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ELECTROCHEMISTRY
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CHAPTER 8
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LIGHT
PREPARED BY:
Sandra Louisse Q. Vivas
Patricia Lhyne H. Zabala
Maverick Mallari
Vincent Randolph Manalo
Kelvin Icban
 CONTENTS FONT SIZE: 170
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SPARTAN

REDOX REACTION FONT SIZE: 100

01 FONT TYPE: ALEO

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REDOX REACTION FONT SIZE: 80
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DITO NIYO LALAGAY
INTRODUCTION YUNG ASSIGNED
LESSON SAINYO
Before considering the de nitions of
oxidation and reduction, let us recall
what are oxidation numbers. We
de ned oxidation number as an
apparent valence, or an apparent
charge on an atom in a compound.
Therefore, if the oxidation state is
changed, the electrons must be
transferred. If electrons are lost by an
atom, the oxidation state increases
since an electron has a negative charge.
This is due to the instance that the atom then
has more protons than electrons thus has a
higher charge or oxidation number.
Conversely, if electrons are gained, the
oxidation state decreases.
Oxidation is any chemical change in which a
substance loses electrons thus decreases in
oxidation state. For example, when a Zn atom
2+
loses two electrons to become a Zn ion, the
zinc has increased in oxidation state (from 0 to
+2).
2+ -
Zn ―> Zn + 2 e

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DITO YUNG SPARTAN
INTRODUCTION LAGAY NIYO YUNG PAGE
DISCUSSION EXAMPLE NUMBER DITO
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EXERCISES ETC
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ELECTROCHEMISTRY LAGAY NIYO YUNG CHAPTER TITLE NIYO
DITO
01
BATTERY
INTRODUCTION
Battery are a collection of one or
more cells whose chemical reactions
create a ow of electrons in a circuit.
All batteries are made up of three
basic components: an anode (the '-'
side), a cathode (the '+' side), and
some kind of electrolyte (a substance
that chemically reacts with the anode
and cathode).
When the anode and cathode of a
battery is connected to a circuit, a
chemical reaction takes place
between the anode and the
electrolyte. This reaction causes
electrons to ow through the circuit
and back into the cathode where
another chemical reaction takes place.
When the material in the cathode or
anode is consumed or no longer able
to be used in the reaction, the battery
is unable to produce electricity. At that
point, your battery
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
is "dead."
HISTORY
Historically, the word "battery" was used
to describe a "series of similar objects
grouped together to perform a function,
" as in a battery of artillery. In 1749,
Benjamin Franklin rst used the term
to describe a series of capacitors he had
linked together for his electricity
experiments. Later, the term would be
used for any electrochemical cells
linked together for the purpose of
providing electric power.
Batteries have been around longer
than you may think. In 1938,
archaeologist Wilhelm Konig
discovered some peculiar clay pots
while digging at Khujut Rabu, just
outside of present-day Baghdad, Iraq.
The jars, which measure approximately
5 inches (12.7 centimeters) long,
contained an iron rod encased in
copper and dated from about 200 B.C.
Tests suggested that the vessels
The height at which the layers
had once been lled with an acidic
could be stacked was limited
substance like vinegar or wine,
because the weight of the pile
leading Koenig to believe that
would squeeze the brine out of
these vessels were ancient
the pasteboard or cloth. The
batteries. Since this discovery,
metal discs also tended to corrode
scholars have produced replicas of
quickly, shortening the life of the
the pots that are in fact capable of
battery. Despite these
producing an electric charge.
shortcomings, the SI unit of
These "Baghdad batteries" may
electromotive force is now called
have been used for religious rituals,
a volt in honor of Volta's
medicinal purposes, or even
achievement.
electroplating.
By 1898, the Colombia Dry Cell
In 1799, Italian physicist
became the rst commercially
Alessandro Volta created the rst
available battery sold in the
battery by stacking alternating
United States. The manufacturer,
layers of zinc, brine-soaked
National Carbon Company, later
pasteboard or cloth, and silver. This
became the Eveready Battery
arrangement, called a voltaic pile,
Company, which produces the
was not the rst device to create
Energizer brand.
electricity, but it was the rst to
emit a steady, lasting current.
However, there were some
drawbacks to Volta's invention.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
01
 COMPONETS OF BATTERY

