REVISION SAMPLE QUESTIONS IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

1. What do understand by the term concrete?

2. What is fine aggregate, state its size ranges?
3. What are admixtures?
4. Explain four types of admixtures stating where they are applicable
5. What do you understand by the term grout?
6. Outline six advantages of concrete
7. What are some of the limitations of using concrete?
8. List two forms of concrete
9. Explain briefly four properties of fresh concrete
10. State four procedures of preventing bleeding in concrete
11. Outline four conditions favorable for segregation in concrete
12. Explain the difference between bleeding and segregation
13. Explain the following properties of hardened concrete
i. Compressive strength
ii. Creep
iii. Dry shrinkage
iv. Durability
14.Outline two factors influencing modulus of elasticity in concrete?
15.Briefly explain the following classifications of aggregates on the basis of
origin
i. Natural aggregates
ii. Synthetic aggregates
iii. Recycled aggregates
16.What do you understand by the following?
i. All – in aggregates
 ii. Graded aggregates
iii. Fine aggregates
17.According to shapes, aggregates are classified as flaky and angular, in your
own understanding, what do they mean by the above classifications.
18.Briefly explain the following properties of aggregates.
i. Strength
ii. Porosity
iii. Moisture content
iv. Hardness
v. Soundness
19.Discuss the factors affecting consistence in concrete
20.Explain the role of water in fresh concrete
21.Moisture content of aggregates refers to the presence of water in the pores and
surface of aggregates, briefly explain four different moisture conditions.
22.List any six laboratory tests done in aggregates.
23.What do you understand by the term cement?
24.Explain any three types of Portland cement
25.Describe the wet process of manufacturing Portland cement
26.Outline four Bogue compounds stating its chemical formulae
27.Briefly explain the effect of gypsum as applied to cement
28.State and explain the steps followed in cement manufacture
29.What is the purpose of trial mixes in mix design of concrete?
30.List any four applications of cement
31.What do you understand by the term water in relation to concrete?
32.Explain the following terms
i. Laitance
ii. Honey combing
33.Briefly explain the effect of the following impurities in water on concrete

Impurity Effects
Chloride
Sugar
Iron salts
Oils
34.John was given a water cement ratio of 0.4% after acquiring five bags of
cement. As an engineering student, calculate the amount of water required for
john to use in his mix.
35.State and explain four effects of mixing with water from the various main
sources.
36.What do you understand by the term curing of concrete?
37.Explain four types of curing of concrete
38.Briefly differentiate between the following
a) Mass /Plain concrete and reinforced concrete
b) In- situ concrete and precast concrete
39.Explain the following terms.
i. Initial setting of cement
ii. Final setting of cement
40.List any six uses of admixtures
41.Explain briefly what you understand by plasticizers
42.The properties of fresh concrete are short term in nature, briefly outline four
advantages of workability in fresh concrete
43.What do you understand by the term workability in fresh concrete?
44.Explain the following classification of concrete
a) Based on mix
 b) Based on the grade of cement concrete
c) Based on bulk density
45.Outline the seven stages used in concrete production
46.State two types of batching used in concrete mixing.
47.You are given cement volume one bag as 0.035m3 in your wisdom, determine
the best dimensions of a gage box.
48.Explain briefly with illustrations how the concrete is produced by hand mixing.
49.List any three ways of transporting horizontally concrete to the required point
50.Explain briefly the difference between a hoist and winch?
51.Explain three methods of hand compacting of concrete
52.Explain four defects in concrete
53.What are the main chemical components of Portland cement?
54.Give one suitable application for each type of cement in practice
55.What are the differences among any five types of Portland cement?

OTHER CONCRETE QUESTION

1. Why is concrete so popular?
2. What are the weaknesses of concrete?
3. What are the factors influencing concrete properties?
4. Give some examples for concrete applications.
5. Can you list a few topics for concrete research?
6. When you do a structural design, which failure mode should be applied?
7. How would you like to improve concrete workability (fluidity or
cohesiveness)?
8. How can you enhance concrete compressive strength?
9. Which principles are you going to follow if you are involved in a concrete
research?

10.What are the strengths of concrete? Why is compressive strength an

important index?
11.Does concrete have equal values of compressive and tensile strength? Why?
12.How is the indirect tension test conducted?
13.How is the bending test conducted?
14.How can shrinkage influence the quality and serviceability of a concrete
structure?
