Sanskrit Grammar

Grammar section covers all elements of Sanskrit grammar, so that we can start
using Sanskrit in daily life as a spoken language. Grammar study has been
divided into basic grammar andadvanced grammar chapters. These are
further divided into different chapters for easy learning.
Note: Currently only chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13 and part of chapter 6 are

finished. Other chapters are being written and will be available soon.
Basic Grammar
 Chapter 1: Sanskrit Alphabets & Sentences Overview

o Alphabets & Their Classification.
o Elements of sentences - Subject, Object and Verb.
o Words & Their Classification.
o Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Indeclinable, Adjective and Voices.
 Chapter 2: Active Voice ( त म / kartRRivaachya)
 Chapter 3: Verb Forms (Tenses & Moods) - त तऩद / tiNântapada (र य /

lakaara)
o Present -> र र य / laTlakaara
o Future -> र र य / lRRiTlakaara
o Past -> र र य / laN^lakaara
o Command -> मर र य / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
o Should/May -> धर र य / vidhailiN^lakaara
o Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
 Chapter 4: Noun Forms (Cases) - तऩद / suvantapada ( ब त / vibhakti)

o Nominative -> थभ / prathamaa
o Accusative -> त म / dvitiiyaa
o Instrumental -> तत म / tRRitiiya
o Dative -> तथ / chaturthii
o Ablative -> ऩ भ / panchamii
o Genitive -> ठ / ShaShThii
o Locative -> तभ / saptamii
o Vocative -> फ धन / sambodhana
o Noun Forms - Practice Sentences 1
 Chapter 5: Indeclinable - मम / avyaya
o मम (avyaya)
o ऩ (upasarga)
o नऩ त (nipaata)
 Chapter 6: Verb Forms (Affixes) - द तऩद / kRRidantapada ( त म म / kRRit

pryatya)
o तभन मम (tumun pratyaya)
o मम (ktvaach pratyaya)
o मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya)
o म मम (lyuT pratyaya)
o त त मम (ktavatu pratyaya)
o त मम (kta pratyaya)
o न मय (aniiyar pratyaya)
o त मत मम (tavyat pratyaya)
o मत मम (yat pratyaya)
o त मम (shatRRi pratyaya)
o न मम (shaanach pratyaya)
o तन मम (ktin pratyaya)
o मम (ghJNj pratyaya)
o र मम (khal pratyaya)
 Chapter 7: Verb Forms (Affixes)

o ण त (Nijanta pratyaya)
o न त मम (sannanta pratyaya)
o म त मम (yaN^nta pratyaya)
o नभधत मम (naamadhaatu pratyaya)
 Chapter 8: Noun Forms (Affixes) - त तऩद (taddhitapada)
o ण मम (aN pratyaya)
o र मम (tval pratyaya)
o तर मम (tal pratyaya)
o भम मम (mayaT pratyaya)
o न मम (in pratyaya)
o भतऩ मम (matup pratyaya)
 Chapter 9: Adjectives ( ण / visheShaNa)

 Chapter 10: Passive Voice ( भ म / karmvaachya)
 Chapter 11: Impersonal Voice (ब म / bhaavavaachya)
 Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Topics

o न य (anusvaara) Rules Or Using न य (anusvaara) vs. भ (m)
o ण (Natva) Rules Or Using ण (Na) vs. न (na)
o यण (strii prakaraNa) - Gender Conversion Rules
 Chapter 13: References

o Noun Forms -> द ऩ / sabdarupa
o Verb Forms -> ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa
Advanced Grammar
 Chapter 14: Euphonic Combination -> ध / sandhi

o य ध / svarasandhi
o म न ध / vyaJnjanasandhi
o ध / visargasandhi
 Chapter 15: Compound Words ( भ / samaasaH)
o त ऩ / tatpuruSha
o भध य म / karmadhaaraaya
o / vahubriihiH
o / dvandva
o / dvigu
o मम ब / avyayiibhaava
 Chapter 16: Alankara ( र य / alaN^kaara)

 Chapter 17: Chanda ( द / chhchandaH)
 Chapter 18: Anvaya Rachana ( मय न / anvayarachanaa)
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Sanskrit language has scripts or alphabets for writing, and

Introduction:
grammatical rules for sentence formation, just like any other language
(English for example). In this chapter we will get an overview of this. The
details with their grammatical rules will be covered in subsequent chapters.
Alphabets & Their In Sanskrit language Devanagari Script is the

Classification:
mostly used script for writing. Most of the Sanskrit literature are in this
script. Following is the list of the alphabets in their correct order.
ई ऊ ऋ क ए ऐ ओ औ
a aa i ii u uu RRi RRI e ai o au k kh g
ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध
gh N^ ch chh j jh JN T Th D Dh N t th d dh
न ऩ प फ ब भ म य र
n p ph b bh m y r l v sh Sh s h ksh dny
All these alphabets are classified into two major groups i.e.,
 Vowels or (svaravarNa): Alphabets starting from (a) till औ (au) are the
vowels. These are further classified into (hrasva) and द (diirgha).
The द (diirgha) are pronounced double the length (or time) of
(hrasva).
ए ऐ ओ औ
hrasva a aa i u e ai o au
द ई ऊ ऋ क
diirgha ii uu RRi RRI

 Consonants or (vyaJNjanavarNa): Alphabets starting from (k) till
(dny) are the consonants. Some of the consonants are further
classified into different groups called (varga). Following table has
this classification. Some of the gramatical rules for Euphonic
Combination or ध (sandhi) and Compound Words or भ
(samaasa) are based on these (varga).
kavarga k kh g gh N^
ञ
chaavarga ch chh j jh JN
ट ट ठ ड ढ ण
Taavarga T Th D Dh N
त त थ द ध न
tavarga t th d dh n
ऩ ऩ प फ ब भ
pavarga p ph b bh m
We will refere these classifications, while covering the Euphonic
Combination or ध (sandhi) and Compound Words or भ (samaasa).
In Sanskrit just like any other language (English for

Sentence Formation Overview:
example) a sentence is made of different elements. The elements are
"Subject", "Object", and "Verb". A sentence may or may not have an Object
in it.
Lets study the following English sentence to understand these basic
elements better.
The boy is reading a book.

In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "reading" is "Verb" and the "book" is
the "Object".
--- ------- -----
| | |
Subject Verb Object
 If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes is

"the boy". So, the "boy" here is the Subject. It is also called the
"Noun".
 The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy

doing?" is "reading". The "reading" here is the "Verb".
 Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book". The

"book" becomes the "Object".
Now study the following statement.

The boy is laughing.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "laughing" is "Verb". But, there is no
"Object" in this sentence.
--- -------
| |
Subject Verb
 If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer comes

from this. So, laughing becomes an "Intranstive Verb".
 However in the first sentence "what is the boy reading?" gives answer
"book". In this case the "reading" becomes a "Transitive Verb".
Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we will

begin with more details of Sanskrit language.
In Sanskrit:
 Subject is called -> त / kartaa

 Object is called -> भ / karma
 Verb is called -> म / kriyaa
 Transitive Verb is called -> भ / sakarmaka
 Intransitive Verb is called -> भ / akarmaka
So, in the above statements:

--- ------- -----
| | |
Subject Verb Object
| | |
त /kartaa म /kriyaa( भ / sakarmaka) भ/karma
--- -------
| |
Subject Verb
| |
त /kartaa म /kriyaa ( भ / akarmaka)
In any language a sentence is madeup of multiple

Words & Their Classification:
words composed in a well defined structure giving a sensible meaning to the
sentence. These words can be categorised into three different types viz.,
 Noun
 Verb
 Indeclinable
Besides the above classifications nouns and verbs can also be part of
following categories with minor derivations like addition of 'ility', 'ily', 'tion',
'ing' etc., as well as based on their usage and grammatical rules:
 Pronoun
 Adjective
 Adverb
In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories. Following is a

representation of the important classifications. We can see the classification
is almost same as any other language. Each classification has been
described in the coming chapters.
|--------------- Noun Root ( द / shabda)
| |
| |
| --------------------------------
| | |
| तऩद त तऩद
| suvantapada taddhitapada
| |
| |
| -----------------------------------------------
| | | |
| Masculine Feminine Neuter
| ऩर र नऩ र
| puliN^ga striiliN^ga
napuN^sakalinga
Word (ऩद / pada) ----|
|
|--------------- Verb Root (ध त / dhaatu)
| |
| |
| ----------------------------------------------------------
----
| | | | | |
|
| त तऩद द तऩद ण त न त म त
नभधत
| tiNâtapada kRRidantapada Nijanta sannanta yaN^nta
naamadhaatu
| |
| |
| -----------------------------------------------------------
-
| | |
|
| ऩय भऩद भनऩद
बमऩद
| parasmaipadii aatmanepadii
ubhayapadii
|
|
|--------------- Indeclinable ( मम / avyaya)
|
|
----------------------------------------
| | |
मम ऩ नऩ त
avyaya upasarga nipaata
Nouns ( Noun is the word that represents someone or something in
/ shabda):
a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality
etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as the subject or object for a
verb.
Noun in Sanskrit is called द (shabda) or noun-root. It is also called तऩद

(kartRRipada). Noun can be classified into तऩद (suvantapada) and त तऩद
(taddhitapada).
 (suvantapada):
This classification is based on the gender, number
and case of the noun. The noun-forms are used to express something
or someone etc. तऩद or suvantapada meaning - words ending with
ऩ (sup) suffix. In this classification:
o Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" ( र /

liN^ga) viz., "masculine" (ऩ र / pu.nliN^ga), "feminine"
( र / striiliN^ga) and "neuter" (नऩ र /
napu.nsakaliN^ga).
o Each noun also has three "numbers" ( न / vachana) and 7

"cases" ( ब त / vibhakti).
Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number" and

"case". Unlike other languages, in Sanskrit the noun has its different
forms built into itself. The "noun base" is called द (shabda) and the
"derived noun forms" are called द ऩ (shabdarupa). So, in the
previous statement फ र is the "base" ( द / shabda) of noun "BOY"
and फ र is one of the derived noun forms ( द ऩ / shabdarupa).
 (taddhitapada):
In this classification special suffixes are added to the
noun to get noun forms used as - subject, adjectives, indeclinable etc.
We will start with first 2 cases and all three numbers of तऩद
(suvantapada) BOY (फ र / baalaka) and GIRL ( र / vaalaa) द / shabda.
Once we know how to use noun forms ( द ऩ / shabdarupa) in sentences,
we will cover all the cases and their usage rules.
Boy / फ र / baalaka (Masculine / ऩ र / pu.nliN^ga)

Singular Dual Plural
Case
ए न/ न/ फ न/
ब त / vibhakti
ekavachana dvivachana bahuvachana
Nominative
(Subject) फर / baalakaH फर / baalakau फर / baalakaaH
थभ / prathamaa (the boy) (two boys) (the boys)
Accusative
(Object) फ र भ / baalakam फर / balakau फर न / baalakaan
त म / dvitiiyaa (to the boy) (to two boys) (to the boys)
Girl / फ र / baalaa (Femenine / र / striiliN^ga)

Case
ब त / vibhakti
Nominative
(Subject) फ र / baalaa फ र / baale फ र / baalaaH
थभ / prathamaa (the girl) (two girls) (the girls)
Accusative
(Object) फ र भ / baalaam फ र / balae फ र / baalaaH
त म / dvitiiyaa (to the girl) (to two girls) (to the girls)
Examples of noun form ( द ऩ / shabdarupa):
 The boy -> फ र / baalakaH

 Many boys -> फ र / baalakaaH
 To the boy -> फ र भ / baalakam
 To the boys -> फ र न / baalakaan
 The girl -> फ र / baalaa
 Many girls -> फ र / baalaaH
 To the girl -> फ र भ / baalaam
 To the girls -> फ र / baalaaH
The complete noun form ( द ऩ / shabdarupa) for फ र द (baalaka
shabda) will have 7 different forms for each number. The singular forms
include "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/tothe boy", "from the
boy", "of the boy", and "in the boy". Besides these 7 forms an additional
vocative ("O! boy") case is also their.
All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The complete द ऩ

(shabdarupa) is listed in Chapter 13.
Followings are few more nouns ( द ऩ / shabdarupa). We will use these in

sentences later in this chapter.
School / म रम / vidyaalaya (Masculine / ऩ र / pu.nliN^ga)
Case Singular Dual Plural

ब त/ ए न/ न/ फ न/
vibhakti ekavachana dvivachana bahuvachana
Nominative
म रम / म रम / म रम /
थभ /
vidyaalayaH vidyaalayau vidyaalayaaH
prathamaa
Accusative
म रमभ / म रम / म रम न /
तम /
vidyaalayam vidyaalayau vidyaalayaan
dvitiiyaa
Book / ऩ त / pustaka (Nuter / नऩ र / napu.nsakaliN^ga)

Case
ब त / vibhakti
Nominative
ऩ त न/
थभ / ऩ त भ / pustakam ऩ त / pustake
pustakaani
prathamaa
Accusative
ऩ त न/
तम / ऩ त भ / pustakam ऩ त / pustake
pustakaani
dvitiiyaa
*** In य त / akaaraanta nuter (नऩ र / napu.nsakaliN^ga), both
Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.
Me / भ / asmad (All Genders / र / triliN^gaka)

Nominative
थभ / भ / aham भ / aavaam मभ / vayam
prathamaa
Accusative
भ भ / maam भ / aavaam भ न / asmaan
तम /
भ / maa न / nau न / naH
dvitiiyaa
You / म भ / yusmad (All Genders / र / triliN^gaka)

Nominative
थभ / भ / tvam म भ / yuvaam ममभ / yuuyam
prathamaa
Accusative
भ / tvaam म भ / yuvaam म भ न / yuShmaan
तम /
/ tvaa भ / vaam / vaH
dvitiiyaa
Pronouns ( Words like he, she, this, that, these etc., are
/ sarvanaama pada):
called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called न भ ऩद (sarvanaama

pada). The rules for pronouns are exactly same as the nouns ( द / shabda).
Verb ( Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence

/ dhaatu):
etc. Verb in Sanskrit is called ध त (dhaatu) or verb root. It is also known as

म ऩद (kriyaapada). It can be classified into त तऩद (tiNâtapada) and
द तऩद (kRRidantapada).
 (tiNâtapada):
This classification is based on the tense and mood of
the verb. The verb-forms are used as normal verbs to express some
action or state etc. त तऩद or tiNâtapada meaning - words ending
with तऩ (tip) suffix. In this classification:
o Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses (र य / lakaara).