Batteries are made up of three ANODE

basic components: an anode, a
Electrons ow out from the anode in a
cathode, and an electrolyte. A
device connected to a circuit. This
separator is often used to prevent
means that conventional "current" ows
the anode and cathode from
into an anode.
touching, if the electrolyte is not
On batteries, the anode is marked as
suf cient. In order to store these
the negative (-) terminal.
components, batteries usually have
In a battery, the chemical reaction
some kind of casing.
between the anode and electrolyte
Both the anode and cathode are
causes a build up of electrons in the
types of electrodes. Electrodes are anode. These electrons want to move to
conductors through which the cathode, but cannot pass through
electricity enters or leaves a the electrolyte or separator.
component in a circuit.
Cathode CATHODE

Electrons ow into the cathode in a

device connected to a circuit. This
Electrolyte means that conventional "current" ows
out from a cathode.
On batteries, the cathode is marked as
the positive (+) terminal
Anode
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
01
 In batteries, the chemical reaction
in or around the cathode uses the
electrons produced in the anode.
The only way for the electrons to
get to the cathode is through a
circuit, external to the battery.
ELECTROLYTE
The electrolyte is the substance,
often a liquid or gel, that is capable of
transporting ions between the
chemical reactions that happen at
the anode and cathode. The
electrolyte also inhibits the ow of
electrons between the anode and
cathode so that the electrons more
easily ow through the external
circuit rather than through the
electrolyte.
Alkaline batteries can leak their
electrolyte, potassium hydroxide, if
subjected to high heat or reverse
voltage.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
The electrolyte is crucial in the
operation of a battery. Because
electrons cannot pass through it,
they are forced to travel through
electrical conductors in the form of a
circuit that connect the anode to the
cathode
SEPIRATOR
Separators are porous materials that
prevent the anode and cathode from
touching, which would cause a short
circuit in the battery. Separators can be
made from a variety of materials,
including cotton, nylon, polyester,
cardboard, and synthetic polymer lms.
Separators do not chemically react
with either the anode, cathode, or
electrolyte.
The voltaic pile used cloth or
cardboard (separator) soaked in brine
(electrolyte) to keep the electrodes
apart
01
A reduction half-reaction occurs at the electrode (cathode) attached to the negative terminal of the battery.
An oxidation half-reaction occurs at the electrode (anode) attached to the positive terminal of the battery.
So for molten sodium chloride:

Ions in the electrolyte can be

OPERATION
positively charged, negatively
charged, and can come in a variety Batteries generally require several
of sizes. Special separators can be chemical reactions in order to operate. At
manufactured that allow some ions least one reaction occurs in or around the
to pass but not others. anode and one or more reactions occur in
or around the cathode. In all cases, the
CASING reaction at the anode produces extra
electrons in a process called oxidation,
Most batteries need a way to and the reaction at the cathode uses the
contain their chemical extra electrons during a process known as
components. Casings, otherwise reduction.
known as "housings" or "shells," When the switch is closed, the circuit is
are simply mechanical structures complete, and electrons can ow from
meant to hold the battery's the anode to the cathode. These electrons
internals. enable the chemical reactions at the
Battery casings can be made of anode and cathode.
almost anything: plastic, steel, soft In essence, we are separating a certain
polymer laminate pouches, and so kind of chemical reaction, a reduction-
on. Some batteries use a oxidation reaction or redox reaction, into
conducting steel casing that is two separate parts. Redox reactions occur
electrically connected to one of when electrons are transferred between
the electrodes. In the case of the chemicals. We can harness the
common AA alkaline cell, the steel movement of electrons in this reaction to
casing is connected to the ow outside the battery to power our
cathode. circuit.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
01

