirable). (Dreiser) 12. He saw Fleur, standing near the door, hold-
ing a handkerchief which the boy had evidently (supposition) just handed to her. (Gals-
worthy)
11.2 Translate into English using the verbs can and may whenever possible.
1. He может быть, чтобы она прочла эту книгу за два дня; она, возможно, толь-
ко просмотрела ее. (She couldn’t have read this book in two days; she could have only
looked through it.). «Не может быть, чтобы вы потеряли билет, вы могли положить его
в карман». – «Нет, я могла выронить его в трамвае». (You couldn’t have lost the ticket;
you could have put it in your pocket. – No, I could have dropped it in the tram.) 3. Не мо-
жет быть, чтобы он уже приехал, я получила телеграмму только вчера. (He couldn’t
have arrived already; I received the telegram only in the evening.) 4. Неужели он уже
получил мое письмо? (Has he received my letter already?) 5. Неужели он не получил
моего письма? (He might not have received my letter, might he?) 6. Ваши часы, возмож-
но, спешат; не может быть, чтобы сейчас было девять часов. (Your watch may be fast, it
can’t be 10 now.) 7. Он не мог получить книгу, потому что библиотека была закрыта.
(He couldn’t get the book because the library was closed.) 8. Не может быть, чтобы он
получил книгу, ведь библиотека была закрыта. (He couldn’t have got the book, as the
library was closed.) 9. Не могли бы вы дать мне эту книгу дня на два? (Could you give
me this book for two days?) 10. Нет, я не верю этому, не может быть, чтобы она меня
обманула. (No, I don’t believe this; she couldn’t have deceived me.) 11. Я останусь дома;
она, возможно, будет мне звонить. (I’ll stay at home. She might phone me.) 12. Право,
Джордж, ты мог бы помочь мне нести этот тяжелый чемодан, разве ты не видишь, как
мне это тяжело? (Indeed, George, you could help me to carry this heavy suitcase; can’t you
see how heavy it is.) 13. «Где ключ?» – «Не знаю, Ольга могла взять его с собой по
ошибке». – «Не может быть, чтобы она его взяла, у нее ничего не было в руках, когда
она уходила». (Where are the keys? I don’t know, Olga might have taken them by mistake.
– It’s impossible, she couldn’t have taken them. There was nothing in her hands when she
was leaving.) 14. Наконец-то вы пришли! Вы могли прийти пораньше, ведь вы же зна-
ли, что я больна. (You have come at last. You could have come earlier, as you knew that I
was ill.)
45
11.3 Translate into English, using modal verbs.
1. «Помочь вам?» – «Нет, спасибо, я сделаю все сама». (Can I help you? – No,
thanks, I’ll do it myself.) 2. «Не знаю, справлюсь ли я с этой работой в такой короткий
срок». – «Вы должны были подумать об этом раньше». (I possibly will not do the work
in time. – You should have thought about it before.) 3. Не может быть, чтобы он уже
вернулся, ведь он вчера только уехал в Москву. Вы, должно быть, ошиблись. (He
couldn’t have returned because he left for Moscow only yesterday. You must be mistaken.)
4. Вы не должны позволять ей читать в сумерки, она может испортить глаза. (You
shouldn’t permit her to read in the dusk \ twilight; she can spoil her eyes.) 5. Вы не
должны были оставлять гореть газ, такими вещами нельзя шутить, ведь мог про-
изойти пожар! (You should not have left the burning gas; there could have been a fire!)
6. Он должен был поехать в Москву на прошлой неделе, но конференция задержала
его на несколько дней. (He ought to have gone to Moscow last week, but the conference
detained him for a few days.) 7. Тысячу раз я просила ее не хлопать дверью, когда я
занимаюсь, но она все равно хлопает. (I asked her not to slap the door when I was stud-
ying, but she apparently kept on doing it.) 8. Я вас, должно быть, неправильно понял и
поэтому пришел так рано. (I think I have probably misunderstood you so I came so ear-
ly.) 9. Вам не к чему брать зонтик, на небе нет ни облачка. (Of course you cannot take
an umbrella; there are no clouds in the sky.) 10. Мне придется оставить ей записку, я
ее, наверно, не увижу. (No doubt, I will have to leave her a note; I will probably not see
her.) 11. «Почему они ее тогда не видели? » – «Она могла уйти до их прихода». (Why
didn’t they see her? – She could have left before they came.) 12. Вам незачем идти на
почту, я отправлю ваше письмо. (Certainly, you may not go to the post office. I’ll post
your letter.) 13. Джордж должен был вчера у нас обедать, но он не пришел. (George
should have had dinner with us yesterday, but he didn’t come.) 14. Погода была пре-
красная; мы пошли в сад, всюду можно было видеть счастливые лица детей. (The
weather was fine, we went to the garden, and one could see children’s happy faces every-
where.) 15. Доктор велел ей лежать в постели, но она и слышать об этом не хотела.
(The doctor made her stay in bed, but she didn’t want to.) 16. Обычно я хожу в филар-
монию пешком, но вчера я вышел поздно, и мне пришлось сесть в автобус. (I usually
go to the Philharmonic Society on foot, but yesterday I left late and I had to take a taxi.)
46
12. PREPOSITIONS
12.2 This is a weather forecast on a local radio station. Fill in the missing words.
Good morning. This is the weather (1) at six in the morning (2) on Thursday 7 Fri-
day. It’s cold (3) outside, and there’s ice (4) on the roads, so don’t drive too close to the
car (5) in front of you! There should be forty meters (6) between you and the car! If
you’re driving (7) in the city this morning, pay attention to schoolchildren walking (8)
along the road. Remember, you might be (9) next to a school! Traffic is moving very
slowly (10) through the city centre at the moment. There was an accident last night – if
you’re driving (11) past Central Library, the Police may stop you and ask you a few ques-
tions. That’s all for now. More weather news every hour, (12) from six (13) in the morn-
ing (14) to six in the night, this is the KC News Network making sure you’re up to date
with the news on the road!
