LA CONSOLACION UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES

VALENZUELA ST., CAPITOL VIEW PARK BULIHAN,

City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000
A.Y. (2018 – 2019)

Science, Technology and Society: Narrative

Report about Transportation and Navigation

Members:
Baltazar, Nicole
Buenaventura, Frances
De Leon, Graciella
Delo Santos, Joshua
Del Rosario, Jasmine
Hilario, Allyson
Javier, Katherine
Lao, Gabrielle Ruthe
Lopez, Jamaica
Pontillas, Trisha

Year/Section: BSA 1-A

Submitted to: Mr. Carlo Bondoc

 Transportation
Definition of transportation

1. the movement of people or goods from one place to another

2. a vehicle or system of vehicles, such as buses, trains, etc. for getting from one place to another
(Cambridge Dictionary)

History of Transportation:

Ancient Transportation

The first form of transport was, of course, Shanks pony (the human foot!). However
people eventually learned to use animals for transport. Donkeys and horses were
probably domesticated between 4,000 and 3,000 BC (obviously the exact date is not
known). Camels were domesticated slightly later between 3,000 and 2,000 BC.

Meanwhile about 3,500 BC the wheel was invented in what is now Iraq. At first wheels
were made of solid pieces of wood lashed together to form a circle but after 2,000 BC
they were made with spokes.

The earliest boats were dug out canoes. People lit a fire on a big log then put it out and
dug out the burned wood.

About 3,100 BC the Egyptians invented the sailing boat. They were made of bundles of
papyrus reeds tied together. They had simple square sails made of sheets of papyrus or
later of linen. However the sail could only be used when sailing in one direction. When
travelling against the wind the boat had to be rowed.

About 2,700 BC the Egyptians began using wooden ships for trade by sea. Early ships
were steered by a long oar.
Roman Transportation

The Romans are famous for the network of roads they built across the Empire. Roman
legionaries built them so the Roman army could march from one part of the empire to
another quickly. Rich people traveled by horse or on long journeys by covered wagon.
Sometimes they were carried in litters (seats between two long poles).

Transport by water was also important to the Romans. They built large merchant ships
called cortia, which could carry up to 1,000 tons of cargo.

Roman ships had a single main mast, which carried a rectangular sail, although some
ships also had small sails at the bow and stern. Roman ships did not have rudders. Instead
they were steered by oars. The Romans also built lighthouses to aid shipping.

Transportation in the Middle Ages

After the fall of Rome transport became more primitive. Roads in Europe returned to
being simple dirt tracks, which turned to mud in the Winter. In the Middle Ages, rich
people sometimes traveled in covered wagons. They must have been very uncomfortable
as they did not have suspension and roads were bumpy and rutted. Others traveled on a
box between two poles. Two horses, one in front and one behind carried it. They were
trained to walk at the same pace.

However at sea a number of useful inventions were made. The Chinese invented the
compass centuries before it was used in Europe. Nevertheless by the 12th century
Europeans had learned to use it. Also in the 12th century Europeans invented the rudder.
(The Chinese independently invented it centuries before). Rudders made ships much
easier to steer. Furthermore Medieval shipbuilding became far more advanced and by the
15th century ships were made with 3 masts.
Transportation in the 16th Century

In Tudor times transport was still slow and uncomfortable. Roads were still just dirt
tracks. Men were supposed, by law, to spend a number of days repairing the local roads
but it is unlikely they did much good! People traveled by horse. You could either ride
your own or you could hire a horse.

In Tudor times you would be lucky if you could travel 50 or 60 kilometers a day. It
normally took a week to travel from London to Plymouth. However rich people
deliberately traveled slowly. They felt it was undignified to hurry and they took their
time.

Goods were sometimes transported by pack horse (horses with bags on their sides). Also
carriers with covered wagons carried goods and sometimes passengers. However when
possible people preferred to transport goods by water. All around England there was a
'coastal trade'. Goods from one part of the country, such as coal, were taken by sea to
other parts.

Transportation in the 17th Century

Transport and communications improved in the 17th century. In 1600 the royal posts
were exclusively used to carry the kings correspondence. However in 1635, to raise
money, Charles I allowed members of the public to pay his messengers to carry letters.
This was the start of the royal mail.