Anode Oxidation
This rst part of the redox reaction,
oxidation, occurs between the anode
and electrolyte, and it produces
electrons (marked as e ).-
Some oxidation reactions produce
ions, such as in a lithium-ion battery.
In other chemistries, the reaction
consumes ions, like in the common
alkaline battery. In either case, ions
are able to ow freely through the
electrolyte where electrons cannot.
Cathode Reduction
The other half of the redox reaction,
reduction, occurs in or near the
cathode. Electrons produced by the
oxidation reaction are consumed
during reduction.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
In some cases, like lithium-ion batteries,
positively charged lithium ions produced
during the oxidation reaction are
consumed during reduction. In other
cases, like alkaline batteries, negatively
charged ions are produced during
reduction.
Electron Flow
In most batteries, some or all of the
chemical reactions can occur even when
the battery is not connected to a circuit.
These reactions can impact a battery's
shel ife. For the most part, the reactions
will only occur at full force when an
electrically conductive circuit is completed
between the anode and cathode. The less
resistance between the anode and
cathode, the more electrons are allowed to
ow, and the quicker the chemical
reactions occur.
We can pass these moving electrons
through various electrical components,
known as a "load," in order to accomplish
something useful. In the motion graphic at
the beginning of this section, we are
lighting a virtual light bulb with our
moving electrons. 01
 Types Of Batteries
Batteries generally can be classified into
different categories and types, ranging from
chemical composition, size, form factor and
use cases, but under all of these are two
major battery types;
1. Primary Batteries
2. Secondary Batteries
1. Primary Batteries
Primary batteries are batteries that
cannot be recharged once depleted.
Primary batteries are made of
electrochemical cells whose
electrochemical reaction cannot be
reversed.
Primary batteries exist in different
forms ranging from coin cells to AA
batteries. They are commonly used in
standalone applications where
charging is impractical or impossible.
A good example of which is in
military grade devices and battery
powered equipment.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
It will be impractical to use rechargeable
batteries as recharging a battery will be
the last thing in the mind of the soldiers.
Primary batteries always have high
speci c energy and the systems in which
they are used are always designed to
consume low amount of power to enable
the battery last as long as possible.
The most popular type of primary
batteries are alkaline batteries. They have
a high speci c energy and are
environmentally friendly, cost-effective
and do not leak even when fully
discharged. They can be stored for several
years, have a good safety record and can
be carried on an aircraft without being
subject to UN Transport and other
regulations. The only downside to alkaline
batteries is the low load current, which
limits its use to devices with low current
requirements like remote controls,
ashlights and portable entertainment
devices.
01
Some other examples of devices
using primary batteries include; Pace
makers, Animal trackers, Wrist
watches, remote controls and
children toys to mention a few.
2. Secondary Batteries
Secondary batteries are batteries
with electrochemical cells whose
chemical reactions can be reversed
by applying a certain voltage to the
battery in the reversed direction. Also
referred to as rechargeable batteries,
secondary cells unlike primary cells
can be recharged after the energy on
the battery has been used up.
They are typically used in high drain
applications and other scenarios
where it will be either too expensive
or impracticable to use single charge
batteries.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Small capacity secondary batteries are
used to power portable electronic devices
like mobile phones, and other gadgets
and appliances while heavy-duty batteries
are used in powering diverse electric
vehicles and other high drain applications
like load leveling in electricity generation.
They are also used as standalone power
sources alongside Inverters to supply
electricity. Although the initial cost of
acquiring rechargeable batteries is always
a whole lot higher than that of primary
batteries but they are the most cost-
effective over the long-term.
Secondary batteries can be further
classi ed into several other types based
on their chemistry. This is very important
because the chemistry determines some
of the attributes of the battery including
its speci c energy, cycle life, shelf life, and
price to mention a few.
01
There are basically four major
chemistries for rechargeable
batteries;
1. Lithium-ion(Li-ion)
2. Nickel metal Hydride(Ni-MH)
3. Nickel-Cadmium(Ni-Cd)
4. Lead-Acid
1. Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
Lithium ion batteries are one of the
most popular types of rechargeable
batteries. They are found in different
portable appliances including mobile
phones, smart devices and several
other battery appliances used at
home. They also nd applications in
aerospace and military applications
due to their lightweight nature.
2. Nickel-metal Hydride(Ni-MH)
Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) is
another type of chemical
con guration used
for rechargeable batteries.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
The chemical reaction at the positive
electrode of batteries is similar to that of
the nickel–cadmium cell (NiCd), with both
battery type using the same nickel oxide
hydroxide (NiOOH). However, the negative
electrodes in Nickel-Metal Hydride use a
hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead
of cadmium which is used in NiCd
batteries
3. Nickel-Cadmium(Ni-Cd)
The nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd
battery or NiCad battery) is a type
of rechargeable battery which is
developed using nickel oxide
hydroxide and metallic cadmium
as electrodes.  Ni-Cd batteries excel at
maintaining voltage and holding charge
when not in use. However, NI-Cd
batteries easily fall a victim of the
dreaded “memory” effect when a
partially charged battery is recharged,
lowering the future capacity of the
battery.
01