15.How can creep influence the quality and serviceability of a concrete
structure?
16.What are the main factors affecting the durability of concrete?
17.How is a permeability test conducted?
18.How is a chloride diffusion test conducted?
19.Why is durability important to a concrete structure?
20.How can the corrosion of reinforcing steel cause damage of concrete
structure?
21.How can the corrosion of reinforcing steel be detected?
22.How can the corrosion of reinforcing steel be prevented?
23.Why is AAR harmful to concrete structure?
24.What are the methods to prevent AAR in concrete? What are their suitability
and limitation?
25.What are the relationships between tensile, flexural, and compressive
strength?
26.What is strain softening?
27.Why is Poisson’s ratio of concrete not a constant in the stress range up to
peak?
28.What is the main reason responsible for drying shrinkage?
29.What causes creep in concrete?
30.Discuss the factors affecting shrinkage and creep.
31.Define durability of concrete.
32.Discuss the main factors affecting the durability of concrete.
33.Do you know any incidents caused by reinforcing steel corrosion?
34.Can you prevent or minimize corrosion if you work as an engineer on
construction site?
35.What does DSP stand for?
36.What are the similarities and differences between MS and DSP?
37.What does MDF stand for?
38.Why has MDF not become popular yet?
39.How many common ways are there to incorporate the polymer into
concrete?
40.What are the main applications for polymer-modified concrete?
41.How can shrinkage be compensated for?
42.Can you think of a case suitable for the application of fiber-reinforced
concrete?
43.Can you design a fiber-reinforced concrete with strain-hardening behavior?
44.How can you improve concrete strength using micro engineering?
45.Suppose that you are a civil engineer. Which materials would you
recommend for the emergency
46.Repair of a concrete road?
47.What aspects should you pay attention when you apply shrinkage-
compensating concrete?
48.What is the mechanical background in the design of ECC?
49.Why can ECC sustain a large deformation without collapse?
50.Define SCC.
51.Define UHSC.
52.How can high flowability be achieved for SCC?
53.How can the viscosity or cohesiveness of SCC be improved?
54.List two common types of SCC and discuss the differences between them.
55.List a few examples in which ECC has obvious advantages over common
concrete.
56.Discuss the advantages of UHSC. What will be the potential of the
applications of UHSC?
57.What is CFT?
58.Discuss the advantages of CFT.
59.What are the main functions of a tube and concrete in a CFT?
60.Discuss the differences between a short, axially loaded CFT and a slender
CFT column with bending.
61.What are the advantages and disadvantages of high-volume fly ash concrete?
62.List some applications of lightweight concrete.
63.List some applications of heavyweight concrete.
64.How can the heat of hydration of cement be reduced?
65.What are the main products of hydration of HAC?
66.Is there any relation between the cementing properties and heat of hydration
of cement?
67.Compare the contribution of the various compounds in cement to its heat of
hydration.
68.How is fineness of cement measured?
69.What is meant by the water of hydration?
70.How is consistence of cement paste measured?
71.What is the difference between false set and flash set?
72.What are the main stages in the manufacture of Portland cement? 2.16 What
are the main stages in the manufacture of high-alumina cement? 2.17 What
are the reactions of hydration of the main compounds in Portland cement?
73.What is the method of calculating the compound composition of Portland
cement from its oxide composition?
74.What are the major compounds in Portland cement?
75.What are the minor compounds in Portland cement? What is their role? 2.21
What is meant by loss on ignition?
76.What is the difference between false set, initial set and final set? 2.23 How
are strength tests of cement performed?
77.What is the difference between ordinary Portland (Type I) cement andapid-
hardening Portland (Type III) cement? Which of these cements would you
use for mass concrete?
78.Describe the chemical reactions which take place during the first24 hours of
hydration of ordinary Portland (Type I) cement at normal temperature.
79.Compare the contributions of C3S and C2S to the 7-day strength concrete.
80.What is meant by the total heat of hydration of cement?
81.What is meant by conversion of HAC?
82.What are the consequences of conversion of HAC?
83.Under what conditions would you recommend the use of HAC? 2.31
Describe the consequences of mixing Portland cement and HAC. 2.32
Would you recommend HAC for structural use?
84.What are the causes of unsoundness of cement?
85.Describe the important effects of C3A on the properties of concrete.
86.Why is the C3A content in cement of interest?
87.Describe the effects of C3S on the properties of concrete.
88.How does gypsum influence the hydration of C3A?
