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Amjad 35
10
1/11/2010
Hamad
Structure
and Transcription
Basheer
II
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بسم ال الرحمن الرحيم
RNA Structure and Transcription II
The doctor started the lecture talking about the first examination and he was holding
good news about it; each student has been given 3 credits (bonus marks), and
accordingly there is a student, Ghassan Shboul, who has got 30 out of 30. Congrats
You can find the slides for this lecture in the file no.4 (Transcription). This lecture
- Slide (18) shows the types of RNA polymerases in eukaryotics (btw it’s u-karyotics
not e-u-karyotics!!):
* We have RNA polymerase I, II, and III, and mitochondrial RNA polymerase,
whereas we have one type of RNA polymerase in prokaryotics, and we saw, in the
previous lecture, how σ (sigma) factor and the core polymerase together constitute
the holoenzyme.
* Each type of these polymerases is responsible for the synthesis of specific types of
RNA molecules:
RNA polymerase I: (located in the nucleolus) is responsible for the synthesis of 18S,
RNA polymerase II: (located in the nucleus ”nucleoplasm”) is responsible for the
RNA polymerase III: (located in the nucleus “nucleoplasm”) is responsible for the
synthesis of all RNA molecules which are expressed within the mitochondria.
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* It was found that these RNA polymerases could be differentiated from one another
* It was found that: 1) RNA pol I is resistant to α-amanitin (it’s not inhibited by α-
amanitin), 2) RNA pol II is highly sensitive to α-amanitin, and 3) RNA pol III has low
sensitivity to α-amanitin.
* α-amanitin will inhibit RNA pol II rapidly and as a consequence transcription of genes
will be stopped, so be careful not to eat any type of mushroom. (I’d like to lol but I see
- Slide (19) shows the structure of eukaryotic mRNA. But before that, which RNA pol
ated region.
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5- The left-arrowed part is the termination codon or signal (UGA) for translation.
7- And finally the mRNA ends up with the (AAUAAA) polyadenylation signal whose
A: yes, they are transcribed from DNA into mRNA but not translated from mRNA into
protein.
Q4: not heard, but I think it was about the source of the whole mRNA.
A: This all has come from the template, except this. (not sure what does “this” refer
to, but I had a rapid look at Wikipedia and I think he meant the Cap and the Poly (A)
Tale ).
Q5: not heard, but I think it’s about the polyadenylation signal.
A: It’s a signal for a specific enzyme, as you we’ll see, to come and cleave in this region
and to add a poly (A) “about 200 AMPs” to form the poly (A) tale.
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Q6: what is the significance of the poly (A) tale for the mRNA molecule?!
A: stabilization, and preventing degradation of mRNA molecule. And the same thing for
Efff, questions never end!! There was another question whose answer was the same as
Q6. Really students’ questions are impossible to hear, so sorry for the complicated
thing. (Dear colleagues, when you ask, please, raise your voice to the max. taking in
* the complexity concept here is the same as studied in the DNA lectures, (depends
Dr Nabeel asked “Mr” Ali to close the doors claiming that there are students coming
in after half an hour of the lecture’s beginning. Damn it, I’m still on minute 16:09!!
What a lie!
* We have high, intermediate, and low abundant classes. The abundance means how
* The high abundant molecules have 12,000 copies per cell, and there are 9 different
* The intermediate abundant molecules have 300 copies per cell, and there are 700
* The low abundant molecules have 15 copies per cell, and there are 11,500 different
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BUT to be honest, the doctor said that the high abundant molecules are high-
complexity molecules, too. And after looking at slides (the notes of the slides) I see
proportional), e.g: the high-abundance mRNAs have high rates of transcription so they
- Slide (21) represents the promoter region of a eukaryotic gene. (this structure is a
* The region labeled with (+1) is the beginning of transcription. We are concerned in
this slide with the promoter region P and we also have specific sequences known as
transcription elements TE
* The promoter is a specific sequence of DNA that is consensual for all eukaryotic
genes, located just upstream (and only upstream) the beginning of the transcription
unit (the transcription unit starts from +1 region and continues downstream till the
end of the gene). (upstream means toward the 5’ end, or to the left).
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* The promoter’s function is to give (allow) the basal expression of the gene which is
the amount of the gene’s expression without regulation (positive, and negative
* The transcription elements are also specific sequences of DNA located upstream,
downstream, or within the gene. They will regulate the expression of the gene.