Howver only 5 are enough to use Sanskrit in daily life.
o Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular (ए न /

ekavachana), Dual ( न / dviivachana) and Plural (फ न /
bahuvachana).
o Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third ( थभ / prathama),

Second (भ मभ / madhyama) and First ( तभ / uttama).
o Each verb can belong to categories ऩय भऩद (parasmaipadii),

भनऩद (aatmanepadii) or बमऩद (ubhayapadii). Verbs of
ऩय भऩद (parasmaipadii) category represent 'action whose result
is for others'. भनऩद (aatmanepadii) represents 'action whose
result is for self', and बमऩद (ubhayapadii) represents 'action
whose result is both for others and self'.
Just like noun ( द / shabda), each verb (ध त / dhaatu) also has

different derivations based on the "tense", "number' and "person". This
is called "verb form" (ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa). The verb-forms differ
based on this category. The "root" of a verb is called ध त (dhaatu). ध त
(dhaatu) does not have any "gender".
 (kRRidantapada):
In this classification special suffixes are added to
the verb to get verb-forms used as - subject, pronoun, adjectives,
indeclinable etc.
Followings are the त तऩद (tiNâtapada) verb-forms (ध त ऩ / dhaatutupa) of

READ (ऩ / paTH) ध त (dhaatu) and GO ( भ / gam) ध त (dhaatu) in present
tense (र र य / laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage in
a sentence, we will cover all other different forms.
Read / ऩ / paTh
Person / ऩ /
Number / न / vachana
puruSha
ekavachana dviivachana bahuvachana
ऩठ त / paThanti
Third ऩठ त / paThati ऩठत / paThataH
थभ / prathama (many are
(is reading) (both are reading)
reading)
ऩठथ / paThathaH
Second ऩठ / paThasi ऩठथ / paThatha
भ मभ / madhyama (you are reading) (you two are
(you all reading)
reading)
ऩठ / paThaavaH ऩठ भ /
First ऩठ भ / paThaami
तभ / uttama (both of us paThaamaH
(i am reading)
reading) (all of us reading)
Go / भ / gam
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
Third त/ त / त/
थभ / prathama gachchhati gachchhataH gachchhanti
(is going) (both are going) (many are going)
थ /
Second / थ/
भ मभ / gachchhathaH
gachchhasi gachchhatha
(you two are
madhyama (you are going) (you all are going)
going)
First भ/ / भ /
तभ / uttama gachchhaami gachchhaavaH gachchhaamaH
(i am going) (both of us going) (all of us going)
Lets study a sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above.
These will help in learning the sentence formation rules.
the boy is reading - फर ऩठ त / baalakaH paThati

the boys are reading - फ र ऩठ त / baalakaaH paThanti
the girl is reading - फ र ऩठ त / baala paThati

the girls are reading - फ र ऩठ त / baalaaH paThanti
you are reading - ऩठ / tvam paThasi

you all are reading - मम ऩठथ / yuyam paThata
i am reading - ऩठ भ / aham paThaami

we are reading - म ऩठ भ / vayam paThaamaH
All the sentences above have the "Subject" ( त / kartaa) and a "Verb" ( म
/ kriyaa). In all the sentences, the number ( न / vachana) and person (ऩ
/ puruSha) of the "Verb" ( म / kriyaa) match number ( न / vachana) and
person (ऩ / puruSha) of the "Subject" ( त / kartaa).
Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" (फ र ऩठ त / baalakaH paThati),

the "boy" (फ र / baalakaH) is in third person singular ( थऩऩ ए न/
prathamapuruSha ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" ( म / kriyaa) is also in
third person singular ( थऩऩ ए न / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change.
This can be seen in the sentence "the girl is reading" (फ र ऩठ त / baalaa
paThati).
Rule 1: The verb (ध त / dhaatu) always follows number ( न /

vachana) and person (ऩ / puruSha) of the noun ( द / shabda).
Rule 2: The verb (ध त / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the

gender ( र / liN^ga) of the "Subject" ( त / kartaa).
Rule 3: The verb form (ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa) is always in second

person (भ मभऩ / madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is भ द
(asmad shabda). The verb form (ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa) is always in
first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is म भ
द (yusmad shabda). All other nouns will always be in third
person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha).
Indeclinable ( / avyayapada): Indeclinable in Sanskrit is called ममऩद

(avyayapada). Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa ममऩद / avyayapada do
not change in its form. It remains same irrespective of gender, number,
person and tense. Followings are few examples:
kutra / - where
atra / - here
tatra / त - there
api / ऩ - too
Few sample statements using indeclinable ( ममऩद / avyayapada):

where is the boy going - फर त / baalakaH kutra gachchhati
the boy is going there - फर त त / baalakaH tatra gachchhati
where are the boys going - फ र त / baalakaaH kutra gachchhanti

the boys are going there - फ र त त / baalakaaH tatra gachchhanti
Note that the ममऩद (avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the
number, and person of the "Subject" ( त / kartaa).
Rule 4: Indeclinables ( ममऩद / avyayapada) never change in form

and remain same irrespective of the person and number of the
"Subject" ( त /kartaa).
Adjective ( Adjective is the word that expresses an attribute or

/ visheShaNa):
property of something or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In
Sanskrit it is called ण (visheShaNa). Adjective always follows the gender
(र / liN^ga) and number ( न / vachana) of the subject or the word for
which it is an adjective. Followings are few examples:
blue sky - नर / nilaH aakaashaH

white cloud - त भ / svetaH meghaH
In above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of sky
and cloud. So, these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud respectively.
Voice ( In Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the following three
/ vaachya):
voices. 'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only and this
sentence formation is normally not seen in other languages like English.
1. Active voice or त म (kartRRI vaachya).

2. Passive voice or भ म (karma vaachya).
3. Impersonal voice or ब म (bhava vaachya).
Now that we know the basics of Sanskrit sentence formation, their different
elements, classification of alphabets and words, we will study the rules in
detail in subsequent chapters.
Active Voice ( We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter

/ kartRRIvaachya):
with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7
and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7
and 8.
Study the following statements.
Subject Verb
रब / Object
त / Sanskrit ( त / ( म /
English ( भ / karma)
kartaa) kriyaa)
The boy going
1. The boy is फ र त
फर / त / -
going baalaH gachchhati
baalaH gachchhati
going
भ I am
2. I am going भ / -
aha.n gachchhami / aha.n
gachchhami
The boy reading
3. The boy is फ र ऩठ त
फर / ऩठ त / -
reading baalaH pathati
baalaH pathati
reading
ऩठ भ I am
4. I am reading ऩठ भ / -
aha.n pathaami / aha.n
pathaami
फर म रमभ
The boy going to school
5. The boy is त फर / त / म रमभ /
going to school
baalaH baalaH gachchhati vidyaalayam
vidyaalayam
gachchhati
म रभ भ I am
going to school
6. I am going to
aha.n vidyaalayam भ / म रमभ /
school / aha.n
gachchhami gachchhami vidyaalayam
फर ऩ त भ ऩठ त The boy reading the book

7. The boy is
फ र / ऩठ त / ऩ त भ /
reading the book baalakaH pustakam
paThati baalakaH pathati pustakam
ऩ त भ ऩठ भ I am
reading the book
8. I am reading
aha.n pustakam ऩठ भ / ऩ त भ /
the book / aha.n
paThaami pathaami pustakam
These are all examples of Active Voice or त म (kartRRivaachya).
Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or भ (karma) in them. So these

are intransitive or भ त म (akarmaka kartRRivachya).
Rule 5: In a त म (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or त

(kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or थभ ब त
(prathamaa vibhakti).
Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or भ (karma) like म रमभ (vidyaalayam),

ऩ त भ (pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or भ त म
(sakarmaka kartRRivachya).
Rule 6: In a त म (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or भ (karma)

is always in the "accusative case" or तम ब त (dvitiiyaa
vibhakti).
Verb Forms ( / tiNântapada): In chapter 1 we were introduced with verb ( म

/ kriyaa) and its use. We learnt that in Sanskrit ध त (dhaatu) is the base or
root of all verbs. Each verb is a derivative or ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) of it's root.
We also learnt that in a sentence the verb (ध त / dhaatu) always follows the
person (ऩ / puruSha) and number ( न / vachana) in which the Subject or
त (kartaa) is. Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence
etc.
In this chapter we will study the 5 mostly used verb-forms or र य (lakaara)
out of 10 verb-forms that a verb can have. The 5 verb-forms covered are
enough for day-to-day use of Sanskrit.
Verb or ध त (dhaatu) has 10 different त तऩद (tiNântapada) forms known

as र य (lakaara) and they are listed below.
 र र य / laTlakaara
 र र य / lRRiTlakaara
 र र य / laN^lakaara
 मर र य / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
 धर र य / vidhailiN^lakaara
 र र य / liTlakaara
 र र य / lRRiTlakaara
 र र य / aashiiliN^lakaara
 र र य / luN^lakaara
 र र य / lRRiN^lakaara
We will study the first 5 verb-forms in detail, in coming chapters. Followings

are some common features of different र य (lakaara) in Sanskrit.
Each र य (lakaara) has verb-forms for three persons (ऩ / puruSha) and

three numbers ( न / vachana). So, in total each र य (lakaara) has 9
different verb-forms or ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) in it.
The persons are third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha), second person

(भ मभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ /
uttamapuruSha). ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) in first person ( तभऩ /
uttamapuruSha) are always used with भ (asmad) द i.e., 'Me' as the
Subject in the sentence. ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) in second person (भ मभऩ /
madhyamapuruSha) is always used with म भ (yusmad) द i.e., 'You' as
Subject in the sentence. The third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha) is
used in all other cases.
Similarly each person (ऩ / puruSha) has three numbers ( न / vachana),

which are singlar (ए न / ekavachana), dual ( न / dviivachana) and
plural (फ न / bahuvachana).
The number ( न / vachana) of the ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) always follows the

number ( न / vachana) of the Subject or द ऩ (shabdarupa) in the
sentence. The gender ( र / liN^ga) of the Subject does not affect the
ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa).
In coming chapters we will study the different verb-forms (ध त ऩ /

dhaaturupa) in detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the
different verb-forms we have used ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go) ध त /
dhaatu for sentence formation. At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given
using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good
vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
/ laTlakaara (Present Tense): र र य (laTlakaara) represents verb-forms in

present tense ( तभ न र / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence
which is in present tense, the verb ( म / kriaa) has to be in र र य
(laTlakaara).
The complete र र य / laTlakaara of ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go) ध त

/ dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the
following sentences. These are in तभ न र (vartamaanakaala) or present
tense.
Subject Verb
रब /
त / Sanskrit द / धत / Comments
English
shabda dhaatu
Present Tense - Third Person Singular
तभ न र थभऩ ए न / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha
ekavachana
1. The boy is फर ऩठ त फर ऩ
-
reading. baalakaH paThati baalaka paTh
2. The girl is फ र ऩठ त फ र ऩ
-
reading. baalikaa paThati baalikaa paTh
3. Rama is य भ ऩठ त यभ ऩ
-
reading. raamaH paThati raama paTh
4. Sita is त ऩठ त त ऩ
-
reading. siitaa paThati siitaa paTh
फर त
5. The boy is फर भ
baalakaH -
going. baalaka gam
gachchhati
फ र त
6. The girl is फ र भ
baalikaa -
going. baalikaa gam
gachchhati
Present Tense - Third Person Plural
तभ न र थभऩ फ न / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana
फर ऩठ त
7. The boys are फर ऩ
baalakaaH -
reading. baalaka paTh
paThanti
फ र ऩठ त
8. The girls are फ र ऩ
baalikaaH -
reading. baalikaa paTh
paThati
ऩठ त
9. Students are ऩ
chchhaatraaH -
reading. chchhaatra paTh
paThati
र ऩ य ऩठ त
10. Clearks are रऩ य ऩ
lipikaaraaH -
reading. lipikaara paTh
paThanti
11. The boys are फ र त फर भ
-
going. baalakaaH baalaka gam
gachchhanti
फ र त
12. The girls फ र भ
baalikaaH -
are going. baalikaa gam
gachchhanti
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular

( थभऩ ए न / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb (ऩठ त / paThati) is also in 3rd
person singular ( थभऩ ए न / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural

( थभऩ फ न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठ त
/ paThanti) is also in थभऩ फ न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of
verb ऩ (paTh).
One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verb-
form in use. Only the number and person are followed by verb. In case
sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are in musculine (ऩ र /
puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the Subject are
in feminine ( र / striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb depends
upon the gender.
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ / prathamapuruSha).

Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person
uttamapuruSha).
Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Present Tense - Second Person Singular
तभ न र भ मभऩ / ए न / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha
ekavachana
13. You are म भ भ
-
going. tva.n gachchhasi yusmad gam
14. You are ऩठ म भ ऩ
-
reading. tva.n paThasi yusmad paTh
Present Tense - First Person Singular
तभ न र तभऩ ए न / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
भ
भ भ
15. I am going. aha.n -
asmad gam
gachchhaami
ऩठ भ भ ऩ
16. I am reading. -
aha.n paThaami asmad paTh
Present Tense - Second Person Plural
तभ न र भ मभऩ फ न / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana
मम थ
17. You all are म भ भ
yua.n -
going. yusmad gam
gachchhatha
18. You all are मम ऩठथ म भ ऩ
-
reading. yua.n paThatha yusmad paTh
Present Tense - First Person Plural
तभ न र तभऩ फ न / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana
म भ
19. We all are भ भ
vaya.n -
going. asmad gam
gachchhaamaH
20. We all are म ऩठ भ भ ऩ
-
reading. vaya.n paThaamaH asmad paTh
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular

(भ मभऩ ए न / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and
18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (भ मभऩ फ न /
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences
the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person
the kartaa is always म भ (yusmad) द (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( तभऩ

ए न / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in
first person plural ( तभऩ फ न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all
these sentences the Subjects used is भ (asmad) द (shabda). In case of
first person the kartaa is always भ (asmad) द (shabda).
As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has

three different numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is
specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly. The followings are the
dual number form of above sentences.
Subject Verb
रब / English त / Sanskrit द / धत / Comments
shabda dhaatu
Present Tense - Dual
तभ न र न / vartamaanakaala dvivachana
फर ऩठत
21. Two boys are फर ऩ
baalakau -
paThataH
फ र ऩठत
22. Two girls are फ र ऩ
baalike -
paThataH
फर त
23. Two boys are फर भ
baalakau -
going. baalaka gam
gachchhataH
फ र त
24. Two girls are फ र भ
baalike -
going. baalikaa gam
gachchhataH
ऩठत
25. Two students ऩ
chchhatrau -
are reading. chchhaatra paTh
paThataH
र ऩ य ऩठत
26. Two clearks रऩ य ऩ
lipikaarau -
are reading. lipikaara paTh
paThataH
म थ
27. Both of you म भ भ
yuvaa.n -
are going. yusmad gam
gachchhathaH
म ऩठथ
28. Both of you म भ ऩ
yuvaa.n -
are reading. yusmad paTh
paThathaH
29. Both of us भ भ
aavaa.n -
are going. asmad gam
gachchhaavaH
ऩठ
30. Both of us भ ऩ
aavaa.n -
are reading. asmad paTh
paThaavaH
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of

many Sanskrit sentences using र र य / laTlakaara are given. You will know
about many more nouns ( द / shabda) and verbs (ध त / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study र र य (lRRiTlakaara) or future tense.
Read / / paTh : / laTlakaara
(Present tense / तभ न र / vartamaanakaala)
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
Third
ऩठ त / paThati ऩठत / paThataH ऩठ त / paThanti
थभ / prathama
Second
ऩठ / paThasi ऩठथ / paThathaH ऩठथ / paThatha
भ मभ / madhyama
First ऩठ / ऩठ भ /
ऩठ भ / paThaami
तभ / uttama paThaavaH paThaamaH
Go / / gam : / laTlakaara
(Present tense / तभ न र / vartamaanakaala)

Person / ऩ /
puruSha
Third त/ त / त/
थभ / prathama gachchhati gachchhataH gachchhanti
Second
/ थ / थ/
भ मभ /
gachchhasi gachchhathaH gachchhatha
madhyama
First भ/ / भ /
तभ / uttama gachchhaami gachchhaavaH gachchhaamaH
In previous chapter we studied about present

/ lRRiTlakaara (Future Tense):
tense. In this chapter we will study about future tense. र र य

(lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent the future tense in a sentence. So,
while forming sentences in future tense we need to use verbd-forms from
र र य (lRRiTlakaara).
The complete र र य / lRRiTlakaara of ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go)

ध त / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the
following sentences. These are in ब मत र (bhaviShyatakaala) or future
tense.
Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Future Tense - Third Person Singular
तभ न र थभऩ ए न / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha
ekavachana
1. The boy will फ र ऩठ मत फर ऩ
-
read. vaalakaH baalaka paTh
paThiShyati
फ र ऩठ मत
2. The girl फ र ऩ
baalikaa -
will read. baalikaa paTh
paThiShyati
3. Rama will यभ ऩठ मत यभ ऩ
-
read. raamaH paThiShyati raama paTh
4. Sita will त ऩठ मत त ऩ
-
read. siitaa paThiShyati siitaa paTh
फर भ मत
5. The boy will फर भ
baalakaH -
go. baalaka gam
gamiShyati
फ र भ मत
6. The girl फ र भ
baalikaa -
will go. baalikaa gam
gamiShyati
Future Tense - Third Person Plural
ब मत र थभऩ फ न / bhaviShyatakaala prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana
फर ऩठ म त
7. The boys फर ऩ
baalakaaH -
will read. baalaka paTh
paThiShyanti
फ र ऩठ म त
8. The girls फ र ऩ
baalikaaH -
paThiShyanti
ऩठ म त
9. Students ऩ
chchhaatraaH -
will read. chchhaatra paTh
paThiShyanti
रऩ य ऩठ म त
10. Clearks रऩ य ऩ
lipikaaraaH -
will read. lipikaara paTh
paThiShyanti
फर भ म त
11. The boys फर भ
baalakaaH -
will go. baalaka gam
gamiShyanti
फ र भ म त
baalikaaH -
gamiShyanti

verb ऩ (paTh).