89.What is meant by surface texture of aggregate?
90.What is meant by sphericity of aggregate?
91.Can an aggregate particle be both flaky and elongated?
92.Why do we determine the elongation index?
93.Why do we determine the flakiness index?
94.What may be the consequences of impurities in aggregate?
95.What is meant by soundness of aggregate?
96.What is the property of sea-dredged aggregates which requires special
attention?
97.How does the shape of aggregate particles influence the properties of fresh
concrete?
98.What is bulking of sand?
99.How would you determine whether aggregate contains organic material?
100. What are the consequences of organic material in concrete?
101. Define the fineness modulus of aggregate.
102. What is angularity number?
103. What is a gap-graded mix?
104. What are the advantages of a gap-graded mix?
105. How is gap-grading noticed on a grading curve?
106. How is the quality of bond assessed?
107. Discuss the influence of aggregate grading on density (unit weight in
air) of concrete.
108. What is the maximum size of fine aggregate?
109. What is oversize?
110. What is undersize?
111. What are the common deleterious materials which may be found in
aggregate?
112. Why is grading of aggregate important with regard to the properties of
hardened concrete?
113. Why is the grading of aggregate important with regard to the
properties of fresh concrete?
114. How would you assess the shape of aggregate particles?
115. How does the shape of aggregate particles affect the properties of
fresh concrete?
116. How can the shape of aggregate particles be relevant to the properties
of hardened concrete?
117. What is the influence of the fineness modulus on the properties of
concrete mixes?
118. What is meant by the saturated and surface-dry and bone-dry
conditions of aggregate? Define absorption and moisture content.
119. What do you understand by the term aggregate grading?
120. How does the grading of aggregate affect the water requirement of the
mix?
121. Explain the difference between apparent specific gravity and bulk
specific gravity of aggregate.
122. What are some of the common deleterious materials in natural
aggregates?
123. How would you assess the strength of aggregate?
124. Explain the 10 per cent fines value.
125. Define toughness of aggregate.
126. How would you assess resistance of aggregate to wear?
127. How would you measure the apparent specific gravity of coarse
aggregate? State a typical value for natural aggregate.
128. What are bulk density and voids ratio?
129. What is buoyancy meter test?
130. State a typical value of coefficient of thermal expansion of common
aggregate.
131. What are the effects of clay and very fine material on the properties of
concrete?
132. How can aggregate cause efflorescence in concrete?
133. How does the maximum size of aggregate affect the workability of
concrete with a given water content?
134. How does the variation in moisture content of the aggregate affect
135. The workability of fresh concrete and the strength of hardened
concrete?
136. Is there an ideal grading for aggregate? Discuss this with reference to
workability of fresh concrete.
137. Calculate: (i) the apparent specific gravity, (ii) the bulk specific
gravity, (iii) the apparent particle density, and (iv) the bulk particle density
of sand, given the following data:
138. What is meant by sulfate ion concentration in water?
139. How is the solids content in water expressed?
140. Specify water for use as concrete mix water.
141. Can wash water from a concrete mixer be used as mix water?
142. Comment on the use of brackish water for various types of
construction.
143. What are the requirements for water to be used for curing concrete? 4.
7 Is drinking water always suitable as mix water?
144. Why are we concerned about the solids content in mix water?
145. What are the dangers of using sea water as mixing water?
146. Describe a test for the suitability of water for mixing.
147. What is mass concrete?
148. Discuss the use of a flow table.
149. For what mixes is slump not a good test?
150. For what mixes is Vebe not a good test?
151. What is meant by consistence of a mix?
152. What is the relation between cohesiveness and segregation?
153. What is meant by segregation of a concrete mix?
154. What is meant by bleeding of concrete?
155. What is meant by honeycombing?
156. Give examples of mixes with the same slump but different
workabilities.
157. What is the significance of bleeding in construction which proceeds in
several lifts?
158. What are the factors affecting the workability of concrete?
159. Why is it important to control the workability of concrete on site?
5.14 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Vebe test.
160. Discuss the factors affecting consistence of concrete.
161. Discuss the factors affecting cohesion of concrete.
162. Discuss the factors affecting bleeding of concrete.
163. What are the workability requirements for concrete with congested
reinforcement?
164. What is the relation between bleeding and plastic settlement?
165. Why is slump not a direct measure of workability?
166. What is meant by lean concrete?
167. What is meant by a lean mix?
168. Why is absence of segregation important?
169. Discuss the applicability of the various workability tests to concretes
of different levels of workability.