From the middle of the 17th century stagecoaches ran regularly between the major towns.
However they were very expensive and they must have been very uncomfortable without
springs on rough roads. There was also the danger of highwaymen.

In 1663 the first Turnpike roads opened. You had to pay to use them. Meanwhile in
towns wealthy people were carried in sedan chairs.
Transportation in the 18th Century

Transport was greatly improved during the 18th century. Groups of rich men formed
turnpike trusts. Acts of Parliament gave them the right to improve and maintain certain
roads. Travelers had to pay tolls to use them. The first turnpikes were created as early as
1663 but they became far more common in the 18th century.

Transporting goods was also made much easier by digging canals. In the early 18th
century goods were often transported by pack horse. Moving heavy goods was very
expensive. However in 1759 the Duke of Bridgewater decided to build a canal to bring
coal from his estate at Worsley to Manchester. He employed an engineer called James
Brindley. When it was completed the Bridgewater canal halved the price of coal in
Manchester. Many more canals were dug in the late 18th century and the early 19th
century. They played a major role in the industrial revolution by making it cheaper to
transport goods.

Meanwhile in France the Montgolfier brothers invented the hot air balloon in 1783. The
hydrogen balloon was also invented in 1783. In 1785 two men, Jean-Pierre Blanchard
and John Jeffries flew over the English Channel in a hydrogen balloon.

The first purpose built lifeboat was built in South Shields, England in 1789.

Transportation in the 19th Century

In the mid 19th century transport was revolutionized by railways. They made travel much
faster. (They also removed the danger of highwaymen). The Stockton and Darlington
railway opened in 1825. However the first major railway was from Liverpool to
Manchester. It opened in 1830. In the 1840s there was a huge boom in building railways
and most towns in Britain were connected. In the late 19th century many branch lines
were built connecting many villages.

The first underground railway in Britain was built in London in 1863. The carriages were
pulled by steam trains. The first electric underground trains began running in London in
1890. The Central Line opened in 1900. The Bakerloo Line and the Piccadilly Line both
opened in 1906. Meanwhile, the Paris Metro opened in 1900.
 From 1829 horse drawn omnibuses began running in London. They soon followed in
other towns. In the 1860s and 1870s horse drawn trams began running in many towns.

Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler made the first cars in 1885 and 1886. The motorbike was
patented in 1885. Also in the 1880s, the safety bicycle was invented and cycling soon
became a popular hobby.

Meanwhile at sea 19th century transportation was revolutionized by the steamship. By

1815 steamships were crossing the English Channel. The Savannah became the first
steamship to cross the Atlantic in 1819. Furthermore, it used to take several weeks to
cross the Atlantic. Then in 1838, a steamship called the Sirius made the journey in 19
days. However steam did not completely replace sail until the end of the 19th century
when the steam turbine was used on ships.

Transportation in the 20th Century

Transportation greatly improved during the 20th century. Although the first cars appeared
at the end of the 19th century after the First World War they became cheaper and more
common. However in 1940 only about one in 10 families in Britain owned a car. They
increased in number after World War II. By 1959 32% of households owned a car. Yet
cars only became really common in the 1960s. By the 1970s the majority of families
owned one.

In 1903 a speed limit of 20 MPH was introduced in Britain. It was abolished in 1930.
However, in 1934 a speed limit of 30 MPH in built-up areas was introduced. The first
electric traffic lights were invented in the USA in 1914. In Britain, the first electric traffic
lights were installed in 1928. Insurance for motorists was made compulsory in 1931. The
first Highway Code was published in 1931. A driving test was introduced in 1934. Also
in 1934, Percy Shaw invented the cat's eye. Meanwhile, in Britain, the AA was formed in
1905.

The parking meter was invented by an American called Carlton Magee. The first ones
were installed in the USA in 1935. The first ones in Britain were installed in 1958. Then
in 1959, a Swede named Nils Bohlin developed the three-point seat belt. In 1983 wearing
a seat belt was made compulsory in Britain. Wheel clamps were introduced to Britain in
1983 and speed cameras in 1992.