12.3 Tony is talking to Michelle. Write in the following missing words in the correct place.
12.4 Melanie is sending an e-mail to Shelia. Cross out the wrong words.
I want to be (1) on \ in holiday! It’s too hot to work. The office is (2) as \ like an
oven (3) on \ at the moment. It looks (4) as \like if my boss will be in Germany (5) on \ in
business next week, so I’ll be (6) at \ in charge. Are you enjoying yourself in Cancun? Is
Mexico cheap (7) like \ as a place to stay? (8) Like \ As usual, I haven’t booked my holi-
day yet, but I think I’ll go to Spain (9) by \ in car and visit my old friend Pilar in Madrid.
47
You really sounded (10) as \ like though you were (11) on \ in love when I spoke to you
(12) by \ on the phone last week. !13) As \ Like you know, I think your new boyfriend is a
really nice guy. I’m sure you’ll be happy together.
12.5 A tour guide is showing tourists a Roman camp near Hadrian’s Wall in the north
of England. Put the words from the box in the spaces.
reach interested waiting (x2) talk sure proud listen depended grateful surprised brilliant
(1) Listen to me now, please. Can you hear me? I’m going to (2) talk to you today
about daily life for Romans living in the camp. I think you will be (3) surprised by some
of the things that you see. This part of the camp was the kitchen. Imagine fifteen cooks (4)
waiting with the meals for the soldiers and their families. The achcooks (5) depended on
local farms for the food, and they were (6) brilliant at keeping food for a long time, using
salt for example. If you’re (7) interested in cooking, please ask for more information at
the tourist centre. Shall we continue? Who are we (8) waiting for? We’re not (9) sure
about this part of the camp, but we think it was a bathing area, and we know that Romans
were (10) proud of their bathrooms. I expect that the people living here were (11) grate-
ful for hot water in winter. Let’s move on. In a moment we’ll (12) reach family part of the
camp, and I’ll let you look around by yourselves.
12.6 Paula and Nigel are talking to each other on the phone. In numbers 1–8, circle the
correct preposition. In the rest, put in the correct preposition.
Paula: Hi! Is that you, Nigel? I’m glad you haven’t left yet. When you come to the
conference tonight, could you bring the green file? It’s (1) on \ onto my desk,
(2) behind \ between the telephone. Can you see it? That’s right. It’s (3) across \
under the address book. Great! Now, do you know how to get to the hotel?
Nigel: I think so. After I’ve driven out (4) from \ of London, I go north (5) in \ up the
A54, through Watford, (6) as \ like though I was going to Milton Keynes. But
in fact I take the B254 (7) on \ to Halton before I reach Milton Keynes. I think
I should get there about nine o’clock, shouldn’t I?
Paula: That’s right, unless you get lost (8) like \ as me!
Nigel: Isn’t there a big house (9) for sale, just before the Halton road?
Paula: Yes. It’s (10) on the left. I didn’t see it, so I had to ask (11) for directions.
Nigel: Is the boss there already? I plan to arrive at the hotel (12) in jeans instead (13) of
my suit and tie. I hope that’s OK. By the way, did you apply (14) for Phil’s job?
Paula: I wasn’t sure about it, but yes I did apply. I was a bit annoyed (15) with the
advertisement on the website, though. There was a sentence (16) at the end of
it, saying “You must be good (17) at talking to people.”
Nigel: What’s wrong with that?
Paula: Well, Phil was very good at talking to people, but he wasn’t fond (18) of doing
any work, was he?
Nigel: You sound (19) like you didn’t really like Phil.
Paula: Well, I thought he was a bit cruel (20) to his secretary.
Nigel: Yes, I think she was frightened (21) of him, wasn’t she? Look, I’d better go.
See you later!
48
13. NON-FINITE VERBS
PARTICIPLE
13.1 Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. The student translating the article is Novikov. (Студент, который переводит
статью, – Новиков.) 2. The student is translating an article on refrigerators. (Студент
переводит статью о холодильниках.) 3. The student has translated an article.
(Студент перевел статью.) 4. The article is translated by the student. (Статью
переводит студент.) 5. The article is being translated by the student. (Сейчас статья
переводится студентом.) 6. The article translated by the student is difficult. (Статья,
переводимая студентом, трудная.) 7. The article translated is devoted to electrical fur-
naces. (Переводимая статья посвящена электропечам.) 8. Translating an article, the
student used a dictionary. (При переводе статьи студент пользовался словарем.)
9. Having translated the article, the student gave it to the teacher. (Закончив перевод
статьи, студент отдал ее учителю.) 10. Having been asked to translate the article, the
student translated it with great interest. (После того, как студента попросили переве-
сти статью, он перевел ее с большим интересом.) 11. The article being translated is
about the application of electricity. (Статья, которую сейчас переводят, – о
применении электричества.)
13.2 Define the function of Present Participle and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. A substance resisting all ordinary or chemical efforts to decompose it into simpler sub-
stances is an element. (attribute) – Вещество, сопротивляющееся разложению на бо-
лее простые составляющие любыми обычными или химическими способами, явля-
ется элементом.
2. Being a good conductor, copper is often used in industry. (adverbial modifier) – Явля-
ясь хорошим проводником, медь часто используется в промышленности.
3. Having high melting point tungsten is widely used for the production of electrical
lamps. (adverbial modifier) Имея высокую точку плавления, вольфрам широко ис-
пользуется для производства электрических ламп.
4. The changes affecting the composition of materials are chemical changes. (attribute)
Изменения, оказывающие влияние на состав вещества, являются химическими про-
цессами.
5. Adding heat we can change the state of a substance. (adverbial modifier) – Нагревая,
мы можем изменить состояние вещества.
6. A molecule is a compound consisting of two or more atoms. (attribute) Молекула –
это соединение, состоящее из двух или более атомов.
7. Heating a substance we cause a more rapid motion of its molecules. (adverbial
modifier) При нагревании вещества, мы добиваемся более быстрого движения его
молекул.