uttamapuruSha).
Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Future Tense - Second Person Singular
ब मत र भ मभऩ ए न / bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha
ekavachana
भ म म भ भ
13. You will go. -
tva.n gamiShyasi yusmad gam
14. You will ऩठ म म भ ऩ
-
read. tva.n paThiShyasi yusmad paTh
Future Tense - First Person Singular
ब मत र तभऩ ए न / bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
भ म भ भ भ
15. I will go. -
aha.n gamiShyaami asmad gam
ऩठ म भ
भ ऩ
16. I will read. aha.n -
asmad paTh
paThiShyaami
Future Tense - Second Person Plural
ब मत र भ मभऩ फ न / bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana
17. You all will मम भ मथ म भ भ
-
go. yua.n gamiShyatha yusmad gam
मम ऩ ठ मथ
18. You all will म भ ऩ
yua.n -
read. yusmad paTh
paThiShyatha
Future Tense - First Person Plural
ब मत र तभऩ फ न / bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana
म भ मभ
19. We all will भ भ
vaya.n -
go. asmad gam
gamiShyaamaH
म ऩठ मभ
20. We all will भ ऩ
vaya.n -
read. asmad paTh
paThiShyaamaH


You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense (र र य /
lRRiTlakaara) are similar to present tense (र र य / laTlakaara) with a minor
deviation. In case of a ऩ ध त (paTh dhaatu), the र र य form can be
derived from the र र य form by inserting म (iShya) before the तऩ (tip)
end. For most verb forms this is true.
Rule: For most verbs, the र र य form can be derived from the र र य form by
inserting म (iShya) before the तऩ (tip) end.
However some verbs take a slightly different form in their overall formation.
In case of भ ध त (gam dhaatu) instead of त त / gachchhiShyati the
correct form is भ म त / gamiShyati and so on. This deviations should be
kept in mind for such specific verbs.
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Future Tense - Dual
ब मत र न / bhaviShyatakaala dvivachana
फर ऩ ठ मत
21. Two boys फर ऩ
baalakau -
will read. baalaka paTh
paThiShyataH
फ र ऩ ठ मत
22. Two girls फ र ऩ
baalike -
paThiShyataH
फर भ मत
23. Two boys फर भ
baalakau -
will go. baalaka gam
gamiShyataH
फ र भ मत
24. Two girls फ र भ
baalike -
gamiShyataH
ऩ ठ मत
chchhatrau -
will read. chchhaatra paTh
paThiShyataH
र ऩ य ऩ ठ मत
lipikaarau -
will read. lipikaara paTh
paThiShyataH
27. Both of you म भ मथ म भ भ
-
will go. yuvaa.n yusmad gam
gamiShyathaH
म ऩ ठ मथ
yuvaa.n -
will read. yusmad paTh
paThiShyathaH
भ म
aavaa.n -
will go. asmad gam
gamiShyaavaH
ऩठ म
aavaa.n -
will read. asmad paTh
paThiShyaavaH

many Sanskrit sentences using र र य / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will
know about many more nouns ( द / shabda) and verbs (ध त / dhaatu) in
those.
In the next chapter we will study र र य (laN^lakaara) or past tense.
Read / / paTh : / lRRiTlakaara
(Future tense / ब मत र / bhaviShyatakaala)
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
Third ऩठ मत/ ऩ ठ मत / ऩठ म त/
थभ / prathama paThiShyati paThiShyataH paThiShyanti
Second
ऩठ म / ऩ ठ मथ / ऩ ठ मथ /
भ मभ /
paThiShyasi paThiShyathaH paThiShyatha
madhyama
First ऩठ म भ/ ऩठ म / ऩठ मभ /
तभ / uttama paThiShyaami paThiShyaabaH paThiShyaamaH
Go / / gam : / lRRiTlakaara
(Future tense / ब मत र / bhaviShyatakaala)
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
Third भ मत/ भ मत / भ म त/
थभ / prathama gamiShyati gamiShyataH gamiShyanti
Second
भ म / भ मथ / भ मथ /
भ मभ /
gamiShyasi gamiShyathaH gamiShyatha
madhyama
First भ म भ/ भ म / भ मभ /
तभ / uttama gamiShyaami gamiShyaavaH gamiShyaamaH
In previous chapter we studied about future

/ laN^lakaara (Past Tense):
tense. In this chapter we will study about past tense. र र य (laN^lakaara)

verb-forms represent the past tense in a sentence. So, while forming
sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from र र य
(laN^lakaara).
The complete र र य / laN^lakaara of ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go)

ध त / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the
following sentences. These are in बत र (bhutakaala) or past tense.
Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Past Tense - Third Person Singular
बत र थभऩ ए न / bhutakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy was फर ऩठत फर ऩ
-
reading. baalakaH apaThat baalaka paTh
2. The girl was फ र ऩठत फ र ऩ
-
reading. baalikaa apaThat baalikaa paTh
3. Rama was यभ ऩठत यभ ऩ
-
reading. raamaH apaThat raama paTh
4. Sita was त ऩठत त ऩ
-
reading. siitaa apaThat siitaa paTh
फर त
5. The boy was फर भ
baalakaH -
going. baalaka gam
agachchhat
फ र त
6. The girl was फ र भ
baalikaa -
going. baalikaa gam
agachchhat
Past Tense - Third Person Plural
बत र थभऩ फ न / bhutakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)
फर ऩठन
7. The boys were फर ऩ
baalakaaH -
apaThan
फ र ऩठन
8. The girls were फ र ऩ
baalikaaH -
apaThan
ऩठन
9. Students were ऩ
chchhaatraaH -
reading. chchhaatra paTh
apaThan
रऩ य ऩठन
10. Clearks were रऩ य ऩ
lipikaaraaH -
reading. lipikaara paTh
apaThan
फर न
11. The boys were फर भ
baalakaaH -
going. baalaka gam
agachchhan
फ र न
baalikaaH -
were going. baalikaa gam
agachchhan

verb ऩ (paTh).

uttamapuruSha).
Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Past Tense - Second Person Singular
बत र भ मभऩ ए न / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You were म भ भ

-
going. tva.n agachchhaH yusmad gam
14. You were ऩठ म भ ऩ
-
reading. tva.n apaThaH yusmad paTh
Past Tense - First Person Singular
बत र तभऩ ए न / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
भ भ भ
15. I was going. -
aha.n agachchham asmad gam
16. I was ऩठभ भ ऩ
-
reading. aha.n apaTham asmad paTh
Past Tense - Second Person Plural
बत र भ मभऩ फ न / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)
17. You all were
मम त म भ भ -
going.
yua.n yusmad gam
agachchhata
18. You all were मम ऩठत म भ ऩ
-
reading. yua.n apaThata yusmad paTh
Past Tense - First Person Plural
बत र तभऩ फ न / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)
म भ
19. We all were भ भ
vaya.n -
going. asmad gam
agachchhaama
20. We all were म ऩठ भ भ ऩ
-
reading. vaya.n apaThaama asmad paTh


Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Past Tense - Dual
बत र न / bhutakaala dvivachana)
फर ऩठत भ
21. Two boys were फर ऩ
baalakau -
apaThataam
फ र ऩठत भ
baalike -
were reading. baalikaa paTh
apaThataam
23. Two boys were फर भ
baalakau -
going. baalaka gam
apaThataam
फ र तभ
baalike -
were going. baalikaa gam
agachchhataam
ऩठत भ
chchhatrau -
were reading. chchhaatra paTh
apaThataam
रऩ य ऩठत भ
lipikaarau -
were reading. lipikaara paTh
apaThataam
म तभ
yuvaa.n -
were going. yusmad gam
agachchhatam
म ऩठतभ
yuvaa.n -
were reading. yusmad paTh
apaThatam
aavaa.n -
were going. asmad gam
agachchhaava
ऩठ
aavaa.n -
were reading. asmad paTh
apaThaava

many Sanskrit sentences using र र य / laN^lakaara are given. You will
those.
In the next chapter we will study मर र य (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or

verb-forms representing commands and requests.
Read / / paTh : / laN^lakaara
(Past tense / बत र / bhutakaala)
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
Third ऩठत भ /
ऩठत / apaThat ऩठन / apaThan
थभ / prathama apaThataam
Second ऩठतभ /
ऩठ / apaThaH ऩठत / apaThata
भ मभ / madhyama apaThatam
First ऩठ / ऩठ भ /
ऩठभ / apaTham
तभ / uttama apaThaava apaThaama
Go / / gam : / laN^lakaara
(Past tense / बत र / bhutakaala)
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
Singular Plural
Dual
ए न/ फ न/
न / dviivachana
ekavachana bahuvachana
Third त/ तभ / न/
थभ / prathama agachchhat agachchhataam agachchhan
Second
/ तभ / त/
भ मभ /
agachchhaH agachchhatam agachchhata
madhyama
First भ/ / भ/
तभ / uttama agachchham agachchhaava agachchhaama

In previous
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara (Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests):
three chapters we studied about tenses. In this chapter we will study about
verb-forms used in imerative mood. These verb-forms are used while giving
commands or requests. म र र य (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) verb-forms
represent these.
The complete मर र य / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of ऩ / paTh (read) and

भ / gam (go) ध त / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for
reference. Study the following sentences. These are in imperative mood.
Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Imperative Mood - Third Person Singular
म र र य थभऩ ए न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. Let the boy फर ऩठत फर ऩ
-
read. baalakaH paThatu baalaka paTh
2. Let the girl फ र ऩठत फ र ऩ
-
read. baalikaa paThatu baalikaa paTh
3. Let Rama य भ ऩठत यभ ऩ
-
read. raamaH paThatu raama paTh
4. Let Sita त ऩठत त ऩ
-
read. siitaa paThatu siitaa paTh
फर त
5. Let the boy फर भ
baalakaH -
go. baalaka gam
gachchhatu
फ र त
6. Let the girl फ र भ
baalikaa -
go. baalikaa gam
gachchhatu
Imperative Mood - Third Person Plural
म र र य थभऩ फ न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
7. Let the boys फर ऩठ त फर ऩ
-
read. baalakaaH baalaka paTh
paThantu
फ र ऩठ त
8. Let the girls फ र ऩ
baalikaaH -
read. baalikaa paTh
paThantu
ऩठ त
9. Let the ऩ
chchhaatraaH -
students read. chchhaatra paTh
paThantu
र ऩ य ऩठ त
10. Let the रऩ य ऩ
lipikaaraaH -
clearks read. lipikaara paTh
paThantu
फर त
11. Let the boys फर भ
baalakaaH -
go. baalaka gam
gachchhantu
फ र त
12. Let the फ र भ
baalikaaH -
girls go. baalikaa gam
gachchhantu


verb ऩ (paTh).

uttamapuruSha).
Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Imperative Mood - Second Person Singular
म र र य भ मभऩ ए न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
म भ भ
13. You go. -
tva.n gachchha yusmad gam
ऩठ म भ ऩ
14. You read. -
tva.n paTha yusmad paTh
Imperative Mood - First Person Singular
मर र य तभऩ ए न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
न
भ भ
15. Let me go. aha.n -
asmad gam
gachchhaani
ऩठ न भ ऩ
16. Let me read. -
aha.n paThaani asmad paTh
Imperative Mood - Second Person Plural
म र र य भ मभऩ फ न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)
मम त म भ भ
17. You all go. -
yua.n gachchhata yusmad gam
18. You all मम ऩठत म भ ऩ
-
read. yua.n paThata yusmad paTh
Imperative Mood - First Person Plural
मर र य तभऩ फ न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
म भ
19. Let us all भ भ
vaya.n -
go. asmad gam
gachchhaama
20. Let us all म ऩठ भ भ ऩ
-
read. vaya.n paThaama asmad paTh


Subject Verb
रब / English त / Sanskrit द / धत / Comments
shabda dhaatu
Imperative Mood Dual ( मर र य न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

dvivachana)
21. Let the two फर ऩ
baalakau -
boys read. baalaka paTh
paThataam
22. Let the two फ र ऩ
baalike -
girls read. baalikaa paTh
paThataam
फर तभ
23. Let the two फर भ
baalakau -
boys go. baalaka gam
gachchhataam
फ र तभ
24. Let the two फ र भ
baalike -
girls go. baalikaa gam
gachchhataam
ऩठत भ
25. Let the two ऩ
chchhatrau -
students read. chchhaatra paTh
paThataam
र ऩ य ऩठत भ
26. Let the two रऩ य ऩ
lipikaarau -
clearks read. lipikaara paTh
paThataam
म तभ
yuvaa.n -
go. yusmad gam
gachchhatam
28. Both of you म ऩठतभ म भ ऩ
-
read. yuvaa.n paThatam yusmad paTh
29. Let both of भ भ

aavaa.n -
us go. asmad gam
gachchhaava
30. Let both of ऩठ भ ऩ
-
us read. aavaa.n paThaava asmad paTh

many Sanskrit sentences using र र य / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will
those.
In the next chapter we will study धर र य (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative

mood.
Read / / paTh : / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
ऩठत / paThatu ऩठ त / paThantu
थभ / prathama paThataam
Second
ऩठ / paTha ऩठतभ / paThatam ऩठत / paThata
First
ऩठ न / paThaani ऩठ / paThaava ऩठ भ / paThaama
तभ / uttama
Go / / gam : / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
Third त/ तभ/ त/
थभ / prathama gachchhatu gachchhataam gachchhantu
Second
तभ / त/
भ मभ / / gachchha
gachchhatam gachchhata
madhyama
First न/ / भ/
तभ / uttama gachchhaani gachchhaava gachchhaama
In previous chapter we
/ vidhailiN^lakaara (Optative Mood - Should or May):
studied about imperative mood. In this chapter we will study about optative
mood. ध र र य (vidhailiN^lakaara) verb-forms represent sentences in
optative mood. So, any sentence indicating possibility of something verb-
forms of धर र य (vidhailiN^lakaara) should be used.
The complete धर र य / vidhailiN^lakaara of ऩ / paTh (read) and भ /

gam (go) ध त / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference.
Study the following sentences. These are in धर र य (vidhailiN^lakaara)
or optative mood.
Subject Verb
रब /
English
shabda dhaatu
Optative Mood - Third Person Singular
ध र र य थभऩ ए न / vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha
ekavachana
1. The boy फर ऩठत फर ऩ
-
should read. baalakaH paThet baalaka paTh
2. The girl फ र ऩठत फ र ऩ
-
should read. baalikaa paThet baalikaa paTh
3. Rama should य भ ऩठत यभ ऩ
-
read. raamaH paThet raama paTh
4. Sita should त ऩठत त ऩ
-
read. siitaa paThet siitaa paTh
फर त
5. The boy फर भ
baalakaH -
should go. baalaka gam
gachchhet
फ र त
6. The girl फ र भ
baalikaa -
should go. baalikaa gam
gachchhet
Optative Mood - Third Person Plural
ध र र य थभऩ फ न / vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
फर ऩठम
7. The boys फर ऩ
baalakaaH -
should read. baalaka paTh
paTheyaH
फ र ऩठम
8. The girls फ र ऩ
baalikaaH -
should read. baalikaa paTh
paTheyaH
ऩठम
9. Students ऩ
chchhaatraaH -
should read. chchhaatra paTh
paTheyaH
र ऩ य ऩठम
10. Clearks रऩ य ऩ
lipikaaraaH -
should read. lipikaara paTh
paTheyaH
फर म
11. The boys फर भ
baalakaaH -
gachchheyuH
12. The girls फ र म फ र भ -
should go. baalikaaH baalikaa gam
gachchheyuH


verb ऩ (paTh).

uttamapuruSha).
Subject Verb
त /
रब / English द / धत / Comments
Sanskrit
shabda dhaatu
Optative Mood - Second Person Singular
ध र र य भ मभऩ ए न / vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha
ekavachana
म भ भ
13. You should go. tva.n -
yusmad gam
gachchheH
14. You should ऩठ म भ ऩ
-
read. tva.n paTheH yusmad paTh
Optative Mood - First Person Singular
धर र य तभऩ ए न / vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
मभ
भ भ
15. I should go. aha.n -
asmad gam
gachchheyam
ऩठमभ भ ऩ
16. I should read. -
aha.n paTheyam asmad paTh
Optative Mood - Second Person Plural
ध र र य भ मभऩ फ न / vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
17. You all should मम त म भ भ