Meanwhile in Britain in 1936 Belisha Beacons were introduced to make road crossing
safer. The first zebra crossing was introduced in 1949. In Britain Lollipop men and
women followed in 1953. The modern pelican crossing was introduced in 1969.

In 1931 an American called Rolla N. Harger invented the first breathalyzer. It was first
used in Indianapolis USA in 1939. In Britain, double yellow lines at the sides of the roads
meaning no parking were introduced in 1958.

Meanwhile in the late 19th century horse drawn trams ran in many towns in Britain. At
the beginning of the 20th century, they were electrified. However, in most towns trams
were phased out in the 1930s. They gave way to buses, either motor buses or trolley
buses, which ran on overhead wires. The trolleybuses, in turn, were phased out in the
1950s. Ironically at the end of the 20th century, some cities re-introduced light railways.

In the mid-20th century there was a large network of branch railways in Britain.
However, in 1963 a minister called Dr. Beeching closed many of them. Christopher
Cockerell patented the hovercraft in 1955, In 1959 a hovercraft crossed the English
Channel. The first hovercraft passenger service began in 1962.

Meanwhile a completely new form of transport began. In 1919 planes began carrying
passengers between London and Paris. (The first plane flight in Britain was made in
1908). The first passenger jet service began in 1952.

However in the early 20th century flight was a luxury few people could afford.
Furthermore only a small minority could afford foreign travel. Foreign holidays only
became common in the 1960s.

The Boeing 747, the first 'Jumbo jet' was introduced in 1970 and The Channel Tunnel
opened in 1994.
Transportation in the 21st Century

The next step in transport will probably be commercial suborbital space flight. At the
moment it is still in the future and at first it will inevitably be very expensive but it will
eventually become cheap enough for ordinary people to afford.
 Navigation
Definition of Navigation: the act of directing a ship, aircraft, etc. from one place to another, or
the science of finding a way from one place to another. (Cambridge Dictionary)

History of Navigation:

First Compass
206 B.C.

The first compass was made in China, around 200 B.C. It was used first as an instrument
in Chinese fortune-telling and divination. It was used for maritime investigation from
around 1117 A.D. onward. The compass was first used by Europeans in 1190 A.D.

First Map
600 B.C.

The oldest known world map is the Babylonion World Map (Imago Mundi) from the 6th
century BC. It is unknown which individual exactly made the map, but the map depicted
on the clay tablet is centered around the ancient city of Babylon (modern-day Hillah,
Iraq) so it was most likely made there.

While the oldest known world map made by a known individual was made
by Anaximander, an ancient Greek philosopher. The map was made around the same
time as the Babylonian World Map, but based on various descriptions it was much more
detailed and correct than the Babylonian version. Problem is that Anaximander’s map did
not survive time, so it is only known through the descriptions of other ancient Greek
intellectuals, who may or may not have seen the map with their own eyes.

Astronavigation
700 A.D.

Written records of Astronavigation date back to the 8th century, around the time of
Homer's Odyssey, where Calypso tells Odysseus to keep the bear constellation (Ursa
Major) on his left hand side and Orion as he sailed from the island, to open ocean.

Modernised Compass
700 A.D.

The modern compass was created in 700. Magnetic needles began to replace the much
bulkier spoon-shaped compasses from 200 B.C. These were also believed to have been
invented by the Chinese.
Kamal
880 A.D.

The Kamal was invented around the late 9th century, by Arab navigators, and was later
adopted by the Chinese and Indian navigators. The Kamal consists of a wooden block
around 5.1cm by 2.5cm to which a string with several equally spaced knots is attached
through a hole it's centre. It is used to measure the altitudes and latitudes of the stars.

The Icelandic Spar

1200 A.D.

The Icelandic Spar was discovered in a shipwreck in 1592. Chemical analysis traced the
stone back to Iceland, and confirmed it as an Icelandic Spar. The Icelandic Spar is
thought to have been the fabled "sunstone" used by Vikings to navigate in cloudy
weather. The stones were used to locate the sun. The stone originates from Iceland, hence
the name. The rhombohedral shape of calcite means that they can refract light in such a
way that it creates a double image. However, if held in the correct position, the double
image merges to become a single picture. It is by using this method Vikings are believed
to have navigated over open ocean.