13.3 Define the function of Past Participle and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Many experiments with different kinds of gases were made in the laboratory. (verbal –
В лаборатории было проведено много экспериментов с различными газами.) 2. The
substance formed was made up of two elements. (adjectival – Образовавшееся вещество
состояло из двух элементов.) 3. When water was heated evaporation took place. (adver-
bial – Когда воду нагрели, началось парообразование.) 4. Various materials will be
49
used for our report. (verbal – Для нашего отчета будут использованы разные
материалы.) 5. The substances obtained were subjected to a chemical change. (adverbi-
al – Полученное вещество подверглось химической реакции.) 6. Different new ele-
ments are produced artificially. (verbal – Разные новые элементы производятся
искусственно.) 7. Some weather sputniks will be launched next year. (verbal –
В следующем году будет запущено несколько искусственных метеорологических
спутников.) 8. Atoms can be further divided into smaller particles. (verbal – Атомы
можно разделить дальше на более мелкие частицы.)
13.4 Translate the sentences into Russian and define the function of Participle.
1. When speaking about a direct current, we mean a continuous current. (adverbial – Го-
воря о прямом токе, мы имеем в виду постоянный ток.)
2. While flowing along a conductor a current heats it. (adverbial – Протекая по провод-
нику, ток его нагревает.)
3. If taken from the library books must be returned in time. (adverbial – Взятые из биб-
лиотеки книги должны быть возвращены в срок.)
4. If placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized. (adverbial – Будучи по-
мещенным в сильное магнитное поле, железо становится намагниченным.)
5. Having passed his examinations for a scientific degree Dr. Manson returned to his town.
(adverbial – Сдав экзамены на получениe научной степени, доктор Менсон вернулся
в свой город.)
6. Having been given all the necessary information he continued his job. (adverbial –
Получив всю необходимую информацию, он продолжил свою работу.)
7. Heat produced in transmission lines is wasted energy. (adverbial – Тепло, образующе-
еся в линиях передачи, является бесполезно потерянной энергией.)
8. Electric incandescent lamps use a light given off by a wire heated by a current. (adver-
bial – Электрические лампы накаливания используют свет, испускаемый проволоч-
кой-проводником, нагретой током.)
50
2. Применение пластика для внутренней отделки оказалось более практичным, чем
ожидалось. (Applying plastics for interior decoration appeared more practicable than it
was anticipated.)
3. Этот универсальный двигатель внедряется как более экономичный. (This universal
motor is adopted as being more economical.)
4. Электронные компьютеры осуществляют арифметические и логические действия,
делая возможным управление процессом в достаточно сложных условиях. (Electron-
ic computers perform arithmetical and logical operations making it possible to govern the
process under rather complicated conditions.)
13.7 Translate the sentences into Russian and define the function of Absolute Participle
Construction.
1. При возрастании температуры растопленного льда скорость движения его моле-
кул увеличивается. (The temperature of melted ice rising, the movement of its molecules
is speeded up.)
2. После определения силы, прилагаемой к мосту, возможно учесть допустимую
грузоподъемность пласта. (The forces imposed upon the bridge being determined, it is
possible to take into account the bearing capacity of stratum.)
3. Квантовые генераторы могут собирать свет в чрезвычайно узкие лучи, их ширина
в угловых единицах составляет порядка тысячных градуса. (Quantum generators can
focus light in extremely narrow beams, their angular width being in the order of thousands
of degree.)
51
4. Ток, проходя через катушку провода, образует магнитные полюса на концах ка-
тушки, которая действует как магнит. (Current passing through a coil of wire, magnetic
poles are produced at each end of the coil and it acts like a magnet.)
5. У нас есть много полимеров, новые методы применения которых постепенно
разрабатываются. (We have many polymers, new methods of their applying being
worked out gradually.)
52
GERUND
1. Insert the appropriate form of the gerund.
1. Stark sat down without speaking. (Jones) 2. He did not go without being con-
gratulated by Amy. (Dickens) 3. After shaving more closely than usual and brushing his
hair, he [Herzog] took the bus uptown. (Bellow) 4. At South Square, on discovering that
Michael and Fleur were out, he did not dress for dinner, but went to the nursery. (Gals-
worthy) 5. I had to sound as if I didn't mind being insulted, as though I had no temper of
my own. (Snow) 6. She kept on talking, her voice low and controlled. (Braine) 7. In the
morning light, she was, ashamed of herself for being so elated the night before. (Snow)
8. The house wanted doing up. (Galsworthy) 9. Even a criminal must be told the nature of
his crime before being convicted. (Stone) 10. She showed none of the usual feminine
pleasure at being hard to understand, inscrutable, mysterious. (Priestley) 11. I still re-
proached myself for not being open with Douglas Osbaldiston from the start, when he had
invited me to do so. (Snow) 12. No woman looks her best after sitting up all night. (Shaw)
13. His legs were somewhat stiff from not having hiked or climbed for days. (Baum)
14. I'm tired of being treated like a silly fat lamb. (Coppard) 15. I know everyone who's
worth being known. (Maugham) 16. After saying this, he cursed himself for not having
said the opposite, so that he might have used the expected guest as a lever to get rid of
Misha. (Murdoch) 17. There is vivid happiness in merely being alive. (Coppard)
18. "Your tie needs straightening", Mrs. Simpson said. (Greene) 19. The attempt is at
least worth making. (Collins) 20. Mr. Creakle then caned Tommy Traddles for having
been discovered in tears, instead of cheers, on account of Mr. Mell's departure... (Dick-
ens) 21. He apologized to Hooker for being down so late. (Priestley) 22. One could not
walk or drive about Philadelphia without seeing and being impressed with the general
tendency toward a more cultivated and selective social life. (Dreiser) 23. I just couldn't
stand being away from you any longer. (Stone) 24. I remember having seen him with her
and Marner going away from church. (Eliot) 25. When I told him that I meant to live in
Paris for a while, and had taken an apartment, he reproached me bitterly for not having let
him know. (Maugham) 26. He had a flat smooth face with heavy-lidded green eyes that
gave the impression of being set at a slant. (Braine) 27. His latest craze was to discover
her age, which he cursed himself for not having observed when he had her passport in his
hands. (Murdoch) 28. Let me tell you whose house you've come into without asking or
wanting. (Faulkner) 29. I'm tired of talking to you. (Maugham) 30. They soon discovered
that the gate was securely locked. They looked at one another in a mixed fashion, a trifle
disappointed at being held up, but still triumphant at finding the place. (Priestley)
53
(Hansford Johnson) 16. I didn't at all like the idea of going to the station in the luggage
cart. (Maugham) 17. He looked at me for a long time before answering. (Clark)
18. He felt he was going to be denounced in daring to suggest such a thing. (Priestley)
19. I thought you had just been blaming me for being neutral. (Snow) 20. If you won't tell
me what's wrong, what's the use of my being here? (Braine)