170. What type of slump in a slump test is unsatisfactory?
171. Why does workability decrease with time?
172. Define workability of concrete.
173. How is the compacting factor measured?
174. What is meant by yield?
175. What is meant by laitance.
176. A 1: 1.8:4.5 mix by mass has a water/cement ratio of 0.6. Calculate
the cement content of the concrete if its compacted density is 2400 kg/m3
(150 lb/ft3) Answer: 304 kg/m3 (512 lb/yd3)
177. What are the types of composite materials? Describe two simple
relevant models and comment on their validity.
178. Discuss crack propagation in concrete.
179. Describe Griffith's model for cracking of concrete.
180. What is meant by a flaw in cement paste?
181. What is meant by a crack arrester in concrete?
182. Comment on the statement that concrete is not a brittle material. 6.7
What are the volume concentration models for the prediction of the modulus
of elasticity of concrete? Explain how they have been derived. Comment on
their validity.
183. Explain the influence of water/cement ratio on strength of concrete.
184. What is meant by strain capacity?
185. What is meant by ultimate strain?
186. Sketch the failure patterns for concrete specimens subjected to
uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression and biaxial compression, assuming
no end restraint.
187. What are the various types of water in hydrated cement paste? 6.13
What is fracture toughness?
188. What is meant by non-evaporable water?
189. What is the difference between gel pores and capillary pores?
190. What is the minimum water/cement ratio for full hydration of cement?
6.17 Why is porosity important with regard to: (a) strength, (b) durability?
6.18 State the difference between capillary porosity, gel porosity, total
porosity and concrete porosity.
191. Define the gel/space ratio.
192. Discuss the effect of curing on the capillary pore system and how this
affects durability.
193. Describe the stress-strain characteristics of concrete up to failure. Is
there any difference between the stress-strain characteristics of aggregate
and of cement paste?
194. Define Poisson's ratio.
195. 6.23 What is volumetric strain?
196. How does the application of constant rate of strain affect the
stress-strain curve for concrete?
197. Discuss the effects of the degree of compaction and age on strength of
concrete.
198. What is the effective water/cement ratio?
199. Calculate the modulus of elasticity of concrete using: (i) the
composite soft model, and
200. (ii) The composite hard model,
201. assuming the aggregate occupies 70 per cent of the volume of
con-crete; the moduli of elasticity of cement paste and aggregate are 25 and
50 GPa (3.62 x 106 and 7.25 x 106 psi), respectively.
202. Compare internal and external vibration of concrete.
203. What are the particular requirements for pumpability of a concrete
mix?
204. How is the mixing efficiency of a mixer assessed?
205. What is the influence of mixing time on the strength of concrete? 7.5
Comment on the relation between the maximum aggregate size and the pipe
diameter.
206. What are the particular problems in pumping lightweight aggregate
concrete?
207. What are the particular problems in pumping air-entrained concrete?
7.8 Explain the differences between a tilting drum mixer, a non-tilting drum
mixer, a pan-type mixer and a dual drum mixer.
208. What is a good sequence of feeding the mixer?
209. What are the special requirements for mix proportions of concrete
which is to be pumped?
210. What are the workability requirements for concrete to be pumped?
211. What causes blowholes in concrete?
212. What are the effects of re-tempering on the properties of resulting
concrete?
213. What is: (i) buttering, (ii) head pack?
214. What is a colloidal mixer?
215. How is the performance of a mixer assessed?
216. How does pumping affect the workability of the mix?
217. What are the two main categories of ready-mixed concrete?
218. What are the advantages of using ready-mixed concrete?
219. What are the disadvantages of using ready-mixed concrete?
220. What is meant by segregation of aggregate in a stockpile?
221. What is the difference between agitating and mixing?
222. Why are pipes for pumping concrete not made of aluminum?
223. By what method would you place concrete under water? Dry-process
shotcreting.
224. Describe wet-process shotcreting.
225. What should you do with rebound material?
226. What are the advantages of placing concrete by pumping?
227. What is shrink-mixed concrete?
228. What is the main requirement of good handling of concrete?
229. What are the advantages and disadvantages of revibration of concrete?
230. State alternative terms for preplaced aggregate concrete and give
some typical uses of this concrete.
231. What is flowing concrete?
232. What are the broad types of admixtures?
233. What is the difference between an additive and an admixture?
234. Which cement would you not use with calcium chloride?
235. Should calcium chloride be used for reinforced concrete in the interior
of a building? Give your reasons.