→ so the promoter is for the basal expression, and TEs will regulate (increase, or
* These TEs are located in all genes and they will bind to specific proteins in each
* TEs will perform their function wherever they found (upstream, downstream, or
within the gene); they could be as far from the promoter region or the transcription
* The TEs include different types of DNA sequences, one of them is the so-called
“enhancers”. These enhancers, as the name states, are DNA sequences that can
increase (enhance) the rate of transcription. Another type is what we call “silencers”
which are specific DNA sequences that can decrease (inhibit) the rate of
transcription. Also we have what is called the “response elements” that will bind
- Slide (22) shows the possible places of TEs (enhancers, silencers, or response
elements); they could be located in a close proximity of the promoter, they could be
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tens of kilo bases away from the promoter (upstream, or downstream), or they could
Many unheard questions were asked, I think, about the promoter region and the
answers were the same; the promoter is located within the 5’ untranslated region and
- Slide (23): Sometimes in some genes you’ll see another sequence (TE) called “LCR” (or
* When there are genes expressed in coordination with each other, these LCRs will
chromosome containing 3 genes; 1,2, and 3, and these genes must be expressed in a
sequence; 1, then 2, and finally 3, or 1,3, and 2, etc. What controls the expression of
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* “locus” refers to the SITE of the gene where it is located on the chromosome. And
these loci are some positions that will bind to LCRs which in turn will control the
- Slide (24) shows the regulatory elements for a typical eukaryotic gene, we have the
* These numbered regions within the promoter have consensual sequences allover the
eukaryotic genes. Each one of them has invariant nucleotides in it’s sequence. Also
transcription, “PIC.”
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* PIC is composed of RNA pol and other initiation transcription factors in order to
initiate transcription. So the whole mechanism helps RNA pol bind to specific region
* Without these transcription factors RNA pol will not be able to bind to the promoter
* Now we turn to the structures of these sequences and the specific proteins they
bind:
1- TATA box: at position -25, and it is rich in T, and A nucleotides. (recall from the
last lecture that in prokaryotes it was at position -10 and we called it the “Pribnow
box”). It has the sequence of TATAAAA, the underlined nucleotides are invariant ones
allover the TATA boxes in all eukaryotic promoters. It is located approximately 25-30
base pairs upstream the +1 region. It determines the exact starting site. As well as it
binds to a protein called TATA Binding Protein “TBP” which is part of one of the
2- GC box: there are, at least, two GC boxes, and they are important; they bind to a
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* These proteins that will bind to these sequences (in the promoter) are very
important to help RNA pol bind and initiate transcription, and if any of these
sequences has been mutated a lot of diseases will result, and we’ll see later on some
- Slide (25): We have general transcription factors, and specific transcription factors
for specific tissues. And we’ll see in a minute that the transcription factor TFIID is
* II in TFIID is related to RNA pol II; TFIID will bind to RNA pol II
* TFIID is a multisubunit protein which will bind to the TATA box by the TATA
and once TBP binds to the TATA box many general transcription factors will also bind
-Slides (26-30) demonstrate what happens during the whole process (formation of
PIC).
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* Once that is done it will be easy for RNA
* So RNA pol II without these proteins will be unable to recognize the promoter
promoter region about 100 kb upstream or downstream. These proteins will increase
* Now, the proteins (factors) that bind to the TEs are specific in each tissue, and this
differentiation), this explains why our liver cells are different from our brain cells.
* The mechanism of differentiation in brief: each type of cells has specific type of
proteins (factors), not found in other types of cells, that will bind to the TEs, and this
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* Once these proteins bind they must interact
there will be an interaction between the elements and the complex, and there will be
- Reminder: We are talking about transcription so we are concerned with, and only
with, RNA pol II because it’s the only type of polymerases that can synthesize mRNA.
1) 5’ → 3’ and 3’ → 5’ helicase activities; to open (unwind) the two DNA strands for
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* Here RNA pol II is phosphorylated P by
dissociate from the PIC, going downstream (5’ → 3’ direction) for transcription.
- Again and again, questions about these slides from the students:
Q1: not heard at all, but from the answer it was about TEs.