54
INFINITIVE
4. Insert the appropriate form of the infinitive.
1. But there was nothing now to wait for. (Wilson) 2. She put on the cape and
turned round to be admired. (Cain) 3. He appeared to be listening. (Lessing) 4. He ap-
peared to have plenty of money, which was said to have been gained in the Californian
goldfields. (Conan Doyle) 5. When I seemed to be dozing a long while, the Master of Sa-
lem House unscrewed his flute into the three pieces, put them up as before, and took me
away. (Dickens) 6. Every feature seemed to have sharpened since he saw her last. (Gals-
worthy) 7. This fellow seemed to be a famous explorer or something of that sort. (Priest-
ley) 8. The house appeared to have been repaired recently. (Hardy) 9. Nobody seemed to
have perceived his entry, but there he certainly was. (Hardy) 10. Paula would be the first
concentration camp to be liberated by American troops. (Heym) 11. Willoughby was not
the man to overlook the lessons of his predecessor. (Heym) 12. A twelve year old girl, Pa-
tience Barlow, was the first to have attracted his attention or to be attracted by him.
(Dreiser) 13. One might guess Mr. George to have been a trooper once upon a time.
(Dickens) 14. I suppose Mr. Jelleby had been more talkative and lively once; but he
seemed to have been exhausted long before I knew him. (Dickens) 15. Dave seemed to
be watching Stephanie, waiting for her to make the first move. (Saxton) 16. For the last
few days she seemed to have been talking to nobody but strange men. (Priestley)
17. I lack the will-power to do anything with my life, to better my position by hard work.
(Durrell) 18. There's no time to lose. (Clark) 19. And, in a very little while, the Murdstone
and Grinby life became so strange to me that I hardly believed in it, while my present life
grew so familiar, that I seemed to have been leading it a long time. (Dickens) 20. Roger
Quaife was a youngish Conservative member who was beginning to being talked about.
(Snow) 21. He is said to have put away a small fortune. (Durrell) 22. That Jolyon seems
to have born in 1710, son of Jolyon and Mary. (Galsworthy)
55
ish the work.) 4. Почему бы не поговорить с деканом? (Why not talk to the dean?) 5.
Ему ничего не оставалось делать, как признать свою вину (to admit one's fault).
(There was nothing for him to do but admit his fault.) 6. Она только и делает, что вор-
чит. (She only complains.) 7. Я не могу не согласиться с вами. (I can only agree with
you.) 8. Степан Аркадьевич тонко (subtly) улыбался. Левин тоже не мог не улыб-
нуться. (Stepan Arkadivich subtly smiled. Levin could nothing but smile.) (Л. Толстой) 9.
Надевайте же коньки, и давайте кататься вместе. (Put on your skates, let’s go skating.)
(Л. Толстой) 10. Что ж, он прекрасный жених (match)... Зачем не выдти за него?...
(He’s a good match. Why not marry him?) (Пушкин) 11....Я три дня занимался только
тем, что... наслаждался чтением какого-нибудь романа... (I did nothing but read a
novel for three days.) (Л. Толстой) 12. «Ты опять заснешь, Николенька? — говорит
мне maman. — Ты бы лучше шел наверх». (You’ll fall asleep again, Nickie, said
maman. You better go upstairs.) (Л. Толстой) 13. Я никогда не видел (to know), чтобы
ты сказал неправду. (I never knew that you told the truth.) (Л. Толстой) 14. Я не мог не
подивиться странному сцеплению (chain) обстоятельств. (I was surprised at the
strange coincidence of circumstances.) (Пушкин)
56
was made to repeat the aria.) 12. Он, кажется, пишет новую статью; кажется, он рабо-
тает над ней уже две недели. (It seems he is writing a new article; it seems he has been
working at it for two weeks.) 13. Его статья, несомненно, будет напечатана. (Without
doubt his article will be published.) 14. Я случайно встретил его в Москве. (I met him
by accident in Moscow.) 15. Обязательно прочитайте эту книгу; она вам, несомненно,
понравится. (You should read this book; you will like it.) 16. Говорят, что это здание
было построено в XVII веке. (It is said that this building was built in the XVII century.)
57
14. EMPHASIS / INVERSION
14.1 Complete each sentence by using the phrases from the box.
1. No sooner had we arrived at the hotel, when there was a power cut.
2. Under no circumstances are members of staff to accept gratuities from clients.
3. Little did Detective Dawson realize what she was to discover!
4. Were you to pay the full amount now, there would be a ten percent discount.
5. I supposed, as did most people, that I would be retiring at 60.
6. Rarely have the doctors seen a more difficult case.
7. Not only did Jean win first prize, but she was also offered a promotion.
8. Under no circumstances will late arrivals be admitted to the theatre before the interval.
9. Hardly had one missing child been found, than another three disappeared.
10. Rarely have so many employees taken sick leave at the same time.
58
14.4 Complete the text by using the words and phrases from the box.
Well, ladies and gentlemen, we’ve done it again – another election victory. The
last four years of office has been a wonderful time for the party, a tale of adversity over-
come. (1) Scarcely had we come to office than the Stock Market crashed. But we survived
that scare, and we came out of it stronger for the experience. The opposition claimed we
were faltering. (2) Seldom have I heard such hypocrisy from a party which continued to
squabble internally for the next four years. Then (3) along came a fellow called David
Rew, with his new breakaway Democratic party – but he didn’t have much success in the
opinion polls! (4) Not only did he claim he’d become Prime Minister within three years,
he also reckoned that this party was now unpopular with younger voters. (5) Little did he
realize that it would be the young voters who gave us an overwhelming vote of confidence
in yesterday’s election. (6) No sooner had the first votes rolled in when it was obvious
that we would be re-elected with a huge majority. (7) Such was the extent of our victory
that the new Democrats obtained a meager five seats. (8) Had they known they would per-
form so poorly, I don’t think they would have been quite so scathing in their criticism of
our economic policy. But rest assured, ladies and gentlemen, (9) under no circumstances
will we rest on our laurels. There is no room for complacency in this government. And I
am confident, (10) as I’m sure are most of you, that the next four years will be a resound-
ing success. Thank you.