-
go. yua.n ऩठमभ yusmad gam
18. You all should मम ऩठत म भ ऩ

-
read. yua.n paTheta yusmad paTh
Optative Mood - First Person Plural
धर र य तभऩ फ न / vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
म भ
19. We all should भ भ
vaya.n -
go. asmad gam
gachchhema
20. We all should म ऩठभ भ ऩ
-
read. vaya.n paThema asmad paTh


first person the kartaa is always भ (asmad) फद (shabda).
रब / त / Sanskrit Subject Verb Comments

English द / धत /
shabda dhaatu
Optative Mood Dual ( धर र य न / vidhailiN^lakaara

dvivachana)
21. Two boys फर ऩ
baalakau -
should read. baalaka paTh
paThetaam
baalike -
should read. baalikaa paTh
paThetaam
फर तभ
23. Two boys फर भ
baalakau -
gachchhetaam
फ र तभ
baalike -
should go. baalikaa gam
gachchhetaam
ऩठत भ
chchhatrau -
should read. chchhaatra paTh
paThetaam
र ऩ य ऩठत भ
lipikaarau -
should read. lipikaara paTh
paThetaam
म तभ
yuvaa.n -
should go. yusmad gam
gachchhatam
28. Both of you म ऩठतभ म भ ऩ
-
should read. yuvaa.n paThetam yusmad paTh
aavaa.n -
should go. asmad gam
gachchheva
30. Both of us ऩठ भ ऩ
-
should read. aavaa.n paTheva asmad paTh

many Sanskrit sentences using ध र र य / vidhailiN^lakaara are given.
You will know about many more nouns ( द / shabda) and verbs (ध त /
dhaatu) in those.
Read / / paTh : / vidhailiN^lakaara

(Optative Mood - Should or May)
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
ऩठत / paThet ऩठम / paTheyaH
थभ / prathama paThetaam
Second
ऩठ / paTheH ऩठतभ / paThetam ऩठत / paTheta
First ऩठमभ /
ऩठ / paTheva ऩठभ / paThema
तभ / uttama paTheyam
Go / / gam : / vidhailiN^lakaara
(Optative Mood - Should or May)
Person / ऩ /
puruSha
Third तभ/ म /
त / gachchhet
थभ / prathama gachchhetaam gachchheyuH
Second
तभ /
भ मभ / / gachchheH त / gachchhet
gachchhatam
madhyama
First मभ / भ/
/ gachchheva
तभ / uttama gachchheyam gachchhema
In the last five chapters we covered five different

Verb Forms - Practice Sentences:
verb-forms, using ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go) ध त / dhaatu. For

better vocabulary the following is a list of different sentences using many
more verbs and nouns for your reference. The sentences cover all the five
verb-forms we have covered so far.
Present Tense - / laTlakaara
रब / त / द धत
Notes
English Sanskrit Noun Verb
The boy फर ऩठ त र र य or laTlakaara is the

फर ऩ
reads/is baalakaH only verb-form to represent
paThati present tense.
The pupil म नभ त Unlike English where simple

म नभ
is shiShyaH present (verb + s, verb + es)
saluting. shiShya nam and present-continous (verb +
namati
ing) forms are possible, in
The elder दत Sanskrit laTlakaara represents
brother agrajaH both.
speaks. agraja vad
vadati
So, "the boy reads" and "the
न ऩ मत boy is reading" will have
The father न
janakaH sameverb-forms.
looks. janaka dRRish
pashyati
ऩ म रम
The son is त ऩ भ
going to
putraH putra gam
school.
vidyaalaya.n
gachchhati
ध त
The horse ध
runs. ashvaH
ashva dhaav
dhaavati
The tree पर त
पर
bears vRRikshaH
fruit. vRRiksha phal
phalati
The servant त ठत
थ
is sevakaH
standing. sevaka sthaa
tiShThati
ब टत
The beggar ब
wanders. bhikshukaH
bhikshuka aT
aTati
He is त त (ऩ)
laughing. saH hasati tad (pu.n) has
The mother फ ऩ त फ ऩ
cooks. ambaa pachati ambaa pach
The son is त त त
laughing. sutaH hasati suta has
फर ऩ म न
The girl र त फर र
writes
baalaa baalaa likh
poems.
padyaani
likhati
She is द ध ऩ त
त ( ) ऩ
drinking saa dugdha.n
milk. tad (strii) paa
pivati
म ब त
It is म ब
evening. sandhyaa
sandhyaa bhuu
bhavati
The goat यत य
grazes. ajaH charati aja char
She is नम त त ( ) न
leading. saa nayati tad (strii) nii
ऩ ऩ त +
The flower ऩ ऩ
blooms. puShpa.n
puShpa
vikasati vi + kas
The fruit परभ ऩत त पर ऩत

falls. phalam patati phala pat
भ म त
Friend is भ म
giving. mitra.n
mitra yachchh
yachchhati
य
Artists are र त य र
sketching. chitrakaara likh
chitrakaaraaH
likhanti
बय त
Porters are बय
carrying. bhaaravaahaaH
bhaaravaaha vah
vahanti
य ध त
Theives are य ध
running. choraaH
chora dhaav
dhaavanti
Washermen य रम त
य र
are rajakaaH
washing. rajaka kshaal
kshaalayanti
Carpenters त त त
त त
do takshakaaH
carpentry. takshaka taksh
takshanti
म म त
Singers are म
singing. gaayakaaH
gaayaka gai
gaayanti
नट न म त
Dancers are नट नत
dancing. naaTaaH
naTa nRRit
nRRityanti
ऩ ऩ त
Cooks are ऩ ऩ
cooking. paachakaaH
paachaka pach
pachanti
Devotees ब त म त
ब त म
are bhaktaaH
meditating. dhyaanti bhakta dhyai
त ऩ ऩ ण
They smell त त (ऩ)
flowers. tad (pu.n) ghraa
te puShpaaNi
jighranti
They त भय त त (ऩ) भ
remember. te smaranti tad (pu.n) smRRi
न ऩत
Barbers भ डम त न ऩत भ
shave. naapita muND
naapitaaH
muNDayanti
त त म म त
Weavers त त म
tantuvaayaaH -
weave. tantuvaaya
vayanti
य त
Goats य
graze. ajaaH
aja char
charanti
पर न पय त
Fruits पर
phaalaani -
shake. phala
sphuranti
You are ऩ त ऩठ म भ ऩ
reading the tva.n yusmad paTh
book. pustaka.n
paThasi
You are नभ म भ नभ
saluting. tva.n namasi yusmad nam
You are द म भ
speaking. tva.n vadasi yusmad vad
ऩ म
म भ
You see. tva.n
yusmad dRRish
pashyasi
मम ऩतथ
All of you म भ ऩत
fall. yuuya.n
yusmad pat
patatha
All of you मम नमथ

म भ न
are yuuya.n
leading. yusmad nii
nayatha
मम न दथ
All of you म भ न
rebuke. yuuya.n
yusmad nind
nindatha
भ भ
भ
I wish. aham
asmad iSh
ichchhaami
भ न म भ
I am भ नत
dancing. aham
asmad nRRit
nRRityaami
भ भय भ भ भ
I remember.
aham smaraami asmad smRRi
भ भ भ
I reside.
aham vasaami asmad vas
भ न
I am asking ऩ भ भ
a question. aham asmad prachchh
prashna.n
pRRichchhaami
म डभ
भ
We play. vaya.n
asmad krriD
kriiDaamaH
म र भ
We are भ र
writing. vaya.n
asmad likh
likhaamaH
म ऩफ भ
We are भ ऩ
drinking. vaya.n
asmad paa
pibaamaH
Future Tense - / lRRiTlakaara
द धत
रब / English त / Sanskrit Notes
Noun Verb
फर ऩठ मत फर ऩ
The boy will read. -
baalakaH paThiShyati baalaka paTh
म रम भ मत
The student will go to भ
chchhaatraH vidyaalaya.n -
school. chchhaatra gam
gamiShyati
त द म त त (ऩ)
They will speak. -
te vadiShyanti tad (pu.n) vad
य र मत
Artist will sketch the य र
chitrakaaraH chitra.n -
picture. chitrakaara likh
likhiShyati
म ब मत म ब
It will be evening. -
sandhyaa bhaviShyati sandhyaa bhuu
ऩठम मत ऩ /
Teacher will teach. -
guruH paaThayiShyati guru paaTh
The flowers will ऩ ऩ ण म त ऩ ऩ +

-
bloom. puShpaaNi vikasiShyanti puShpa vi + kas
न ऩत भ ड म म त न ऩत भ
Barber will shave. -
naapitaH muNDayiShyati naapita muND
ऩठ म म भ ऩ
You will read. -
tva.n paThiShyasi yusmad paTh
मम ड मथ म भ
You all will play. -
vaya.n kriiDiShyatha yusmad kriiD
भ म भ भ भ
I will go. -
aha.n gamiShyaami asmad gam
ऩ भ र म भ भ र
I will write letter. -
aha.n patram likhiShyaami asmad likh
म ड मभ भ
We will play. -
vaya.n kriiDiShyaamaH asmad kriiD
Past Tense - / laN^lakaara
Notes
The boy फर ऩठत र र य or laN^lakaara is the

फर ऩ
read/was baalakaH only verb-form to represent
apaThat past tense.
डत त (ऩ) Unlike English where simple

He played.
saH akriiDat tad (pu.n) kriiD past and past-continous (verb +
ing) forms are possible, in
त ठत त ( ) थ Sanskrit laN^lakaara represents
She stood.
saa atiShThat tad (strii) sthaa both.
भ य ऩ दय भ So, "the boy went" and "the boy

was going" will have same verb-
Cobbler म त भ य म
gave the forms.
charmakaarah charmakaara yachchh
sandal.
paadarakshaam Past tense can also be
ayachchhat
represented using त त (tavat)
भ भ prefix with the verbs. This has
been covered in a different
The lion भ यमत भ chapter.
killed the
si.nhaH si.nha mRRi
deer.
mRRigam
amaarayat
म भ भ
The tiger दत म
ate flesh. vyaaghraH vyaaghra khaad
maa.nsam
akhaadat
भ य भ भ
The cat ऩ मत भ य
saw the
maarjaaram maarjaara dRrish
rat.
muuShakam
apashyat
म ऩ भ
The friend र त म र
wrote a
vayasaH vayasa likh
letter.
patram
alikhat
ए भभ
One went
त ए भ
to
village. ekaH graamam eka gam
agachchhat
They त न त (ऩ)
laughed. te ahasan tad (pu.n) has
डन
Students
played. chchhaatraaH
chchhaatra kriiD
akriiDan
य ऩट भ
Thieves यन य य
stole the
choraaH chora har
box.
peTikaam
aharan
नभ
Students ऩ न
asked
chchhaatraaH chchhaatra prachchh
question.
prashnam
apRRichchhan
भ तण न
Bisons यन भ य
grazed
mahiShaaH mahiSha char
grass.
tRiNaani
acharan
भ र मन
Women भ र
sang. mahilaaH
mahilaa gai
agaayan
ऩ भ ड न
Snakes रन ऩ र
swallowed
sarpaaH sarpa gil
frogs.
maNDuukaan
agilan
बय ब यभ
Porters न बय
bore the
bhaaravaahaaH bharavaaha vah
burden.
bhaaram
avahan
ध य भ नभ
Fishermen
नमन ध य न
took away
the fish. dhivaraaH dhivara nii
miinam anayan
भ ध म भ ध
You ran.
tvam adhaavaH yusmad dhaav
भ न म
You म भ नत
danced. tvam
yusmad nRRit
anRRityaH
भ ऩठ म भ ऩ
You read.
tvam apaThaH yusmad paTh
मम ऩ त भ
All of you ऩ मत म भ
saw the
yuuya.n yusmad dRRish
book.
pustakam
apashyat
मम दत
All of you म भ
ate. yuuya.n
yusmad khaad
akhaadataH
भ
I saluted
नभभ भ नभ
the
teacher. aha.n guruum asmad nam
anamam
मभ
I
remembered भयभ भ भ
the aha.n asmad smRRi
matter. viShayam
asmaram
ऩ ऩभ
I smelt
भ भ
the
flower. aha.n puShpam asmad ghraa
ajighram
भ
I saw the ऩ मभ भ
picture. asmad dRRish
aha.n chitram
apashyam
ऩ भ
I wrote a र भ भ र
letter. asmad likh
aha.n patram
alikham
मभ दभ
भ
We spoke. vayam
asmad vad
avadaama
मभ दभ
भ
We ate. vayam
asmad khaad
akhaadaama
मभ डभ
भ
We played. vayam
asmad kriiD
akriiDaama
Imperative Mood - / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

द धत
Noun Verb
फर ऩठत फर ऩ
Let the boy read. -
baalakaH paThatu baalaka paTh
फर र त फर र
Let the boy write. -
baalakaH likhatu baalaka likh
त त (ऩ)
Let him carry. -
saH vahatu tad (pu.n) vah
म मत म
Let the singer sing. -
gaayakaH gaayatu gaayaka gai
त ( )
ध त ध
Let her run. tad -
saa dhaavatu dhaav
(strii)
रमत + र
Let the servant wash. -
sevakaH prakshaalayatu sevaka prakshaal
फ र ऩठत फर ऩ
Let the girl read. -
baalaa paThatu baalaa paTh
न ऩ त
Let the student ask
chchhaatra prashna.n -
question. chchhaatra prachchh
pRRichchhatu
नट न म त नट नत
Let the dancers dance. -
naTaaH nRRityantu naTa nRRit
त त त (ऩ)
Let them reside. -
te vasantu tad (pu.n) vas
Let the beggars ब ट त ब

-
wander. bhikshukaaH aTantu bhikshuka aT
भ र ऩ म त
Let the women see. भ र -
mahilaaH pashyantu dRRish
म भ भ
You go. -
tva.n gachchha yusmad gam
त ठ म भ थ
You stand up. -
tva.n uttiShTha yusmad sthaa
ऩफ म भ ऩ
You drink. -
tva.n piba yusmad paa
मम दत म भ
All of you speak. -
yuuya.n vadata yusmad vad
All of you go. मम त म भ भ -

yuuya.n gachchhata yusmad gam
मम ऩ मत म भ
All of you see. -
yuuya.n pashyata yusmad dRRish
न भ भ
Let me go. -
aha.n gachchhaani asmad gam
र न भ र
Let me write. -
aha.n likhaani asmad likh
ऩठ न भ ऩ
Let me read. -
aha.n paThaani asmad paTh
म ऩ भ भ ऩ
Let us drink. -
vaya.n pivaama asmad paa
म ऩ भ भ
Let us ask. -
vaya.n pRRichchhaama asmad prachchh
म मभ भ
Let us sing. -
vaya.n gaayaama asmad gai
Optative Mood - / vidhailiN^lakaara
Notes
The boy फर ऩठत धर र य

फर ऩ
should/may baalakaH or vidhailiN^lakaararepresents
read. baalaka paTh
paThet both should (should + verb)and
may (may + verb) in the
म ट ब त sentence. So, "the boy should
It may rain adya ब go" and "the boy may go" will
-
today. vRRiShTi.n bhuu have the same verb-forms.
bhavet
ऩठत
Students ऩ
should study. chchhaatraaH
chchhaatra paTh
paThet
नट न मम
Dancers may नट नत
dance. naTaaH
naTa nRRit
nRRityeyuH
Mother may फ ऩ त फ ऩ
cook. ambaa pachet ambaa pach
ण
Servant
रमत र
should wash
the cloathes. sevakaH sevaka kshaal
vaastraaNi
kshaalayet
They may त त ठमभ त (ऩ) थ

stay. te tiShTheyam tad (pu.n) sthaa
म रम
त त ( )
She may go to भ
school. saa tad
gam
vidyaalaya.n (strii)
gachchhet
फर पर न
Boys may eat दम फर
the fruits. baalaaH baala khaad
phalaani
khaadeyuH
भ र मम
Women may भ र
sing. mahilaaH
mahilaa gai
gaayeyuH
You should भ नभ
म भ नभ
salute the tvam gurum
teacher. yusmad nam
name
You should भ ऩठ म भ ऩ
read. tvam paThe yusmad paTh
भ द रम
You should go म भ भ
to temple. tvam yusmad gam
devaalaya.n
gachchhe
All of you मम म भयत

should yuya.n म भ भ
remember the viShya.n yusmad smRRi
matter. smareta
मम ऩ मत
All of you
yuya.n म भ
should see
the picture. chitra.n yusmad dRRish
pashyeta
ऩ त ऩठमभ
I should read aha.n भ ऩ
the book. pustaka.n asmad paTh-
paTheyam
डमभ
भ
I may play. aha.n
asmad kriiD
kriiDeyam
I should ऩ र मभ भ र
write the aha.n patra.n asmad likh
letter. likheyam
म द ध ऩ भ
We should vaya.n भ ऩ
drink milk. digdha.n asmad paa
pivema
म भ भ
We may go to vaya.n भ भ
village. graama.n asmad gam
gachchhema
Noun Forms Or Cases ( / In chapter 1 we were introduced

shabdarupa):
with noun ( द / shabda), noun-form ( द ऩ / shabdarupa), verb ( म /

kriyaa) and their use.
To summarise - noun or shabda ( द) is the word that represents someone

or something in a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing,
state or quality etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as
the subject or object for a verb.
In Sanskrit shabda ( द) is the base or root of all noun-forms ( द ऩ).