4. Lead-Acid
Lead acid batteries are a low-cost
reliable power workhorse used in
heavy duty applications. They are
usually very large and because of
their weight, they’re always used in
non-portable applications such as
solar-panel energy storage,
vehicle ignition and lights, backup
power and load leveling in power
generation/distribution. The lead-acid
is the oldest type of rechargeable
battery and still very relevant and
important into today’s world. Lead
acid batteries have very low energy to
volume and energy to weight ratios
but it has a relatively large power to
weight ratio and as a result can
supply huge surge currents when
needed.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
These attributes alongside its low cost
makes these batteries attractive for use in
several high current applications like
powering automobile starter motors and
for storage in backup power supplies.
Selecting the right battery for your application
One of the main problems hindering
technology revolutions like IoT is
power, battery life affects the
successful deployment of devices
that require long battery life and even
though several power management
techniques are being adopted to
make the battery last longer, a
compatible battery must still be
selected to achieve the desired
outcome.
01
Below are some factors to consider
4. Life cycle durability: The stability of
when selecting the right type of
energy density and power density of a
battery for your project.
battery with repeated cycling (charging
and discharging) is needed for the long
1. Energy Density:  The energy
battery life required by most applications.
density is the total amount of energy
5. Cost: Cost is an important part of any
that can be stored per unit mass or
engineering decisions you will be making.
volume. This determines how long
It is important that the cost of your
your device stays on before it needs a
battery choice is commensurate with its
recharge.
performance and will not increase the
2. Power Density: Maximum rate of
overall cost of the project abnormally.
energy discharge per unit mass or
volume. Low power: laptop, i-pod.
High power: power tools.
3. Safety: It is important to consider
the temperature at which the device
you are building will work. At high
temperatures, certain battery
components will breakdown and can
undergo exothermic reactions. High
temperatures generally reduces the
performance of most batteries.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
01
Quiz:
give the correct answer
1.The stability of energy density and
power density of a battery with
repeated cycling (charging and
discharging) is needed for the long
battery life required by most
applications.
2.On batteries, the cathode is
marked as the positive (+) terminal.
3. It is important to consider the
temperature at which the device
you are building will work. At high
temperatures, certain battery
components will breakdown and
can undergo exothermic reactions.
High temperatures generally
reduces the performance of most
batteries.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
4.They are found in different portable
appliances including mobile phones,
smart devices and several other battery
appliances used at home.
5.On batteries, the anode is marked as
the negative (-) terminal.
6.Maximum rate of energy discharge per
unit mass or volume. Low power: laptop,
i-pod. High power: power tools.
7.It is also inhibits the ow of electrons
between the anode and cathode so that
the electrons more easily ow.
8.Cost is an important part of any
engineering decisions you will be
making. It is important that the cost of
your battery choice is commensurate
with its performance and will not
increase the overall cost of the project
abnormally.
9.The other half of the redox reaction,
reduction, occurs in or near the cathode.
01
10.In 1799, Italian physicist 15.The energy density is the total
created the rst battery by stacking amount of energy that can be
alternating layers of zinc, brine-
stored per unit mass or volume.
soaked pasteboard or cloth, and
silver.
This determines how long your
11. In 1749, rst used the term to device stays on before it needs a
describe a series of capacitors he recharge.
had linked together for his
electricity experiments.
12.This are batteries with
electrochemical cells whose
chemical reactions can be reversed
by applying a certain voltage to the
battery in the reversed direction.
13.This word is used to describe a
"series of similar objects grouped
together to perform a function," as
in a battery of artillery.
14.This are batteries that cannot be
recharged once depleted.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
01
 Answer:

1.Life cycle durability

2.CATHODE
3.Safety
4.Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
5.ANODE
6.Power Density
7. ELECTROLYTE
8. Cost
9. Cathode Reduction
10.Benjamin Franklin
11.Battery
12. Secondary batteries
13Alessandro Volta
14.primary batteries
15Energy Density

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
01
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 8

PREPARED BY:
Sandra Louisse Q. Vivas
Patricia Lhyne H. Zabala
Maverick Mallari
Vincent Randolph Manalo
Kelvin Icban
 CONTENTS

REDOX REACTION
01