14.5 Choose the most appropriate continuation (1–10) for each sentence (a–j).
(a) All of the trains were delayed by fog. 4
(b) It wasn’t so much my qualifications that impressed them. 9
(c) I found that I was spending more time staying late at the office. 7
(d) I don’t find that the buses are especially late, actually. 5
(e) Actually my fridge is in quite good condition, considering its age. 2
(f) I don’t find watching television particularly relaxing. 10
(g) I’ve decided to buy a new stereo after all. 1
(h) This book didn’t teach me everything I know about cooking. 8
(i) The flight itself didn’t really bother me at all. 6
(j) Actually I wasn’t in the office yesterday. 3
1. Where I am going to get the money from is another matter.
2. What I really need is a new washing machine.
3. It must have been my assistant whom you dealt with.
4. It was after 10.00 when I finally got home.
5. What really gets on my nerves is people who push into the queue.
6. It was when I got off the plane that I felt ill.
7. What I did in the end was to ask for a pay-rise.
8. It was Sarah who taught me how to make bread.
9. It was because I spoke well at the interview that I got the job.
10. What I like most is a long walk in the country.
59
14.6 Complete each sentence with one suitable word (emphasis).
1. You can’t complain. It’s your only fault, isn’t it?
2. – That looks like Janet. – Only if it is! My goodness, hasn’t she changed.
3. I’m sorry to keep you waiting. I do hope you haven’t been here long.
4. It is by no means certain that the Prime minister will attend the meeting.
5. What I really enjoy in winter is a bowl of hot soup.
6. I searched and searched for my keys but I couldn’t find them.
7. Time and time again you are all going to sleep. I can’t work out!
8. What the government then did was to raise interest rates.
9. There isn’t much to eat. As it may seem we’ve got some leftovers.
10. Cathy wasn’t the least bit put out when I couldn’t make it to her wedding.
14.7 Complete each sentence with a suitable phrase from the box.
1. I know you’re busy, but I do think you could have helped me with the decorating.
2. It’s by no means certain that the president will be re-elected.
3. You may have lots of restaurants where you live, but there are none at all in this
part of town.
4. I told you time and time again about the leaking pipes, but you wouldn’t listen.
5. You don’t seem the least bit interested in my problems!
6. Strange as it may seem, the bus is actually faster than the train.
7. In the end what we did was to call a plumber.
8. We waited and waited all day, but Chris never turned up.
9. Pauline was not at all bothered by our turning up so late.
10. It can’t have been Jim that you saw; he is in Germany at the moment.
14.9 Change the order of information in these sentences to emphasis a different part.
Make any other necessary changes.
1. He burst in through the window. – Through the window he burst in.
2. They crossed the Atlantic in record time. – In record time they crossed the Atlantic.
3. He destroyed the first letter. – It was the first letter that he destroyed.
4. He put the second letter into his pocket. – Into his pocket he put the second letter.
5. The letter was on the table. – On the table there was a letter.
6. It is terrible that he was punished so severely. – So severely was he punished.
7. It is very difficult to imagine him failing. – To imagine him failing is very difficult.
8. It’s perhaps not surprising that he’s done so well. – That he’s done so well is not surprising.
60
9. I can’t imagine how he got here so fast. – How he got here is so fast I can’t imagine.
10. He’s useless. That’s the problem. – The problem is that he’s useless.
14.11 Write W next to the sentences that contain a what-clause \ all-clause; C next to
those that contain a cleft sentence and X next to any that contains neither.
1. What we did was to go back to the beginning and start again. – W
2. All I’m concerned with is your progress. – W
3. He promised to call me but it wasn’t until later that week that he eventually phoned. – C
4. It is unbelievable the lengths I had to go to in securing the contract. – X
5. I think it’s because we have the same sense of humor that we work so well together. – X
14.12 In each sentence one of the underlined words or phrases does not fit. Write the
number beside it in the space and the correct word or phrase.
1. What you did (1) wrong was that (2) you started on the topcoat before (3) the undercoat
that was (4) dry. (was)
2. All that (1) happened that I (2) told him what I thought of (3) him in no uncertain (4)
terms. (I)
3. It was (1) while trying (2) to mend the window when (3) I fell off the ladder . (that)
4. He claimed to like (1) music but it was (2) literature what (3) he loved more than any-
thing else (4). (that)
5. All (1) I love most about the weather (2) in this country is that (3) it is totally unreliable.
(What)
6. He left the country at the age of (1) twenty and it was (2) only after several years when
(3) he returned. (that)
7. I mislaid my wedding ring once and it (1) wasn’t before (2) we eventually moved house
that it (3) came to light (4) again. (until)
8. It’s (1) not learning (2) new words that I find (3) difficult, and (4) remembering them.
(but)
61
15. SYNTAX
3. She failed her driving test because she didn't look in her mirror often enough.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
4. My family came to Germany when I was in grade 5, but I never learned to speak Ger-
man very well.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
7. Although it was cold and the rain was getting heavier, we decided to go fishing as
planned.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
62
8. To build a doll's house you need wood, a hammer, a saw, and lots of nails.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
11. The new girl in our ESL class has a brother in grade 7 and a sister in grade 9.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
12. While I was doing my homework, my father cooked the dinner and my mother was
asleep in front of the television.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
15. You should start working a little harder or you are going to fail your test.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
63
16. I like playing basketball, and my brother likes playing tennis.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
17. Do you want to go swimming tomorrow, or would you prefer to play tennis?
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
20. Most European countries now use the Euro, but the United Kingdom still uses the pound (£).
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
21. He got up, walked over to the window, and jumped out.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
23. We were doing a mathematics test when the fire alarm rang yesterday.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
64
24. You should read every day if you want to improve your English more quickly.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-complex
15.2 These sentences focus on the distinction between conjunctions in the sentences and
sentence adverbials. Using the lists in APPENDIX, fill the gaps in the b sentences with a
sentence adverbial, so that two sentences have the same meaning.