Each noun-form is a derivative or shabdarupa ( द ऩ) of it's root. For
example "boy" as a root can have different singular forms representing "the
boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/to the boy", "from the boy", "of the
boy" and "in the boy".
We will study noun-forms in detail. Followings are few features of noun-

forms.
 In a sentence the verb always follows the number and case of
the subject ( त / kartaa). The subject's gender has no effect on
the verb-form.
 Each noun can have 3 numbers ( न / vachana) and 7 cases ( ब त /

vibhakti). So, a noun can have 21 different forms ( द ऩ /
shabdarupa) each associating a specific meaning to thenoun. Besides
the cases a vocative case is also added to the 7 different cases. This
makes a noun to have 24 different forms.
 The 3 numbers in a noun are singular (ए न /

ekavachana), dual ( न / dvivachana), and plural (फ न /
bahuvachana). The dual form is specific to Sanskrit language and is
not seen in any other language.
The followings are the 7 different cases of a noun.
 Case 1 - Nominative -> थभ / prathamaa

 Case 2 - Accusative -> त म / dvitiiyaa
 Case 3 - Instrumental -> तत म / tRRitiiya
 Case 4 - Dative -> तथ / chaturthii
 Case 5 - Ablative -> ऩञ भ / paJNamii
 Case 6 - Genitive -> ठ / ShaShThii
 Case 7 - Locative -> तभ / saptamii
 Vocative -> फ धन / sambodhana
In coming chapters we will learn the noun cases or ब त (vibhakti) in

detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the different noun-
forms we have used commonly used nouns for sentence composition. The
complete noun-forms of these nouns are listed at the end of each chapter for
easy reference.
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many
commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help
building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
Nominative Case / (prathamaa vibhakti): Nominative Case or थभ ब त

(prathamaa vibhakti) represents the noun-form to represent the "who" or
"what" on the verb in the sentence. In other words nominative
case represents the subject or त (kartaa) of the sentence.
Study the following sentences. These are in nominative case. In the previous
chapters we have already come across these sentence formations. These are
mentioned again for completness.
फर त
1. The boy is going. -
baalaH gachchhati
र त
2. Poet is writing. -
kaviH likhati
य द त
3. Teachers are speaking. -
guravaH vadanti
फ र ऩठ त
4. Girl is reading. -
baalaa paThati
नद त
5. River is flowing. -
nadii vahati
ऩ भ
6. I am asking. -
aha.n pRRichchhaami
त मत
7. Sita is singing. -
siitaa gaayati
पर ऩत त Words like -
8. Fruit is falling.
phala.n patati fruit (पर /
मन रत phala), vehicle
9. Vehicle is moving.
yaana.n chalati (म न / yaana),
book (ऩ त /
ऩ त भ त
10. The book is there. pustaka), water
pustakam asti
( र / jala) and
र न त
11. There is no water. flower (ऩ ऩ /
jala.n naasti
puShpa) etc.,
are of neuter
gender. They
have the same
noun-form or
shabdarupa as
boy (फ र /
baala) except
the nominative
and accusative
ऩ ऩ त
12. Flower is blooming. cases which
puShpa.n vikasati have slightly
different
forms.
Refer पर
(phala) shabda
below for
thenominative
case forms of
these.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "who is going?", the answer that
comes is "boy". So, boy is the subject in the sentence and the noun-form is
in nominative case or prathamaa vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 8, if we ask
the question "what is falling?", the answer that comes is "fruit". In this fruit
is the subject.
So, answer to the question "who" or "what" is the subject of the sentence
and is always in nominative case. The verb form follows the number or न
(vachana) of the noun. The followings are few rules where the nominative
case must be used as the noun-form.
Grammatical Rule: In active voice statements the subject in the sentence is

always in nominative case.
Grammatical Rule: In passive voice statements the object follows the

nominative case. The subject follows the instrumental case.
Nominative Case ( थभ ब त / prathamaa vibhakti)

Word Gender Singular Dual Plural Similar Words
द र ए न न फ न
Boy फर फर फर
M - ऩ -
फ र / baala baalah baalau baalaaH
Creeper रत रत रत
F - -
रत / lataa lataa late lataaH
River नद न म न म
F - -
नद / nadii nadii nadau nadyaH
Fruit परभ पर पर न
N - नऩ -
परभ / phalam phalam phale phalaani
Accusative Case / (dvitiiyaa vibhakti): Accusative Case or तम ब त

(dvitiiyaa vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to what" or "to whom" of
the sentence. In other wordsaccusative case represents the object or भ
(karmaa) in the sentence.
Study the following sentences. These are in accusative case.
य र त In these
1. The painter is
chitrakaaraH chitra.n sentences
painting a portrait.
likhati portrait ( /
chitra), wood
त ठ त त
2. The carpenter is ( ठ /
chopping wood. takshakaH kaaShTha.n
takshati kaaShTha),
songs (ऩ म /
म ऩ म न र त
3. Poets are writing padya), city
kavayaH padyaani
songs. (न य /
likhanti
nagarii),
न यभ भ त stanza ( र /
4. Enemies are attacking
the city. shatravaH nagariim shloka),
aakraamanti permission
5. Studetns are singing र न म त ( नभ त /
the stanzas. chchhaatraaH shlokaan anumati),
gaayanti school ( म रम
भ त नभ तभ म त / vidyaalaya)
6. Commette gave the
samiti anumatim and book (ऩ त
permission.
ayachchhat / pustaka)
are objects.
फर म रभ त
7. Boy is going to
school. baalaH vidyaalayam
gachchhati
फ र ऩ त भ ऩठ त
8. Girl is reading the
book. baalaa pustakam
paThati
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the painter painting?",

the answer that comes is "the portrait". So, "portrait" is the object in the
sentence and the noun-form is in accusative case or dvitiiyaa vibhakti.
Similarly in sentence 6, if we ask the question "what did the commette
gave?", the answer that comes is "permission". In case of sentence 7, if we
ask the question "where is the boy going to?", the answer that comes is
"school".
So, answer to the question "to what", "to whom" or "to where" etc., is
the object in the sentence and is always in accusative case. The verb form is
independent of the number or न (vachana) of the object.
Grammatical Rule: In active voice sentences the object always inaccusative

case.
Besides the above rule there are few special rules where accusative case is
used. Followings are examples of these.
म नभ धत ठत / Verbs त ठ त
9. Tigress lives in ध त (tiShThati) and
the forest. vyaaghrii vanam त (vasati)
adhitiShThati / prefixed with
adhivasati
prepositions ( ऩ
10. Parvati lives in
ऩ त र यभ / upasarga) ध
the Himalays.
ध त (adhi) or ऩ (upa).
paarvatii
kailaasagiriim
adhivasati
यभ भ
11. Rama lives in ऩ त/ ध त
village. raamaH graama.n
upavasati /
adhivasati
भ रमभ बत य म न
12. Around the
Himalayas there are त
forests. himaalayam abhitaH
araNyaani santi
य य तय भ दय त
13. Inside the pond
there is a temple. sarovara.n antaraa
mandira.n asti
ऩ यत य त
14. Around the house
there is a wall. gRRiha.n paritaH
praachiira.n asti Use of indeclinable
म रम न मन बत (abhitaH),
15. Near the school त बमत (ubhayataH),
there is a garden.
vidyaalaya.n nikaShaa भम (samayaa),
udyaana.n asti
न (nikaShaa),
नद बमत ऩन न त तय (antaraa) and
16. Both side of river
nadii.n ubhayataH
there are hills. ऩ यत (paritaH) to
sopaanaani santi
represent location.
य य तय न र ऩर न
17. Inside the pond
there are blue त
lotuses. sarovara.n antaraa
niilotpalaani santi
म रम भम ऩण
18. Near the school त
there are shops.
vidyaalaya.n samayaa
aapaNaaH santi
19. Solders went on न भ भ बमत
both sides of the त
road.
sainikaaH maargam
ubhayataH agachchhat
ऩतय न ऩ त Use of indeclinable

20. Behind father son
pitara.n anu putraH न (anu), ऩमऩ य
is going.
gachchhati (upayupari), मध
(adhyaaghi), ध ध
ऩमऩ य न पर न
21. There are many (adhodhaH)
fruits above (on top त representing
of) the tree. vRRiksha.n upayupari before, after,
vahuni phalaani santi above, towards top
location.
फ र भधय मत
22. The girl is
singing beautifully. baalikaa madhura.n Use of verbal
gaayati adjective or
म ण
फर मभ ऩ म त
23. The boy is looking (kriyaavisheShaNa).
with surprise. baalaH saashcharyam
pashyati
24. It is raining द त ब त
everywhere in the desha.n sarvataH
country. varShaa bhavanti
भध भ म यण
25. Madhu read grammar ऩ ठत न Expressing spread
for a month. madhuH maasa.n of time or space.
vyaakaraNa.n
paThitavaan
य म न तत
26. The mountain
spreads two yojanas. giriH dviyojana.n
varttate
न म न त Use of indeclinable
27. Without teacher
न (vinaa), ऋत
there is no knowledge. guru.n vinaa vidyaa
naasti (RRite) etc.
म त
28. Go upto home. Use of words त
gRRiha.n yaavat
gachchha (prati), म त
(yaavat) etc.
29. Tiger is running म त ध त
towards the goat. vyaagraH chhaaga.n
prati dhaavati
भ ध Use of word ध
30. Fie on fool.
murkha.n dhik dhik.
Grammatical Rule: If the verbs त ठ त (tiShThati) and त (vasati) meaning

lives or stays are prefixed with the preposition ( ऩ / upasarga) ध (adhi)
or ऩ (upa), then the word expressing the location will follow accusative case
instade of locative case.
In sentence 9 above the answer to question "where does tigress live?"

should be "in the forest". The noun-form should be in locative case i.e., न
(vane). However since the verb त (vasati) is prefixed with preposition ध
(adhi) the accusative case नभ (vanam) is used instade of locative case.
Sentence 10 and 11 follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the indeclinables बत (abhitaH), बमत (ubhayataH),

भम (samayaa), न (nikaShaa), तय (antaraa) and ऩ यत (paritaH) etc., are
in use then the word expressing location will be in accusative case.
In sentence 12 above the answer to question "where are the forests?"

should be "around Himalayas". Similarly in sentence 13 if we ask the
question "where is the temple?", the answer will be "inside the pond".
However in these case indeclinables बत (abhitaH) and ऩ यत (paritaH) are
used to express the location. Hence the words expressing the location
(Himalayas and pond) are inaccusative case. Sentences 12, 13, 14, 15, 15,
17, 18 and 19 follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When indeclinables न (anu), ऩमऩ य (upayupari), मध

(adhyaadhi) etc., are used, words governed by these will be in accusative
case.
Sentences 20 and 21 follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: Verbal Adjective ( म ण / kriyaavisheShaNa) expressing

the characteristic or attribute of the verb in the sentence will be in
accusative case.
In sentence 22 above if the question is asked "how is the girl singing?" the
answer that comes is "beautifully". Here beautifully is an attribute or verbal
adjective for the verb "singing". Since the word beautifully is a verbal
adjective or म ण (kriyaavisheShaNa) it is in accusative case. Sentence
23 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: When a word represents a spread of time or space then it

takes the accusative form.
In sentence 24 above the word "everywhere" expresses a spread of space.

So, the word country has taken the accusative case द (desha.n) instead
of locative case द (deshe). Similarly in sentence 25 "for a month" expresses
a span of time. So, the word month has taken the accusative case भ
(maasa.n). Sentence 26 follow this rule as it expresses a span of space.
Grammatical Rule: When words न (vinaa) or ऋत (RRite) meaning "without" is

used, words governed by it will be in accusative case.
In sentence 27 the word (guru) is in accusative case as the indeclinable

न (vinaa) is in use.
Grammatical Rule: If the words त (prati) and म त (yaavat) are in use then
the words governed by these will be in accusative case.
Sentences 28 and 29 follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: When word ध (dhik) is used, words governed by it will be

in accusative case.
In sentence 30 the word भ (murkha) is in accusative case as the word ध

(dhik) is in use.
Accusative Case ( तम ब त / dvitiiyaa vibhakti)
Word Gender Singular Dual Plural
Similar Words
Boy फ रभ फर फरन
M - ऩ -
फ र / baala baalam baalau baalaan
Creeper रत भ रत रत
F - -
रत / lataa lataam late lataaH
River नद भ न म नद
F - -
नद / nadii nadiim nadau nadiiH
N - नऩ -
Instrumental Case / (tRRitiiya vibhakti): Instrumental Case or तत म ब त

(tRRitiiya vibhakti) of noun-form represents the instrumental form in a
sentence. The answer that comes from the question "by what" or "with
what" is the instrument in the sentense. The instrument is with what
the subject or त (kartaa) is doing something. The instrument is
independent of thenumber and gender of the subject or object.
Study the following sentences. These are in instrumental case.
र रन त Here plough ( र
1. Farmer is ploughing
with plough. kRRiShivalaH halena / hala), axe
karShati
(ऩय /
ऩय न डम भ parashu), pen
2. I am cutting with axe. aha.n parashunaa (र न /
khaNDayaami lekhanii), hand
य र म र न ( य / kara),
3. Teacher wrote using
pen. guravaH lekhanyaa teeth (द त /
alikhan danta) and food
4. You are touching with यण ऩ (ब न /
hand. tva.n kareNa bhojana),
spRRishasi flower (ऩ ऩ /
ऩ द त द त puShpa),
5. Snakes bites with
sarpaH dantaiH knowledge ( म
teeth.
dashati / vidyaa),
garland (भ र /
तथम ब नन भ द त
6. Guest is happy with maalaa) are the
food. atithayaH bhojanena
instruments for
modanti
the respective
भर ऩ ऩ ब त verbs and are
7. Garland is made using in instrumental
flower. maalaa puShpaiH
case.
bhavati
8. You live with मम
knowledge. tva.n vidyayaa jivasi
भर ब द भ र य भ
9. (I) will decorate God
with garland. maalaabhiH devam
alaN^karomi
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the farmer is ploughing