Telescope
1608

The first telescope was created in 1608, and has been used upon ships to see long-
distance for hundreds of years until the invention of the much smaller binoculars (now a
requirement aboard naval ships).

Sextant
1730

The sextant was invented by mathematician John Hadley. The sextant is a navigation
instrument used to measure distance between two visible objects. The most commonly
use method of measurement using the sextant is by measuring the distance between a
celestial body and the horizon to determine position.

Seagoing Chronometer
1764

The seagoing chronometer was invented by John Harrison in the 18th century. It consists
of a timepiece that is precise and accurate enough to be used as a portable time standard.
It was used to determine longitude by the process of celestial navigation.
Navigational Lights
1838

In 1838 the United States of America introduced navigational lights aboard boats. This
was adopted by the UK in 1849. By 1897, navigational lights were a requirement of all
boats, big or small.

Prime Meridian
1884

An international agreement introduced the Prime Meridian, located at 0° longitude, as a

basis for establishing coordinates.

Gyro Compass
1885

The first Gyrocompass was a poorly made device created in 1885. It was later perfected
by Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe in 1906. It is currently a requirement for naval ships.
The gyrocompass is unlike the magnetic compass because it does not use an external
magnetic field. The gyrocompass is more accurate than the magnetic compass because it
points in the direction of the earth's axis and cannot be disturbed by nearby metal such as
the hull of a ship.

Radio
1895

The first radio was created in Italy. They are used on board ships to communicate via
long-distances.

Echo Sounder
1913

Echo sounding was invented by Alexander Behm. Echo sounding is a device that
determines depth and distance by using sound waves. It is currently used on most modern
ships.

Aircraft and Ship Radar

1934

In 1934, researchers in the Naval Research Lavatory started experimenting with the way
that radio waves would bounce off objects, after they noticed that occasionally other
ships would block the path of the radio while at sea. In 1934 Robert Page created an
instrument able to detect nearby aircraft and ships for navy boats.
Long-Distance Radar
1942

The first long-range navigation device was created so a ships position could be located
from land by using radio waves.

Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS)

1965

The ECDIS is a development in the navigational chart system used in naval ships and
vessels. The ECDIS is a requirement under the SOLAS Convention.
With the introduction of an electronic chart system, it has become easier to navigate by
pinpointing locations and attaining directions.

Rate of Turn Indicator (ROTI)

1965

A ROTI or Rate of Turn Indicator is a device aboard modern ships that shows the rate at
which a vessel is turning. ROTIs are mostly used upon naval ships.
In 1960 the SOLAS Convention was adopted into force by 1965. In Section V Regulation
19 of the Convention, it states that "All ships of 50,000 gross tonnage and upwards shall,
in addition to meeting the requirements of paragraph 2.8, have: 2.9.1 a rate of turn
indicator".

GPS
January 1978

GPS was created when 22 satellites were built specifically for the purpose of sending
position and coordinate data to ships at sea. These satellites have been replaced since, as
they eventually stopped working.

Modernised Satellites and GPS

1989 - 1995

Modern satellites launched into orbit around Earth mean that countries around the world
have access to service such as internet and data, which can be used to transfer
information across the globe instantaneously.

GPS, or global positioning system, is a satellite-based navigation system. The GPS

system is controlled by the U.S. government's Department of Defence, however, it is
open to the public for use. The earliest GPS system was launched between 1978 and 1985
with 11 satellites. It now consists of about 24 satellites that were launched into orbit in
1995. The GPS is a highly accurate navigation tool.
Ship Log
1998

Hard copy log books are commonly used on vehicles such as planes and ships. They hold
useful data about the ship with information such as it's history, capacity and maintenance.

Voyage Data Recorder (VDR)

2006

The VDR is very closely akin to a Black Box Flight Recorder. It is used to record and
store vital information about the ship and it's surroundings. The VDR became a necessity
for all ships travelling long-distance.
References:

Transportation: http://www.localhistories.org/transport.html

Navigation: https://www.preceden.com/timelines/316316-history-of-navigation

: https://www.quora.com/When-and-how-was-the-first-World-map-made