Time
1a (conj) Silvia went for a swim after she had done her homework.
1b (adv.) Silvia did her homework. Afterwards, she went for a swim.
2a She was dying for a swim by the time she had finished studying.
2b She studied till midday. by then she was dying for a swim.
3a While she was swimming, I continued to study.
3b I continued to study. meanwhile \ in the meantime \ at the same time, she was swimming.
Reason and result
4a The Addams live in a strange house, so they don’t get many visitors.
4b The Addams live in a strange house. as a result \ because of this \ consequently \ for
this reason \ on account of this \ therefore, they don’t get many visitors.
5a Since she had promised to visit him, she went there the next day.
5b She had promised to visit him. she went accordingly there the next day.
Contrast and concession
6a A lot of men are uncomfortable with Morticia, even though she has a sweet nature.
6b Morticia has a sweet nature. despite this \ in spite of this \ nevertheless \ nonetheless \
however, a lot of men are uncomfortable with her.
7a The English eat potatoes, whereas the Chinese eat rice.
7b The English eat potatoes. The Chinese on the other hand \ by comparison \ by con-
trast \ however \ though eat rice.
Addition
8a Not only does Marcel play the trumpet, but he can also juggle.
8b Marcel plays the trumpet. also \ well as that what is more \ in addition \ as he can juggle.
15.3 Complete the sentences by adding any appropriate word or phrase, note which
conjunctions are used with commas APPENDIX.
1. We are advised to do this exercise very
a. carefully, otherwise we will make a lot of mistakes.
b. carefully(,) while our teacher in the pub.
c. carefully, even though it looks easy.
65
2. My weeks of captivity weren’t too
a. unpleasant(,) considering the terrible reputation of my kidnappers.
b. unpleasant once I got used to the conditions.
c. unpleasant, even if the food was terrible.
10. a. By the time we arrived in Barbados, I was sorry I had married him.
b. No sooner had we got to Barbados than I discovered his secret.
c. Whenever I return to Barbados I am filled with nostalgia.
11. a. Hardly had Ana entered the room when everyone started to applaud.
b. As a result of Ana’s recent Hollywood success everyone wanted to meet her.
c. Despite her reputation Ana didn’t seem to be interested in the men.
66
12. a. Not only was their relationship happy but it also produced two children.
b. Since she has been with Bruno she has forgotten all her old friends.
c. So as to celebrate their anniversary they returned to Barbados.
15.4 For each of the eight lists APPENDIX 8 there is an exercise A which focuses on
the meaning of the items. Exercise B then puts these words into context. It consists of
pairs of sentences: in each case the second sentence requires a sentence adverbial in
order to show how it is connected to the first. Think carefully about:
meaning
word order
degree of formality
punctuation
Then choose an appropriate word from the list indicated above.
1. Time
A Under the heading Time, find
– three items similar in meaning to immediately (at once \ instantly \ now)
– three items similar in meaning to at the same time (simultaneously \ meanwhile \ in
the meanwhile)
– three items similar in meaning to finally (at last \ eventually \ in the end)
Which of these implies a feeling of relief? – at last
B 1. I’ve been waiting an eternity for this moment. At last I can hold you in my arms.
2. A friend of mine got a job on a ranch near Buenos Aires. At first (,) he found the life
very hard, but it didn’t take him long to find his feet.
3. The food’s in the oven and dinner will be ready in an hour. In the meantime let’s go
and do some gardening.
4. We are always looking for bright young men to join our staff. However, there are no
vacancies at present.
5. The police received the bomb threat at 6.15 pm and arrived at the scene six minutes lat-
er. By then, the cinema had already been evacuated and the adjoining streets cordoned off.
6. On my twelfth birthday, I was finally told where babies come from. Until then, I had
imagined they came from the supermarket like everything else.
67
1. It’s luxurious, it’s not too expensive, and the food’s out of the world. On top of that
there’s the Italian barman: my friends think he’s the real reason I always go there.
2. I don’t want to have a drink with you because it’s too early in the day and also I don’t
like you very much. Besides, I’m not thirsty.
3. We are not wholly satisfied with your work to date, particularly in terms of productivi-
ty. Moreover, on more than one occasion your poor timekeeping record has been
brought to our attention.
3. Reformulating, clarifying
A Find three items similar in meaning to in other words. (that is \ I mean \ to put it an-
other way)
B 1. It came as a surprise to hear that Clea was married. In fact, it came as a shock.
2. The only thing Chantal wants for her birthday is a new English grammar book. At
least, I think that’s all she wants.
3. Our hotel was what the travel agents describe as «lively and colorful». In other
words, it was in the red light district.
4. I don’t know how you can listen to that music. I mean, it sounds like Rambo’s foreign
policy: no harmony but lots of explosions.
68
3. And what was worse, it was raining all the time. All in all, it was a disastrous week-
end.
4. (430 students voted in favor of the motion to ban smoking on the college premises,
while 462 voted against.) Overall, students at the college are against a smoking ban.
5. At the back of the bookshelf, I found the cassettes of the telephone calls. It was Barba-
ra, then, who had been tapping the Palace phone lines.
69
16. PUNCTUATION
16.1 It is possible to combine two sentences in many ways, but a comma alone cannot
join two sentences. Which of these sentences are correct? Which of them need full stops
to divide them into two or more sentences? Insert full stops in the place of commas
where necessary.