with?", the answer that comes is "with the plough". So, "plough" is
the instrument in the sentence and the noun-form is in instrumentsl
case or tRRitiiya vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question
"what are you touching with?", the answer that comes is "with hand". In
case of sentence 6, if we ask the question "what is the guest happy with?",
the answer that comes is "with food". So, hand and food are
in instrunmental case.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing "by what" or "with what" pertaining to
the verb will be in instrumental case.
Sentences 1 and 9 also follow this rule.
Besides the above rules there are some special rules where insrtumental
case is used. Followings are the examples of these.
रब /
त / Sanskrit Notes
English
10. Women म ब डन Use of words
played with striyaH shishubhiH saha akriDan (saha), भ
the children.
(saakam),
11. Teacher भ त (saarddha.n) and
went with the guruH chchhaatraiH saakam
भ (sama.n)
students. agachchhat
12. Sita त य भण ध यत
roams with siitaa raameNa saardha.n
Rama. viharati
ण भम भ त न
13. Krishna
came with me. kRRiShNaH mayaa saakam
aagatavaan
14. Gopal
तन ऩर त
went with
him. tena saaka.n gopaalaH gataH
15.
द नन भ न त म
Friendship
with evil not durjanena sa maitrii na
worth. karttavyaa
भम / / / भ म
16. You will tva.n mayaa
go with me. saha/saaka.n/samsa.n/saardsha.n
gamiShyasi
17. Without
effort भण न म न र मत
knowledge is shrameNa vinaa vidyaa na
not labhyate
achievable. Use of words
18. Without रन तयण नभ ब भ तयण (antareNa)
water life is jalena antareNa jiivanam and न (vinaa).
impossible. asambhavam
19. What is
म न नन भ
life without
knowledge. vidyaa.n vinaa jiivanam kim
20. He is The words - eyes
ण ण
blind with (र न / lochana),
eyes. saH akshNaa kaaNaH
ears ( ण /
21. What
र न म न म दऩण य मत karNa) and foot
shall mirror
do to one lochanabhyaa vihinasya darpaNaH (ऩ द / paada) are
without eyes. ki.n kariShyati expressing
lameness of organ
22. He is
ण म धय or body part.
deaf with
ears. saH karNaabhyaa.n vadhiraH
23. He is
ऩ दन
lame with
foot. saH paadena khaJNjaH
24. Rama is यभ म / ब न ऩर
naughty by raamaH prakRRityaa / svaabhavena
nature. chapalaH
25. He is
न ध त The words -
running
speedily. saH vegena dhaavati nature ( त /
prakRRiti),
26. Rama is
यभ न त ठत nature ( ब /
living
happily. raamaH sukhena tiShThati svaabhava),
speedily ( /
27. Named न न यभ
Rama vega), happily
naamnaa raamaH
( / sukha),
28. The girl
फ र म face ( त /
is beautiful
by face. baalikaa akRRityaa chaaruH aakRRiti),
normally ( म /
29. Simple by ब न यर
nature. praaya), quickly
svaabhaavena saralaH
(र रम /
30. Haunters
य मण द य liilayaa),
are normally
poor. shavaraaH praayeNa daridraaH quickly ( यम /
tvarayaa), queue
31. Let the फ र र रम / न / यम त
( भ / krama),
boy go baalaH liilayaa / vegena /
quickly. tvarayaa gachchhatu caste ( त /
jaati) and wish
32. They came ए न भण त
( /
in one queue. ekena krameNa aagachchhata
svechchhaa) are
33. I am expressing nature
kshatriya म म or
(warrior) by aha.n jaatyaa kshatriya characteristics.
caste.
34. Boys are
फर म भ त
roaming by
their wish. baalakaaH svechchhayaa bhramanti
35. Rama is
younger to यभ त ण फय
you by one Use of words
raamaH tvat varSheNa abaraH
year. elder (ऩ /
36. Gopala is puurvaH), younger
younger to ऩ र म भ त भ न ऩय ( य / avaraH)
Shyama by a gopaalaH shyaamaat maasena paraH and younger (ऩय
month.
/ paraH) to
37. He is
भत भ न ऩ compare age.
elder to me
by a month. saH mat maasena puurvaH
38. Sage by ट ब तऩ Use of words

matted lock. jaTaabhiH taapasaH matted-lock ( ट
/ jaTaa), sacred-
39. Brahmin thread ( ऩ त /
ऩ तन भण
by sacred- upavita) as mark
thread? upavitena vraahmaNa.n of
identification.
40. Body
तन य यभ ऩत
shivers due
to cold. shiitena shariiram kampate The words - cold
( त / shiita),
41. He is
heart broken द न ब न दम sadness (द /
due to duHkhena saH bhagnahRRidiyaH duHkha), merit
sadness.
(ऩ म / puNya),
42. Hari is
ऩ मन ट य fever ( य /
seen through
merit. puNyena dRRiShTaH hariH jvara) and hunger
( ध / kshudhaa)
43. He is
यण ऩ डत are expressing
suffering due
to fever. saH jvareNa piiDitaH the cause or
reason of
44. He is
धम दत something.
crying due to
hunger. saH kshudhayaa krandati
45. I have Use of words
भभ ऩ ठन म नभ
need of म नभ
study. mama paaThena prayojanam
(prayojanam),
46. What is
र न भ? भ (kim) and
the need of
quarreling? kalahena kim? रभ (alam) to
47. express the need
दन रभ
Quarrelling or necessity of
is waste. vivaadena alam something.
48. Do not
धनन म न न त?
have need in
wealth? dhanena prayojana.n naasti?
49. Less by नन न
knowledge. Use of words -
dnyaanena hiinaH
न (hiinaH),
50. Less by धनन म
म (shuunyaH)
wealth. dhanena shuunyaH
and ऊन (uunaH)
51. He is धनन ऊन / म / न to express lack
less by saH dhanena uunaH / shuunyaH / of something.
wealth. hiinaH
52. The The words - year
भ दय ण न भत ब त
temple was ( / varSha) and
built in a mandira.n varSheNa nirmita.n
year. abhavat month (भ /
maasa) represent
53. Rama read य भ भ न तभ ऩठत the time taken to
Sanskrit in a raamaH maasena sa.nskRRitam achieve some
month. apaThat result.
54. I bought ऩ भ ब ऩ त भ त न The words - five
the book with aha.n paJNchamudraabhiH pustakam coins (ऩ भ /
five coins. kriitavaan paJNchamudraa)and
ten coins (द भ
55. He bought द भ ब डन त न / dashamudraa)
the toy with saH dashamudraabhiH kriiDanaka.n are representing
ten coins. kriitavaan the value or cost
of something.
Giving something
to perform some
56. The imoral or
lustful indecent act. In
भ द म म त
person is this
giving money kaamukaH daasyaa sa.nyachchhate caseinstrumental
to the maid. case will be used
and notdative
case.
57. Rama is यभ नन भ ण त The word - path
going on a raamaH anenna maargeNa (भ / maarga) is
different gachchhati representing the
rout. path followed.
Grammatical Rule: If the indeclinables (saha), भ (saakam),

(saarddha.n), भ (sama.n) etc., meaning with or along with, are used then the
words governed by these will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 7 - the word (saha) is used to express that the women

played with the children. So, the word "children" is in instrumental
case. Sentences 10 and 16 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the words तयण (antareNa) or न (vinaa) meaning

without are used the words governed by it will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 17 - the word "effort" or भ (shrama) is in instrumental case as

the word तयण (antareNa) is used to express that without effort knowledge
can not be achieved. Sentences 18 and 19 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If any word expressing lameness in any organ or body part
is used then the word representing the organ or body part will be in
instrumental case.
In sentence 20 - the word "eyes" or ण (akshNaa) is in instrumental

case as this is the organ that has the lameness. Sentences 21, 22 and 23
also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the nature or characteristics of

someone or something will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 24 the word "nature" represents a characteristics of Rama. So,

the word "nature" or ब (svaabhava) is in instrumental case. Similarly in
sentence 25 the word "speedily" is an attribute or characteristics of him
running. Hence the word speedily or (vega) is in instrumental case. In
sentence 33 also the word caste or त (jaati) represents an attribute about
me. So this word is in instrumental case. Sentences 24 to 34 follow this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like ऩ (puurvaH), ऩय (paraH), य (avaraH) etc.,
are used to express a comparision in time then the word expressing the sense
of time will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 35 the word "younger" or ऩय (paraH) is used to compare time or

age, and "year" or (varsHa) is the word expressing the sense of time. So,
the word "year" is in instrumental case. Sentences 36 and 37 also follow this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing any mark of identification of a person

will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 38 - sage is identified by "matted lock" or ट (jaTaa). In other

words "matted lock" is the identification symbol to identify a sage. So, the
word "matted lock" is in instrumental case. Sentences 39 also follows this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in

instrumental case.
In sentence 40 "cold" is the reason for which body shivers. So, the word
"cold" or त (shiita) is in instrumental case. Similarly, in sentence 41
"sadness" is the reason for his broken heart. Hence the word द (duHkha)
is in instrumental case. Sentences 42, 43 and 44 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like रभ (alam), (ki.n), म नभ (prayojanam)

etc., are used to express a "sense of need or necessity" then the word
representing the thing which is needed will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 45 "study is what I have need for". So, the word study or ऩ ठ
(paaTha) is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 47 - "quarrelling is
waste" also means there is no need or necessity of quarrelling. Hence the
word quarrelling or द (vivaada) is in instrumental case. Sentences 46 and
48 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like न (hiina), म (shuunya), ऊन etc., are used
to mean lack of something of something, then the words governed by these will
be in instrumental case.
In sentence 49 - there is a lack of "knowledge" or न (dnyaana). Similarly

in sentence 50 there is a lack of "wealth" or धन (dhana). So, thes words are
in instrumental case. Sentence 51 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the sentencec means achievement of some result after

some time then the word expressing the time will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 52 the temple was built in a year. In other words the result was
achieved in a year. The word "year" is expressing the time after which the
result was achieved. So, the word "year" or (varSha) is in instrumental
case. Sentence 53 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the value or cost of something will be
in instrumental case.
In sentence 54 "five coins" express the cost or value of the book. So, it is
in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 55 "ten coins" is the cost of the
toy. So, "ten coins" is in instrumental case.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given
to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental case and not
in dative case.
In sentence 56 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an

immoral. So, the word "maid" is in instrumental case instead of dative case.
Grammatical Rule: Word expressing the path that is followed will be in

instrumental case.
In sentence 57 the word "rout" or भ (maarga) is in instrumental case as it

represents the path that is being followed or taken.
Instrumental Case (तत म ब त / tRRitiiyaa vibhakti)

Word Gender Singular Dual Plural Similar
द र ए न न फ न Words
Boy फ रन फर मभ फर
M - ऩ -
फ र / baala baalena baalaabhyaam baalaiH
Creeper रतम रत म भ रत ब
F - -
रत / lataa latayaa lataabhyaam lataabhiH
River न म नद म भ नद ब
F - -
नद / nadii nadyaa nadiibhyaam nadiibhiH
Fruit
परन पर म भ पर
परभ / N - नऩ -
phalena phalaabhyaam phalaiH
phalam
Dative Case / (chaturthii vibhakti): Dative Case or तथ ब त (chaturthii

vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to whom" or "for whom" of the
sentence. In other words dative caserepresents the dative in the sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in dative case.
ब म त डर द The words ब
1. Give rice to the
beggar. bhikshukaayaH (bhikshuka),
taNDuula.n dehi
म भ (yusmad),
त भ ऩय य दद भ ण (rugNa) and
2. I am giving prize to
aha.n tasmai
him. नधन (nirdhana)
puraskaara.n dadaami
represent the
3. Doctor is giving म णम औ ध म त person to whom
medicine to the vaidyaH rugNaaya something is
patient. auShadha.n yachchhati given.
धन नधन म धन म त
4. Let the rich give
money to poor. dhanikaH nirdhanaaya
dhana.n yachhatu
Giving something
to perform some
imoral or
5. The lustful person भ द म म त indecent act. In
is giving money to the kaamukaH daasyaa this
maid. sa.nyachchhate caseinstrumental
case will be
used and
notdative case.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "give rice to whom?", the

answer that comes is "the beggar". So, "beggar" is the dative in the
sentence and the noun-form is in dative case orchaturthii vibhakti. Similarly
in sentence 3, if we ask the question "doctor gave medicine to whom?", the
answer that comes is "patient".
So, answers to the question "to whom" or "for whom" etc., is the dative in
the sentence and is always in dative case. The verb form is independent of
the number or न (vachana) of thesubject or object.
will be in dative case.
Sentence 1, 2, 3 and 4 follow this rule.
to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental case and not
in dative case.
In sentence 5 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an

immoral. So, the word "maid" is in instrumental case instead of dative case.
Besides the above rules there are few special rules where dative case is
used. Followings are examples of these.
र ऩ म र र त
6. Let the author The words ऩ
write for the paper. lekhakaH patrikaayai
(patrikaa),
lekha.n likhatu
ण य
ण यम ट भ (suvarNahaara) and
7. Gold is for
necklace. suvarNahaaraaya धभ (dharma)
haaTakam
represent the
8. Wife should be धभ म ऩ न णम things for which
accepted for something is
dharmaaya patnii
merit/dharma. needed.
grahaNiiyaa
ऐ मभ यम ब त The words य
9. Wealth becomes
egoism. eishcharyam (ahaN^kaara),
ahaN^kaaraaya bhavati ऩय ऩडन
त ऩय ऩडन म ब त (parapiDana) and
10. Power is to
shaktiH parapiDanaaya ऩय ऩ य
torment others.
bhavati (paropakaara)
represent the
त ऩय ऩ य म ब त thing into which
11. Let power be for
others' good. shaktiH paropakaaraaya something else
bhavatu transforms.
र भ ऩ डत म मत
12. Lakshmi hates the
knowledgable. lakshmiiH paNDitaaya
asuuyati
Use of words मत
तय म मत
13. He hates the (kRRidhyati),
saH chaturaaya
clever. म त (dRRihyati),
asuuyati
ई म त (iirShyati),
य मत
14. King is angry on म त (asuuyati)
the enemies. raajaa shatruve
kRRidhayati etc., expressing
hate or dislike.
ऩर यभम मत
15. Gopala is angry on
Rama. gopaalaH raamaaya
dRRihyati
भद त म य त ? Use of words like

16. Do you like
modaka.n tubhya.n य त (rochate)
sweets?
rochate vaa? etc., expressing
फ र ऩ ऩ म ऩ म त fondness or liking
17. Girls like for something.
flowers. baalikaaH puShpebhyaH
spRRihayanti
नम ऩ म त
18. Let everyone like
knowledge. sarve dnyaaya
spRRihayantu
ऩ ऩ ण त ण म य त
19. Ladies like
flowers. puShpaaNi taruNibhyaH
rochante
भ म द ध य त
20. I like milk. mahyaa.n dugdha.n
rochate
ड य त
21. Child likes to
play. shishave kriDaa
rochate
भ भद न दत?
22. Who does not like
sweets. kasmai modaka.n na
svadate?
य नभ Use of words like

23. Salute to teacher.
gurave namaH नभ (namaH), त
(svasti),
24. Salute to न य मण म नभ
Narayana. naaraayaNaaya namaH (svaaha), र
(ala.n), फ
म
25. Offered to Indra. (baShaT) etc.
indraaya svaaha
नम फ Word Meanings:
26. Offered to fire. namaH - salute,
agneya baShaT
svaaha - offered,
baShaT - offered,
27. Let good happen to म त
svasti - let good
all. sarvebhyaH svasti happen.
तथम म/ भ Word expressing

28. Let the guest come त the target
destination for
home. atithayaH
actions like going
gRRihaaya/gRRiham
or coming can be
aagachchhantu
भम / भभ भ in accusative
29. I will go to case or dative
village. aga.n graamaaya /
case.
graamam gachhaami
30. Shyama is म भ य भ म त ध यम त
borrowing one hundred shyaamaH raamaaya
from Rama. shata.n dhaarayati
भ त न Word expressing
31. I do not owe ध यम भ the person from
anything to anyone. whom something is
aha.n kasmai kiJNchit
borrowed.
na dhaarayaami
32. (Lord Vishnu) Hari य ब तम भ ध यम त
owes liberation to hariH bhaktaaya
worshippers. moksha.n dhaarayati
भत ऩ म द मत
33. Mother is showing
maataa puutraaya The person with
moon to son.
chandra.n darshayati whom
the subjectrelates
द त म भत द थम something through
34. Tell Gangadatta
gaN^gadattaaya mat his/her action.
about me.
sandesha.n kathaya
Grammatical Rule: The word expressiong the purpose for which certain action
is taken or something is needed will be in dative case.
Sentence 6 above means the author should write for the paper. In other
words the writing action is for the "paper". So, paper takes the dative case.
Similarly in sentence 7 gold is needed for neckless. So, neckless is in
the dative case. Sentence 8 also follows the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the object into which another object
transforms will be in dative case.
In sentence 9 above - wealth turns or transforms into egoism. So, "egoism"

is in dative case the object into which wealth transforms. Sentence 10 and
11 also follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person (or thing) against whom (or
which) anger or hatered is shown will be in dative case.
In sentence 12 above - Laxmi shows hatered towards the "knowledgable".
So, the word knowledgable is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 14 the
King shows anger towards enemies. So, the word enemy is in dative case.
Sentence 13 and 15 also follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning "liking" are used, the word expressing
the person to whom it is a matter of liking will be in dative case.
In sentence 17 above - girls like flowers or in other words flowers are a

metter of liking to the girls. So, "girl" is in dative case. Similarly in sentence
21 play is a matter of liking to "child". So, the child is in dative case.
Sentence 16, 18, 19, 20, and 22 also follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When the words नभ (namaH), त (svasti), (svaahaa),