236. Give an example of: (i) an accelerator, and (ii) a set-accelerating
admixture.
237. What would you recommend as an accelerating, chloride-free
admixture?
238. What would you do if a mixing truck got stuck but the mixer
continued to operate?
239. What are the uses of plasticizers?
240. Explain the mechanism of action of retarders.
241. What is meant by a retarder?
242. What is meant by an accelerator?
243. What are the advantages of using calcium chloride in Portland cement
concrete?
244. What are the disadvantages of using calcium chloride m Portland
cement concrete without and with reinforcement?
245. Describe the mechanism of action of plasticizers.
246. What are the mam differences between plasticizers and
superplasticizers?
247. What are the disadvantages of plasticizers?
248. Give examples of plasticizers and superplasticizers.
249. State the advantages and disadvantages of superplasticizers.
250. What is slump loss?
251. Give examples of mineral additives.
252. Define an emulsion.
253. How would you improve the bond of fresh concrete to hardened
concrete?
254. Is there such a thing as a waterproofing admixture?
255. Outline how you would assess the side effects of any admixture.
256. What particular precautions would you take when concreting: (i) in
winter, and (ii) in hot weather?
257. What are the causes of thermal cracking of concrete walls?
258. What are the thermal problems in mass concrete?
259. What are the thermal problems in a very large pour of reinforced
concrete?
260. What are the physical changes in concrete subjected to one cycle of
freezing?
261. Why is insulation sometimes used in placing large concrete pours? 9.7
What are the effects of hot weather on fresh concrete?
262. What are the effects of hot weather on hardened concrete?
263. What special measures are necessary for concreting in hot weather?
9.10 Two cements have the same total heat of hydration but different rates of
heat evolution. Compare their performance in mass concrete. 9.11 What is
the action of frost on fresh concrete?
264. For cold weather concreting, what materials would you heat prior to
putting in the mixer? Give your reasons. Are there any limitations on
temperature?
265. What is the maximum rate of evaporation of water from a fresh
concrete surface below which plastic cracking will not occur?
266. Should you place concrete in lifts or continuously? Give your reasons.
9 .15 When would you place ice in the concrete mixer?
267. State the measures used to minimize temperature gradients.
268. Describe the methods of control of temperature in placing mass
concrete.
269. How does the type of aggregate influence thermal cracking of
concrete?
270. Why is lightweight aggregate superior to normal weight aggregate for
reducing the risk of thermal cracking?
271. What type of cement would you choose for: (i) mass concrete, and (ii)
reinforced concrete?
272. Discuss the influence of formwork striking times on the risk of
thermal cracking.
273. How would you reduce: (i) internal restraint, and (ii) external restraint
to temperature changes?
274. What is the effect of temperature during the first 24 hours on the 28-
day strength of concrete?
275. Compare the strength development of concrete stored moist from the
time of de-moulding at 24 hours at 5 °C (41 °F) and 40 °C (104 °F).
276. What are the disadvantages of membrane curing compared with water
curing?
277. Describe the positive features of membrane curing.
278. Describe a typical temperature cycle for steam curing.
279. What are the various temperature limits in a cycle of steam curing?
10.7 What is meant by self-desiccation and when does it occur?
280. What is meant by curing of concrete?
281. Why is curing important?
282. What are the limitations on the prediction of strength of concrete from
its maturity?
283. Define maturity of concrete.
284. 'The length of curing should be sufficient to produce impermeable
concrete.' Discuss this statement.
285. Why does steam curing include a cooling period?
286. Explain the term curing efficiency.
287. What is meant by autoclaving concrete?
288. Compare the mechanism of hydration at high temperatures with that at
normal temperature.
289. Give some advantages of steam curing.
290. What are the limitations on the validity of the maturity expression?
291. With what materials should steam curing never be used?
292. The relation between strength and maturity for a concrete is known to
be as follows: in SI units: f;_. = -33 + 21 log10 M in US units: f;_. = -5570 +
3047 log10 M
293. Calculate the strength when the concrete is cured at 30 °C (86 °F) for
7 days. What temperature would be required to reach strength of 30 MPa
(4400 psi) at 28 days? Answer: 18.6 MPa (2700 psi).
294. Discuss the relation between impact strength and compressive
strength of concrete.
295. Discuss the relation between compressive strength and tensile strength
of concrete.