EXAMPLE: I watched the soldiers march past, when they had gone I went back to my
writing.
I watched the soldiers march past. When they had gone I went back to my writing.
1. One day he married a cabaret dancer. This woman already had two daughters.
2. She was surprised to see her father, who had come home, earlier than usual.
3. I think that a teacher’s method is very important. Would I have learned as much with
another teacher?
4. I seem to have lost Naomi’s address. I wonder, if you could have a look to see if you’ve
got it.
5. Cinderella was in her room. She couldn’t help thinking about the boy who had bought
her the Coke. Her father came in and asked her how the disco had been. She told him
about the boy, and how she didn’t even know his name. Finally she told her father the
worst of it, that she had forgotten her bicycle when she left the disco some time around
midnight. Suddenly there was a ring at the doorbell. It was the boy who had bought her the
Coke, and he had her bicycle with him. «This bike’s much too small for you», he said.
«Shall I adjust the saddle? Or better still, if you’ll be my girlfriend. I’ll buy you a new
mountain bike».
16.2 In the following text, some commas are used correctly, while other commas are used
incorrectly in the place of full stops. Use full stops and capital letters, then divide the text
into three paragraphs. The first paragraph is an introduction to the theme, the second
tells the story, and the third is the writer’s concluding comment.
The Fakirs of India are distinguished by their attempts to demonstrate their resistance to pain
and privation. Some have been frauds, and some have shown remarkable powers of mind
over matter, demonstrating that all pleasure and pain is Maya, or illusion. At the end of the
19th century, Fakir Agastiya of Bengal proved the mental control he possessed over his body
by raising his left arm above his head and leaving it in that position until he died in 1912.
Gradually, the blood circulation diminished to almost nothing and rendered the arm com-
pletely numb and rigid. Even the joint locked, and Agastiya was laid to rest with his arm in
the same position. The only poetic touch to an otherwise pointless exercise was the decision
by a bird to nest in the palm of his hand. Whether the accumulating bird-lime set solid over
the years and helped to support his arm is unknown and open to after-dinner speculation.
16.3 Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as single sentences in three different ways:
using a present participle
using a conjunction
using a relative clause
Example: Lucy saw an advertisement in Times. She was immediately interested.
Looking…….
Since……..
Lucy, who……….
70
1. Lucy was looking for an adventure. She answered the advertisement.
Looking for an adventure, Lucy answered the advertisement.
Since she was looking for an adventure, Lucy answered the advertisement.
Lucy, who was looking for an adventure, answered the advertisement.
2. She approached the desert island. She was impressed by its beauty.
Approaching the desert island, she was impressed by its beauty.
As she approached the desert island, she was impressed by its beauty.
She approached the island, whose beauty impressed her.
3. They found a good place to camp. They pitched the tent there.
Finding a good place to camp, they pitched the tent.
When they found a good place to camp, they pitched the tent.
They found a good place to camp, where they pitched the tent.
4. Lucy needed to find food in order to survive. She learned to fish.
Needing to find food in order to survive, Lucy learned to fish.
Since she needed to find food in order to survive, Lucy learned to fish.
Lucy, who needed to find food in order to survive, learned to fish.
16.4 Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as single sentences using a past participle.
1. I was excited about the job interview. I woke up many times in the night.
Excited about the job interview, I woke up many times in the night.
2. He was frightened by the anonymous phone calls. He went to the police.
Frightened by the anonymous phone calls, he went to the police.
3. The stamps were collected by my father. They are worth a fortune.
The stamps collected by my father, are worth a fortune.
4. Children must be accompanied by an adult. If they are not, they will be refused admission.
Children not accompanied by an adult will be refused admission.
Commas
16.5 Write the main idea in these sentences.
1. We all agreed that, in view of the condition of our feet, we would spend the next day
touring the village.
We all agreed that we would spend the next day touring the village.
2. The deer, which stood, silently gazing at us, about 30 meters away, were not disturbed
by our presence.
The deer were not disturbed by our presence.
3. After many years of study, years which I believe I have the right to describe as both
long and painful, my brother, Matthew, about whom you will hear more later, finally be-
came a good enough trumpet player to join the army.
My brother, Matthew, finally became a good enough trumpet player to join the army.
16.6 Remember to use a pair of commas for parenthesis. If you forget one of the two
commas, the sentence can become difficult to read. In each of the following pairs of
sentences, one is badly punctuated. Supply the missing commas.
1a She was, however tired, after her expe- 1b She was, however tired after her expedi-
dition. tion, still smiling.
2a Politicians have to be fair, lied the 2b Politicians have, to be fair, lied less this
Prime Minister. year.
71
3a He told me when his company was go- 3b He told me, when his company was go-
ing to be taken over by a multinational, so I ing to be taken over by a multinational,
quickly bought shares. that he was drinking too much.
4a Jenny, told the story of her husband’s 4b Jenny told the story of her husband’s
accident, was angry with him. accident, laughing till the tears ran down
her face.
16.7 Insert any necessary commas in the following sentences. At least one of the sen-
tences does not need a comma.
1. My birthday, which had begun with sunshine, ended with rain.
2. Cleopatra, Henry’s dog, or rather bitch, was a nuisance the whole day.
3. Norway being a bit cold in January, I’ve decided to go to Morocco.
4. Marion, who was frightened of spiders, begged us crying to turn back.
5. What’s happened to the car you used to drive when you were in California?
6. Henry’s brother the doctor was unable to accompany us (,) but his brother the guitarist
did come.
7. However, old as she is, she has entered the London Marathon again.
8. He told me, and I know you’re not going to like this (,) after all the drinks you’ve
bought him and all the energy you’ve put into your attempt to sell him a Jaguar, that he’s
bought a Fiat.
16.9 In each of the following pairs of sentences, one of the sentences is well punctuated,
while the other needs one or two commas- add those commas.
1a She promised to leave the ball before 1b She promised to keep her mother happy
midnight. to leave the ball before midnight.
2a If only you’d told Helen she would be 2b If only you’d told Helen, she wouldn’t
welcome! have been shocked when she saw it.