र (ala.n) and फ (baShaT) are used the words expressing the object of their
reference will be in dative case.
In sentence 23 above "teacher" is the object of reference of the word नभ

(namaH) or salute. So, the word teacher or (guru) is in dative case.
Sentence 24, 25, 26 and 27 also follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning going or coming are used the words
expressing the destination will be either in accusative case or dative case.
In sentence 28 above "home" is in dative case (or accusative case) as home

is the destination. Sentence 29 also follows the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When something is borrowed from others the person from whom
the thing is borrowed will be in dative case.
In sentence 30 above Shyam has borrowed money from Rama. So, "Rama"
is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 32 Hari (Lord Vishnu) borrows
liberation or भ (moksha) from the worshipper. So, the word ब त (bhakta)
or worshipper is in dative case. Sentence 31 also follows the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: The person with whom the subject relates something through
his or her action will be in dative case.
In sentence 33 above mother is showing the moon to son. In other words

mother the subject in the sentence with her action of showing is relating son
with the moon. So, the word son or ऩ (putra) is in dative case.
Dative Case ( तथ ब त / chaturthii vibhakti)

Boy फरम फर मभ फर म
M - ऩ -
फ र / baala baalaaya baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
Creeper रत म रत म भ रत म
F - -
रत / lataa lataayai lataabhyaam lataabhyaH
River न म नद म भ नद म
F - -
नद / nadii nadyai nadiibhyaam nadiibhyaH
Fruit
पर म पर म भ पर म
phalaaya phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
phalam
Ablative Case / (paJNchamii vibhakti): Ablative Case or ऩ भ ब त

(paJNchamii vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "from whom/what" of the
sentence. In other words ablative case represents the ablative in the
sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in ablative case.
त ऩण/ऩ ऩतत The words tree

1. Leaf fell from the
vRRikshaat parNa.n / ( /
tree.
patra.m apatat vRRiksha), tree
पर न त म ऩत त (त / taru) and
2. Fruits are falling
from the trees. phalaani tarubhyaH horse ( /
patanti
ashva)
ध त त ऩ तत represent the
3. He fall from the source of
running horse. saH dhaavataH ashvaat
separation.
patitaH
म रम त भ The words
4. I am coming from the
aha.n vidyaalayaat school ( म रम
school.
aagachchhaami / vidyaalaya)
and heaven (
/ svarga)
द त त त
5. Gods come from represent the
heaven. devataaH svargaat source of
aagachchhanti coming or
going.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "leaf fell from what?", the
answer that comes is "the tree". So, "tree" is the ablative in the sentence
and the noun-form is in ablative case orpaJNchamii vibhakti. Similarly in
sentence 4, if we ask the question "where am I coming from?", the answer
that comes is "school".
So, answer to the question "from whom/what/where" is the ablative in the

sentence and is always in ablative case. The verb-form is independent of
the number or न (vachana) of the subjector object. Followings are the
rules where ablative case is used.
Grammatical Rule: When an object is separated from another the word

expressing the object from which the separation happened will be in ablative
case.
Sentence 1, 2 and 3 follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: When someone or something is coming from a place the word
expressing the source will be in ablative case.
Sentence 4 and 5 follow this rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where ablative
6. Waterfall is The words
न य य त
flowing from the mountain ( य /
mountain. nirjharaH gireH sravati
giri) and
Himalayas
( भ त /
7. (River) Ganges भ त ब त
flows from himavata)
himavataH gaN^gaat
Himalayas. represent the
prabhahati
origin or
source.
8. Animal fears भ म त बत
tiger. The words tiger
mRRigaH byaaghraat vibheti
( म /
यण म त मत byaaghraat),
9. Deer fears tiger.
hariNaH vyaaghraat trasyati lion ( /
10. Elephants fear त म त si.nha) and
lion. gajaaH si.nhaat trasyanti police ( य /
aarakshaka) are
य य त बत the sources of
11. Thief fears
police. chauraH aarakshakaat fear.
vibheti
य य त मत / य त The words thief

12. Police protects
from thief. aarakshakaH chauraat ( य / chaura),
traayate / rakshate
hell (नय बम /
धत त धभ म मत नय बम त narakabhaya)
13. Good work
protects from fear saadhita.n tu and enemy ( /
of hell. dharmakaarya.n traayate
shatruu)
narakabhayaat.
represent
14. Solders protect न म न य न य त things from
citizens from which
sainikaaH shatrubhyaH
enemies. protected.
naagarikaan rakshante
15. He accepts ममन त ऩय मत
defeat from study. Use of word ऩय
saH adhyanaaat paraajayate.
+ मत (paraa +
16. Good people ध भ ऩऩ त ऩय मत
jayate) to
accept defeat from dhaarmikaH paapaat express defeat.
sin. paraajayate
17. He is baring the धन म यम त The words paddy
cows from paddy. saH dhaanebhyaH gaa.n (ध न / dhaana)
vaarayati
and sin (ऩ ऩ /
18. Bars from sin paapa) are
ऩ ऩ न यम त म मत त म things from
and employs in
merit. paapannivaarayaati which
restrained.
19. Krishna is ण भ त नर मत The words
hiding from mother. kRRiShNaH maatuH niliiyate mother (भ त /
maatRRi) and
teacher ( /
20. Student is नर मत
guru) represent
hiding from teacher. chchhaatraH guruH niliiyate
someone from
whom hiding.
The word
lazyness or
21. Gauri does not
य र म त न ऩठ त र म (aalasya)
read due to
lazyness. gaurii aalasyaat n apaThati represents the
cause of
something.
22. Fruit is created ऩ ऩ त पर मत The words
from flower. pueHpaat phalam parajaayate flower (ऩ ऩ /
pueHpa) and
lotus (ऩ /
23. Honey is created ऩ त भध मत
padma) are
from lotus. padmaat madhu prajaayate sources of
creation.
24. Good people hate ध भ ऩऩत त Use of verbs
sin. like hate
dhaarmikaH papaat jugupsate
( त /
jugupsate),
escapes ( यभ त
25. He escapes from ऩठन त यभ त
/ viramati)
reading. saH paThanaat viramati. etc.,
expressing hate
or dislike.
पर द डभ त ठभ Use of
26. Mango is better
aamraphala.n daaNDimaat superlative or
than Guava.
shreShTham comparative
27. Kalidasa is रद ब बत ठ adjectives like
better than kaalidaasaH bhavabhuuteH better ( ठ /
Bhabhuti. shreShThaH shreShTha)
earlier (ऩ /
र भण नत ऩ
28. Lakshamana is purvaH), later
elder to Satrughna. lakshamaNaH shatrughnaat
puurvaH (ऩय / paraH)
etc., to
ब भ म ध ठ य त ऩय compare.
29. Bhima is younger
to Yudhisthira. bhiimaH yudhiShThiiraat
paraH
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the origin or source of something will
be in ablative case.
In Sentence 6 - the waterfall flows from the mountain. In other words the
mountain is the source of the waterfall. So, the word "mountain" is
in ablative case. Sentence 7 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of fear will be in ablative
case.
In sentence 9 - deer fears the tiger. In other words tiger is the source of
fear. So, the word "tiger" is in ablative case. Sentence 10 and 11 also follow
this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something or someone from which

something or someone is protected will be in ablative case.
In sentence 12 - police protects from thief. That means thief is the thing
from which the police protects. So, the word "thief" is in ablative case.
Sentence 13 and 14 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the thing from which defeat is
accepted, unable to tolerate or face it, with the use of preposition or ऩ
(upasarga) ऩय before the verb मत (paraajayate) will be in ablative
case. Note: If defeat is accepted after facing it bravely, then the word will
be in accusative case.
In sentence 15 - word ऩय मत (paraajayate) is used to express "his defeat

from study". In other words it also means - "he is not able to study" or "he
is afraid of studies". So, the word "study" is in ablative case. Sentence 16
also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something from which someone or

something is opposed or restrained will be in ablative case.
In sentence 17 - the cows are being restrained from paddy. So, the word
"paddy" is in ablative case. Sentence 18 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing someone or something from which one is
hiding from will be in ablative case.
In sentence 19 - Krishna is hiding from mother. So, the word "mother" is

in ablative case. Sentence 20 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in

ablative case. Note: If the subject is in feminine gender, then it can also
be in instrumental case.
In sentence 21 - lazyness or र म (aalasya) is the reason of Gauri not

reading. In other words lazyness is the reason of "not reading". So, it is
in ablative case.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of creation will be in

ablative case.
In sentence 22 - fruit is created from flower or in other words "flower is the

source of creation" of fruit. So, the word "flower" is in ablative case.
Sentence 23 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something to which hate or dislike is

expressed will be in ablative case.
Sentence 24 and 25 follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: When superlative or comparative adjectives such like ठ

(shreShThaH), ऩ (purvaH), ऩय (paraH) etc., are used the word expressing the
thing to which the comparision is being made will be in ablative case.
In sentence 26 - mango is better than guava. So, guava is the thing from
which mango is better. Hence the word "guava" is in ablative case. Similarly
in sentence 28 - word "earlier" or ऩ (purvaH) is used to mean that
Lakshamana is earlier to Satrughna. So, the word "Satrughna" is in ablative
case. Sentence 27 and 29 also follow this rule.
Ablative Case (ऩ भ ब त / paJNchamii vibhakti)

Boy फरत फर मभ फर म
M - ऩ -
फ र / baala baalaat baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
Creeper रत म रत म भ रत म
F - -
रत / lataa lataayaaH lataabhyaam lataabhyaH
River न म नद म भ नद म
F - -
नद / nadii nadyaaH nadiinaam nadiibhyaH
Fruit
पर त पर म भ पर म
phalaat phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
phalam
Genitive Case / (ShaShThii vibhakti): Genitive Case or ठ ब त (ShaShThii

vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "whose" of the sentence. In other
words genitive case represents thegenitive in the sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in genitive case.

द यथ म ऩ
1. Son of Dasaratha.
dasharathasya putraH
ण म
2. Krishna's friend.
kRRiShNasya sakhaa
म म दम
3. Rise of sun.
suuryasya udayaH
न म रभ
4. Water of river.
nadyaaH jalam
म ध रत
5. Whiteness of moon. chandrikaayaa
dhavalataa
Peron or thing
न र whose
6. Heat of fire.
agneH jvaalaa relationship
with another is
द न फ ऩत being
7. Vrihaspati is the
devaanaa.n guruH expressed.
teacher of Gods.
bRRihaspatiH
8. Demons are the म म म य
desciples of shukraachaaryasya
Sukracharya. shiShyaaH asuraaH
नयणभ बयणभ
9. Women's jewellary.
naariiNaam aabharaNam
एतत भभ भतभ
10. This is my opinion.
etat mama matam
णऩत य त
11. Ganapati has four
hands. gaNapateH chatvaaraH
hastaaH
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "whose son?", the answer that
comes is "Dasaratha". So, "Dasaratha" is the genitive in the sentence and
the noun-form is in genitive case orShaShThi vibhakti. Similarly in sentence
4, if we ask the question "whose water?", the answer that comes is "river".
So, answer that comes from the question "whose" is the genitive in the
sentense and is always in genitive case.Followings are the rules
where genitive case is used.
Grammatical Rule: The word denoting a peron or thing whose relationship with
another is being expressed will be in genitive case.
In sentence 1 to 11 the words expressing relationship to someone or

something are in genitive case.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where genitive
12. Among Pandavas ऩ ड न धभय म ठ

Dharmaraja paaNDavaanaa.n
(Yudhisthira) is best. dharmaraajaH jyeShThaH Comparision in
group.
ण न र य ठ
13. Among trees coconut
is the best. vRRikshaaNaa.n
naarikeraH shreShThaH
14. There is no न म तर न त Use of words
comparision of Arjuna. arjunasya tulaa naasti तर (tulaa),
ऩभ (upamaa)
य भ म ऩभ
15. Beauty of Rama. etc., for
raamasya upamaa comparision.
म रम म द णत ए Expressins
16. To the south of the भ न ट direction or
school huge banayan location in
vidyaalayasya
tree is there. relation to
dakshiNaat ekaH mahaan
another using
vaTavRRikshaH
words ऩय
17. In front of the म ऩय त ठ त
(puraH), ऩय त त
teacher students are shikshakasya puraH
standing. (purastaat),
chchhaatraaH tiShThanti
ऩयत (purataH),
भ त ऩय त त डत
18. Child is playing त (agrataH),
behind mother. maatuH purastaat
shishuH kriiiDati ऩ ठत
(pRRiShThataH),
19. Water flows below बभ ध त त/ ध र फ तत
ध (adhaH),
ground. bhuumeH adhastaat/adhaH
jala.n barttate ध तत
भ म तय त रम (adhastaat)
20.To the north of the etc.
village hospital is त
there. graamasya uttaraat
chikitsaalayaH asti
Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word

expressing the group will be in genitive case (or alternatively in locative
case).
In sentence 13 above the sentence means - coconut tree is best "among the
trees". So, the word trees is in genetive case (or alternatively locative case)
as it represents the group in which coconut tree is best. Similarly in
sentence 12 the word "pandavas" is in genetive case.
Grammatical Rule: If words तर (tulaa), ऩभ (upamaa) etc., expressing

comparision are used then word expressing the person or thing being compared
will be in genitive case.
In sentence 14 the word "Arjuna" is in genitive case as this is being

compared with the use of word तर or tulaa. Sentence 15 also follows the
same rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the words ऩय (puraH), ऩय त त (purastaat), ऩयत (purataH),

त (agrataH), ऩ ठत (pRRiShThataH), ध (adhaH), ध त त (adhastaat) etc.,
are used to express direction or location of an object in relation to
another, the word expressing the object will be in genitive case.
In sentence 16 the word south or द ण त (dakshiNaat) is used to express

location of the banayan tree in relation to the school. So, the word school is
in genitive case. Similarly in sentence 18 the word behind or ऩय त त
(purastaat) expresses the location of the child in relation to mother. So, the
word mother is in genitive case. Sentences 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 follow this
rule.
Genitive Case ( ठ ब त / ShaShThii vibhakti)
Boy फर म फ रम फरनभ
M - ऩ -
फ र / baala baalasya baalayoH baalaanaam
Creeper रत म रतम रत न भ
F - -
रत / lataa lataayaaH latayoH lataanaam
River न म नद म भ नद न भ
F - -
नद / nadii nadyaaH nadiibhyaam nadiinaam
Fruit
पर म परम पर न भ
phalasya phalayoH phalaanaam
phalam
Locative Case / (saptamii vibhakti): Locative Case or तभ ब त (saptamii

vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "where" of the sentence. In other
words locative case represents the locative in the sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in locative case.
भर न य त The words lake