296. What precautions should you take to ensure a good resistance of
concrete to abrasion?
297. How would you measure the resistance of concrete to abrasion?
298. What is fatigue or endurance limit?
299. What are the main factors influencing the fatigue strength of concrete?
300. What is the difference between fatigue and static fatigue?
301. For a given concrete, compare the direct tensile strength, flexural
strength and splitting strength. Explain why these values are different.
302. Has the type of aggregate any effect on the tensile strength of
concrete?
303. Has the moisture condition of the concrete any effect on its tensile
strength?
304. What is creep rupture?
305. What is the effect of the rate of loading on strength of concrete?
306. What is hysteresis?
307. How is fatigue strength affected by the number of cycles?
308. Explain the terms: S-N curve, Goodman diagram, and Miner's rule.
309. Explain when tertiary creep occurs.
310. How would you estimate the creep of concrete made with an unknown
aggregate?
311. Comment on the magnitude of creep of concrete made with different
cements.
312. Describe the role of aggregate in creep of concrete.
313. How does the Poisson ratio of concrete vary with an increase m
stress?
314. Draw a stress-strain curve for concrete loaded at a constant rate of
strain.
315. Discuss the main factors affecting the creep of concrete.
316. What is the significance of the area within the hysteresis loop in the
stress-strain curve on loading and unloading?
317. Compare the creep of mass concrete and concrete exposed to dry air.
318. What is Poisson's ratio?
319. What is the difference between the dynamic and static moduli of
elasticity of concrete?
320. What is a secant modulus of elasticity?
321. What is a tangent modulus of elasticity?
322. What is the initial tangent modulus of elasticity?
323. Which modulus of elasticity would you use to determine the
deformational response of concrete to small variations in stress?
324. What is the relation between the modulus of elasticity of concrete and
strength?
325. How does the relation between the modulus of elasticity of concrete
and strength vary with age?
326. What is the influence of the properties of aggregate on the modulus of
elasticity of concrete?
327. What is the significance of the shape of the descending part of the
stress-strain curve for concrete under a constant rate of strain?
328. Would you describe the elastic behaviour of concrete as linear or non-
linear?
329. What is meant by specific creep?
330. How would you assess creep of concrete containing fly ash, or slag or
a superplasticizer?
331. Define creep of concrete.
332. Discuss the beneficial and harmful effects of creep of concrete.
333. Would concrete having a zero creep be beneficial?
334. What is the cause of plastic settlement?
335. What is crazing?
336. What are pop-outs?
337. Describe the various causes of cracking in concrete.
338. Discuss the influence of mix proportions of concrete on shrinkage.
339. Describe the mechanism of drying shrinkage of concrete.
340. Compare the carbonation of concrete exposed to intermittent rain and
protected from rain.
341. What is the effect of wind on fresh concrete?
342. What are the main reactions in carbonation of concrete?
343. What is autogenous healing of concrete?
344. Discuss the main factors affecting the shrinkage of concrete.
345. How can unsuitable mix proportions of concrete lead to non-structural
cracking?
346. How can curing procedures lead to non-structural cracking?
347. How can restraint of movement of a member lead to shrinkage
cracking?
348. Explain what is meant by restrained shrinkage.
349. Describe the phenomenon of shrinkage of cement paste.
350. Discuss the influence of aggregate on the shrinkage of concrete made
with a given cement paste.
351. What is autogenous shrinkage?
352. What is carbonation shrinkage?
353. Describe a test to determine the depth of carbonation of concrete.
354. Why is gypsum added in the manufacture of Portland cement?
355. Why is sulfate-resisting (Type V) cement suitable for concrete
exposed to sulfate attack?
356. Why is C3A undesirable in cement?
357. How is the gypsum content of Portland cement specified?
358. What are the alkalis in cement?
359. What is insoluble residue in cement?
360. What cement would you use for refractory purposes?
361. Why is the amount of gypsum added to clinker carefully controlled?
362. What cement would you use for minimising heat of hydration and sea-
water attack?
363. What cement would you use to reduce alkali-aggregate reaction?
364. What is the pozzolanic activity index?
365. What produces the expansive property of expansive cements?
366. What is the most common artificial pozzolan and how is it used in
cement?
367. What are the advantages of using fly ash or slag?
368. What is a blended cement?
369. Under what conditions should fly ash and slag not be used?
370. Calculate the Bogue composition of the cements with the oxide com-