3a She asked me , to cut a long story short , 3b She asked me to devote my whole
to mend her car. weekend to working on the engine of her
Seat 127.
4a I can’t remember whether we drank five 4b I can remember, whether you can or
or six. not.
5a It was she who chose , which was unu- 5b It was she who chose which film we
sual for her. went to see.
16.10 In each of the following pairs of sentences, one of the sentences is correctly punc-
tuated. The other sentence is incorrectly punctuated and requires one comma. Decide
which sentence is incorrectly punctuated, and add the missing commas.
1a When he started to play polo was when 1b When he started to play polo, Kate
Kate stopped loving him. stopped loving him.
2a Whether or not you’re going doesn’t 2b Whether or not you’re going, I certainly
interest me at all. am.
72
3a Where there used to be a factory, now 3b Where large sums of money change
there were fields of wild flowers. hands is where lawyers are to be found.
16.12 In the following sentences, add any commas that may be useful.
1. Australian footballers can kick the ball or throw it.
2. The burglars ate all our food, and the baby never woke up.
3. She thought Miss Verner was going to be furious and she waited all morning to be
summoned to the 5th floor, but the call never came.
4. She squashed a grapefruit in Cagney’s face and walked out of his life.
16.13 Insert commas as appropriate in the following sentences.
1. Before he took off, Lindberg made himself some sandwiches.
2. Much as I admire his paintings, I wouldn’t trust him with my daughters.
3. I bought this bicycle so I could go to the beach every morning.
4. Footballers dream of scoring goals, and the philosophy students dream of finding
the meaning of life.
Revision of commas
The commas have been removed from the following text. Put the commas back in the
text.
The ageing process effects us all at different rates. Some people of 53, like the esteemed
author, look a mere 35, with sparkling brown eyes and a handsome gait. Others, like the
author’s friend Colin, look like little middle-aged men of 21(,) with middle-aged outlooks,
set ways and planned futures. In women the former condition is common, but women rare-
ly suffer from the latter, being fired with the insatiable drive of ambition for either an in-
dependent and distinguished career in a still male-dominated world, or a home and seven
children by the time they are 30.
No such luck for Charles Charlesworth, who was born on the 14th of March 1829 in Staf-
ford. At the age of four (,) Charles had a beard and was sexually mature.
In the final three years of his life (,) his skin wrinkled and he developed varicose veins,
shortness of breath, grey hair, senile dementia and incontinence. Some time in his seventh
year (,) he fainted and never regained consciousness. The coroner returned a verdict of
natural causes due to old age.
(Ralph Steadman Charles Who Died of Old Age at the Age of Seven)
73
Semicolons
16.14 In which of the three examples below might a semicolon be preferred to the full stop?
1. Neurotic men, from Lord Byron to Cary Grant, have been admired for dominating their
condition. Neurotic women, notably Marilyn Monroe, have been admired for surrendering
to it.
2. Sir John was found guilty of driving with double the legal limit of alcohol in his blood-
stream. «You are a very foolish man», said the judge, «but on this occasion I shall turn a
blind eye to your folly».
3. At about 2 in the morning, the last customers left the bar. The next day I was awakened
early by the sound of laughter outside my window.
4. In winter, I bring the geraniums into the house. All the other plants I leave outside.
5. The strong kept on walking until they reached the safety of the woods. The weak
stopped to rest by the side of the road.
6. It was good to be in Italy at last. My grandmother had travelled a lot in Europe, but the
rest of the family had little or no curiosity about the Old World.
16.15 The following sentences all contain lists. Supply commas and semicolons, as ap-
propriate. Make sure that the meaning is absolutely clear and unambiguous.
1. Almost half the club will be playing in the doubles tournament: six women including
myself; Peter Bates and John Wade; the twins; and, of course, the team captain with his
partner.
2. While working at the hospital she was overworked, exploited and constantly criticized
at the same time as being underpaid, undervalued and taken for granted.
3. When you come to one of our theatre workshops you can expect a whole rainbow of
activities: music and singing; circus skills, including juggling; vegetarian cooking; mime
and acrobatics; improvisation and, above all, a warm group experience.
Colons
16.16 Write a phrase after the colon to complete the unfinished sentences. In your fin-
ished sentence, the colon should have the meaning of the linking word given so you do
not need to use the linking word.
Because (The river is polluted: \ because \ there is a paper factory upstream.)
1. I think Mary is in love: she hasn’t bitten anybody today.
2. I’m sure I will pass my exams: I’m going out with the examiner.
Indeed \ in fact (He comes from an athletic family: \ in fact\ both his parents are Olympic
gymnasts.)
1. Silvia is interested in animals: she has hundreds of wildlife videos.
2. The dress was elegant, sensual and provocative: tonight she would be irresistible.
So \ as a result (The river is polluted: \ so \ why are they swimming in it?)
1. He was bitten by a cobra: he died at once.
2. I had a terrible hangover this morning: I stayed in bed till midday.
Namely \ and that is \ in other words \ for example (Empress Wu’s eldest son came to
fast Wu-type end: \ in other words \ she had him murdered.)
1. Suddenly I remembered my grandmother’s advice: never trust a man whose eyebrows
meet in the middle.
2. She thinks she’s a model: she spends all her time dressing up and posing in front of the
mirror.
74
16.17 Add colons and commas where appropriate to these sentences.
1. Rosewell no longer had the strength and energy of his youth and so his game became
more economical: nothing was wasted.
2. The string quartet I play with comprises two violins, a viola and a cello, but my jazz
quartet has rather an unusual line-up: double bass violin piano and tenor saxophone.
3. But now, after a bath, a change of clothes and a drink, the thought returned to me: how
was Foxton going to react when he found that I had escaped?
4. I’ve just decided to emigrate to Canada: it sounds like the perfect solution.
5. There are four things we would need to know more about before we could offer you a
job: we would need to question you further about your education, your family back-
ground, your experience(,) and your plans for the future.
75
Учебное издание
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК
Книга для учителя
Учебное пособие
Научный редактор
кандидат филологических наук,
доцент О.С. Ульянова
76