A: each and every single TE has it’s own function; it doesn’t make sense that the
upstream ones are stronger than the downstream or the middle ones are stronger than
the downstream. To be honest, there was another unheard part of the question, and
the answer was: each transcription element has it’s own protein (factor) in a specific
tissue.
A: it is 3’→5’ in terms of the template DNA, and 5’→3’ in terms of the newly
mRNA strand.
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In the future this sample might double, and we are not supposed to memorize each and
every single one of them, except those I mention. We are concerned with AP1, and
Sp1. (in the upcoming pages you will discover that he meant ER instead of Sp1. Good,
keep going!)
* But before we start talking about these transcription factors, there is a piece of
information you should know; once RNA pol II leaves the PIC and starts transcription
some of these transcription factors stay at the promoter region, and at the same time
some elongation transcription factors will bind to RNA pol II to help it in elongation
till it reaches the termination signal where RNA pol II will be dissociated, mRNA will
* Within the chromosome, the genes are there, and TEs are scattered everywhere. If
these TEs work on any gene there will be transcription of that gene all the time, in
addition to the basal expression which is found all the time without regulation and we
call it Constitutive Expression. So these TEs will bind to the promoter region so that
* It was found that for each gene there are boundaries (sequences that TEs will not
go beyond them), and that means the TEs which are specific for a gene will not go and
- Slide (32): We have transcription factors composed of 1) Basic region, and 2) Leucine
zipper. We call these TFs Basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors.
residues that will help the TF work (act) in a dimer (they will not be active in the
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monomer form, they will be active only in the dimer form “two-subunit-form”). So this
leucine zipper will form a structure that will help combine two subunits together (by
* The basic region: important for DNA binding; since it is composed of basic amino
acids (Lysine, and Arginine). (Arginine has Guanidino group rather than the simple Amino group; it
is more complicated). How does this basic region work?! See next.
* The DNA’s surface is negatively charged, hence these basic regions help TFs bind
the DNA (basic region is positive and DNA’s surface is negative → electrostatic
interactions).
* This is the whole story explained: we have TEs which are DNA sequences that will
bind to proteins (TFs), and these proteins have specific characteristics including;
* The forces generated by Leucines are hydrophobic forces since Leucine is a non-
*An example on this family of TFs that has these two features is AP1 (Activator
Protein- 1): it will activate transcription, it is composed of two subunits; one subunit is
called the “Fos” subunit, and the second subunit is called the “Jun” subunit, or both
subunits are Jun subunits (Jun-Jun dimer). These Fos, and Jun proteins are proto-
* Fos and Jun proto-oncogenes are important in regulating growth and development of
cells.
* AP1 is involved in the regulation of gene expression, and controlled by various growth
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- Slides (33-38) show the mechanism by which the AP1 activates the expression of a
gene depending on the structural features that AP1 has (Leucine zipper, and the basic
region).
every 7th position in these α-helices. So you see leucines on both monomers (subunits).
* What we’ve talked about is the structural features of AP1, but how does this
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* We have a specific DNA sequence; it is a
be phosphorylated, resulting in the activation of RNA pol II. (the doctor said that Jun
itself has the kinase activity but the information above are as mentioned in the slides).
Dear Dr Nabeel,
Please, I’m begging you not to stand
near the speakers, you caused a
migraine to me!!
- Slide (39) indicates another TF which is the Estrogen Receptor factor “ER.”
- Slide (40): Some transcription factors are called Zinc fingers which are another
activate the TF, in order to activate the PIC (remember: PIC is the pre-initiation complex).
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* Zinc finger (see the figure) means:
* Usually, Zn finger is found in this form (at the right in the figure); which is
activation.
* In the DNA binding domain there is a C4 + C5 zinc finger pair; one finger contains
- Slide (44): (it is not clear, so refer to the original slide). Once the hormone binds to
the ER (at the hormone binding domain) the whole complex will enter the nucleus, and
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important for an enzyme used in Estrogen synthesis.
* These features are significance for Estrogen synthesis; if there is a defect in this
* The doctor didn’t mention anything about slides (42, and 43), so here are the slides,
The End
Sorry for the delay, but honestly it’s not my fault, since I received the record
yesterday.
“To all those who look for the light in the darkness, when
you feel like giving up remember that what doesn’t kill you
makes you stronger.”
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Amjad Hamad
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