1. Lotuses are in the
lake. kamalaani kaasare ( य /
santi kaasara),
ऩ ऩ ण रत म त creeper (रत /
2. Flowers bloom in the
puShpaaNi lataayaa.n lataa), forest
creeper.
vikasanti ( य म /
araNya), city
य म य त
3. Elephants roam in the (न य /
forest. gajaaH araNye
saJNcharanti nagarii), bed
( म /
म रम न य ब त
4. Offices are in the shajyaa), land
kaaryaalayaaH
city. (ब भ / bhuumi),
nagariishu bhavanti
मम त Mahabharata
5. Child is sleeping on
shishuH shajyaayaa.n (भ ब यत /
the bed.
shete mahaabhaarata)
and all ( /
ऩण न ब म ऩत त
6. Leaves fall on the sarva) are
ground. parNaani bhuumyaa.n
expressing
patanti
location of
भ ब यत न थ म त something or
7. There are many someone.
stories in Mahabharata. mahaabhaarate
anekakathaaH vidyante
भन भ मत
8. Atma is in everybody. sarvasmin aatmaa
vidyate
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "where are the lotuses?", the
answer that comes is "lake". So, "lake" is the locative in the sentence and
the noun-form is in locative case or saptamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence
3, if we ask the question "elephants roam where?", the answer that comes is
"forest".
So, answer that comes from the question "where" is the locative in the
sentense and is always in locative case. Followings are the rules
where locative case is used.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the location of something or someone

will be in locative case.
Sentence 1 to 8 follow this rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where loctive case
is used. Followings are the examples of these.
9. He is sitting on द ऩ त
the seat. saH aasande upavishati Expressing the
thing on which
भ ध त one sits or
10. Students are
chchhaatraaH maargeshu stands etc.
running on the road.
dhaavanti
11. Peackoks are भमय य न म त
dancing on the mayuuraaH girishu
mountain. nRRityanti
12. Young boys are त ण न म तय त
swiming in the river. taruNaaH nadyaa.n taranti
फ र ड ण ड त
13. Girls are playing
in the play ground. baalikaaH kriiDaaN^gaNe
kriDanti
म र भ
14. I will go in the
evening. aha.n saaya.nkaale
gachchhaami Expressing the
time of action.
यभ बन य ब त
15. Holiday is on
Sunday. viraamaH bhaanuvaasare
bhavati
म दत ऩ त
16. When sun rises,
suurye udite padma.n Expressing the
lotus blooms.
vikasati action of one
resulting in
दत भद न त the action of
17. When moon rises,
chandre udite kumudaani another.
lillies bloom.
vikasanti
18. Among animals णन / ण नय ठ
Comparision in
human beings are the praaNinaa.n / praaNiShu group.
best. naraaH shreShThaaH
19. Do good as if त ए भ मन धभभ यत
death is holding by gRRihita eva kesheShu
hair. mRRityunaa dharmamaacharet Expressing part
of body held
20. Friend made me भ य ध ऩ मत separately.
sit by holding my sakhaa maa.n kare
hands. dhRRitvaa upaveshayat
ऩत ऩ न मत
21. Father loves son. Expressing
pitaa putre snihyati trust,
fondness, love,
भम
22. You trust me. anger, worship
tva.n mayi vishvasihi etc., in
someone.
23. Respect father. ऩत य ब त
pitari bhakti.n kuru
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something on which someone or something

sits or stands will be in locative case.
In sentence 9 if we ask the question "where is he seating?" or "on what is he

seating?", the answer that comes is on the seat. So, the word "seat" or
द (aasand) is in locative case as it is expressing the thing on which
someone is seating. Sentence 10 to 13 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the time of action in response to the
question on verb as "when" will be in locative case.
In sentence 14 answer to the question "when shall I go?" is "in the evening"
or "evening". So, the word "evening" or म र (saaya.nkaala) is in locative
case. Sentence 15 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: When the action of one results in action of another, the
thing whose action occurs first will be in locative case.
In sentence 16 - lotus blooms when sun rises. In other words the action of
sun's rising results in the action of the lotus blooming. So, the word "sun" or
म (suurya) is in locative case. Sentence 17 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word

expressing the group will be in locative case or in genitive case.
In sentence 18 the word "animal" or ण (praaNi) is in locative case (or

alternatively genitive case), as it represents the group in which human
beings are the best.
Grammatical Rule: If a part of body is held separately then the word

expressing the part will be in locative case.
In sentence 20 - my friend is holding my hand (separately) to make me

seat. So, the word "hand" or य (kara) is in locative case as this is the part
of body which is being held separately. Sentence 19 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If verbs meaning trust, fondness, love, anger, worship

etc., are used, the person in whom such trust or fondness is shown will be in
locative case.
In sentence 21 the verb न म त (snihyati) is used to express father's love in

his son. So, the word "son" or ऩ (putra) is in locative case. Sentence 22 and
23 also follow this rule.
Locative Case ( तभ ब त / saptamii vibhakti)

Boy फर फ रम फर
M - ऩ -
फ र / baala baale baalayoH baaleShu
Creeper रत म भ रतम रत
F - -
रत / lataa lataayaam latayoH lataasu
River न मभ न म नद
F - -
नद / nadii nadyaam nadyoH nadiiShu
Fruit
पर परम पर
phale phalayoH phaleShu
phalam
Vocative Case / (sambodhana vibhakti): Vocative Case or फ धन ब त

(sambodhana vibhakti) of noun-form represents the word used to address or
call someone or something.
Study the following sentences. These are in vocative case.

फर Here boy (फ र / baala),
O! Boy
he baala creeper (रत / lataa) and
रत God (द / deva) are in
O! Creeper
he late vocative case or फ धन
द ब त (sambodhana
O! God
he deva vibhakti)
All the above sentences address or call someone. So, the person or thing
being addressed is in vocative case.
Note: I ( भ / asmad) and You (म भ / yusmad) words do not have any vocative
case.
Vocative Case ( फ धन ब त / sambodhana vibhakti)

Word Gender Singular Dual Plural
Similar Words
Boy फर फर फर
M - ऩ -
फ र / baala baala baalau baalaaH
Creeper रत रत रत
F - -
रत / lataa late late lataaH
River नद न म न म
F - -
नद / nadii nadii nadyau nadyaH
N - नऩ -
Verb Forms ( / kRRidantapada): In chapter 3 we studied त तऩद (tiNâtapada).

We learnt that by adding तऩ (tip) suffix to the verb root we get ध त ऩ
(dhaaturupa) known as त तऩद or tiNâtapada. The verb forms representing
the tenses and moods of verbs are त तऩद or tiNâtapada. In this chapter
we will study द तऩद (kRRidantapada) meaning words ending with त
(kRRit) suffix.
In the following chapters we will study the following verb forms or ध त ऩ

(dhaaturupa).
 तभन मम (tumun pratyaya)

 मम (ktvaach pratyaya)
 मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya)
 म मम (lyuT pratyaya)
 त त मम (ktavatu pratyaya)
 त मम (kta pratyaya)
 न मय मम (aniiyar pratyaya)
 त मत मम (tavyat pratyaya)
 मत मम (yat pratyaya)
 त मम (shatRRi pratyaya)
 न मम (shaanach pratyaya)
 तन मम (ktin pratyaya)
 मम (ghJNj pratyaya)
 र मम (khal pratyaya)
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs.
Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in
Sanskrit.
/ tumun pratyaya (Sense Of Wish): In this chapter we will study the तभन मम
(tumun pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to express - the
sense of wish or the intention to do something. In this the verb root gets
तभन (tumun) suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using तभन मम (tumun pratyaya).
Verb Comments
+ tumun
रब त
ध त + तभन
English Sanskrit
dhaatu +
tumun
फर ऩ ठतभ म रम -
1. The boy goes त ऩ + तभन
to school to paTh +
baalakaH paThitum
read. tumun
vidyaalaya.n
gachchhati
2. Father wants ऩत भ तभ त भ + तभन
to go to pitaa graama.n gantum gam +
village. ichchhati tumun
फ र ऩ ठत म रमभ
3. The girl went ऩ + तभन
to school to त
paTh +
study. baalaa paThitu.n tumun
vidyaalam agachchhat
भ त तभ त ऩ + तभन
4. Mother wants
to cook. maataa paktum pach +
ichchhati tumun
म त न य त + तभन
5. He goes to
city to work. saH kaarya.n kartu.n kRRi +
nagara.n gachchhati tumun
ऩ = ऩ +
ण (paaTh =
paTh + Nij).
It means "to
make others
read". ण
ऩ ठ मतभ त ऩ + तभन
6. The teacher मम (Nij
wants to teach. shikshakaH paaThayitum paaTh +
ichchhati tumun pratyaya)
will be
covered in
later
chapters. It
expresses
the action
being
initiated by
someone.
द ध ऩत ऩ यभ दयभ -
7. I went to त ऩ + तभन
hotel to drink
aha.n dugdha.n paatu.n paa tumun
milk.
upaahaaramandiram
agachchhata
ऩ त भ तभ ऩण
8. You go to + तभन
market to buy krii +
the book. tva.n pustaka.n kretum tumun
vipaNi.n gachchha
फर डतभ त + तभन
9. Both the boys
want to play. baalakau kriiDitum kriiD +
ichchhataH tumun
10. Both the फ र न ततभ त नत + तभन
girls want to baalike nartum nRRit +
dance. ichchhataH tumun
11. Both of us न टभ म रमभ ऩ +

went to school तभन
to ask
aavaa.n prashna.n pRRichchh
questions.
praShTum agachchhaava + tumun
12. Both of you म म रम तभ थ भ + तभन
want to go to yuvaa.n vidyaalaya.n gam +
school. gantum ichchhathaH tumun
फर तभ त + तभन
13. The girls
want to sing. baalaaH gaatum gaay +
ichchhanti tumun
फर टभ भ + तभन
14. Farmers went
to plaugh. kRRiShibalaaH karShTum kraSh
agachchham tumun
ब त ऩ मत
15. Worshippers ऩ + तभन
will come to भ म त
puuj +
pray tomorrow. bhaktaaH puujayitu.n tumun
shvaH aagamiShyanti
16. Workers will भ य म तभ + तभन
come to work भ म त kRRi +
tomorrow. tumun
karmakaaraaH kaarya.n
kartum shvaH
aagamiShyanti
म ऩ ठत भम । ऩ + तभन Use of words

17. It is time
aya.n paThitu.n puuj + भम
to read.
samayaH tumun (samayaH)
and र
(velaa) to
express the
ब + तभन time when
18. It is time म ब त र ।
kRRi + the actions
to eat. iya.n bhoktu.n velaa
tumun "read" and
"eat" are
due to take
place.
In setences 1 to 16, the verbs "read", "go", "study", "cook", "teach", "work",
"drink", "buy", "play", "dance", "ask", "sing", "plaugh" and "pray" are
suffixed with त भन मम (tumun pratyaya).
The setences have multiple verbs besides the तभन suffixed ones. These
verbs "went", "go", "want" and "come" are in their respective tenses
and not in तभन मम (tumun pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb expressing the wish or intention to do something

will be suffixed with तभन मम (tumun pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb with तभन (tumun) suffix is independent of number
and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the तभन (tumun) suffixed verbs are independent of
the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects.
Grammatical Rule: If words expressing the time when certain action is due,
are used in the sentence, then the verb representing such action will have
तभन मम (tumun pratyaya) suffix.
In the sentences 17 and 18 the words भम (samayaH) and र (velaa) are

used to express the due time of reading and eating. So, the verbs "read"
and "eat" are using तभन मम (tumun pratyaya).
Followings are the तभन मम (tumun pratyaya) form of few commonly used
verbs.
Commonly Used (tumun pratyaya) Forms
Verb Verb Verb
tumun tumun tumun

dhaatu dhaatu dhaatu
speak थ मत bow न त abandon म त
थ kathayitu.n नभ nantu.n म tyaktu.n
kath nam tyaj
sing त give दत listen त
gaatu.n द daatu.n shrotu.n
gai daa shru
kill त accept त sleep मतभ
न hantu.n grahiitu.n shayitum
han grah shii
cry दत measure भत go त
kranditu.n भ maatu.n भ gantu.n
krand maa gam
know त worship ऩ मत wear तभ
dnyaatu.n ऩ puujayitu.n ktvaach
dnyaa puuj dhaatu
take नत travel भत stay थ तभ
न netu.n भ bhramitu.n थ sthaatum
nii bhram sthaa
In this chapter we will study the

/ ktvaach pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):
मम (ktvaach pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to

express - an action which preceeds another action. In this the verb root gets
the (ktvaach) suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using मम (ktvaach

pratyaya).
Verb
रब त + ktvaach Suffix
Comments
English Sanskrit धत +
(dhaatu + ktvaach)
फर ड ऩ ठतभ -
ड = +
1. The boy त ।
wants to read baalaH
after playing. kriiDitvaa kriiDitvaa = kriiD
paThitum + ktvaach
ichchhati
ऩत द
म रमभ त द = +
2. Father went
।
to office after
eating. pitaa khaaditvaa = khaad
khaaditvaa + ktvaach
kaaryaalayam
agachchhat
भ य म
3. The worker त । = +
sleeps after kRRitvaa = kRRi
karmakaaraH
working. ktvaach
kaarya.n
kRRitvaa shete
भत न ऩ तभ
न = न +
4. Mother wants त ।
to cook after
maataa snaatvaa
taking bath. snaatvaa = snaa +
paktum
ktvaach
ichchhati
ऩ = ऩ +
ण (paaTh =
ऩठम paTh + Nij).
ऩठम = ऩ +
5. The teacher न ऩ न । It means "to
make others
asked question shikahskaH
after teaching. paaThayitvaa paaThayitvaa = read". ण
prashna.n paaTh + ktvaachn मम (Nij
apRRichchhan
pratyaya)
will be
covered in
later
chapters. It
expresses the
action being
initiated by
someone.
मत त =
+ त
(shaayitavati
= shi + kta).
त (kta) is
an
फर ऩठ alternative
ऩठ = ऩ + of past tense
6. The girl मत त ।
slept after (र र य /
baalaa
reading. paThitvaa = paTh + laN^lakaara),
paThitvaa
ktvaach using which
shaayitavati
past tense
can be
expressed
easily. This
will be
covered in
later
chapters.
द ऩ भ -
द = +
7. I drink ।
water after
aha.n
eating. khaaditvaa = khaad
khaaditvaa
+ ktvaach
pivaami
ऩ त ऩठ
8. You give ऩठ = ऩ +
answer after तय द ।
reading the tva.n pustaka.n
paThitvaa = paTh +
book. paThitvaa
ktvaach
uttara.n dehi
9. Both the फर न मत । = +
girls dance baale giitvaa giitvaa = gai +
after singing. nRRityataH ktvaach
10. Both the
फर डत = भ +
boys play after
going home. । gatvaa = gam +
ktvaach
baalau gRRiha.n
gatvaa
kriiDataH
भ ऩ र
र = र +
11. Both of us ऩठत ।
read the letter
aavaam patra.n
after writing. likhitvaa = likh +
likhitvaa
ktvaach
apaThat
म भ ऩ त
12. Both of you य न र तभ ।
= +
write the essay yuvaam
after referring pustaka.n dRRiShTvaa =
the book. dRRiShTvaa dRRish + ktvaach
rachanaa.n
likhatam
बभ
= +
13. Farmers र त ।
water the land
kRRiShakaaH
after
bhuumi.n kRRiShTvaa =
plaughing.
kRRiShTvaa kRRiSh + ktvaach
siJNcjanti
फ र ऩ म
ऩ म = ऩ +
14. The girls तभ त ।
want to sing
baalikaaH
after
puujayitvaa puujayitvaa = puuj
worshiping.
gaatum + ktvaach
ichchhanti
भ य म
तन न म त ।
15. Workers = +
karmakaaraaH
will take wages kRRitvaa = kRRi +
kaarya.n
after working. ktvaach
kRRitvaa
vetana.n
neShyanti
16. Worshippers ब त न न = न +
come to pray
after taking ऩ मतभ त
bath. । snaatvaa = snaa +
ktvaach
bhaktaaH
snaatvaa
puujayitum
aagachchhanti
फर ऩठ Use of न
म रमभ त ऩठ = न + ऩ +
to express
17. The boy negative of
went to school । an action.
without baalakaH apaThitvaa = na + The न (na)
reading. apaThitvaa paTh + ktvaach is replaced
vidyaalayam
agachchhat with (a).
भ य म
भ त । = न + +
18. The worker
karmakaaraH
went without
kaarya.n
doing the work. akRRitvaa = na +
akRRitvaa
kRRi + ktvaach
gRRiham
agachchhat
र य म Verbs
prefixed with
म रब ड preposition
19. The jackal
fall in the ऩतत । म = + + ( ऩ /
water tank shRRigaalaH मऩ upasarga).
after entering rajakasya pravishya = pra +
the washerman's gRRihe vish + lyap
house. pravishya
jalabhaaNDe
apatat
त ऩ त
20. You give नम = + न +
नम द ।
the book after मऩ
bringing from tva.n gRRihaat
aaniiya = aa + nii
home. pustaka.n
+ lyap
aaniiya dehi
In setences 1 to 16 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs
"play", "eat", "teach", "read", "work", "bath", "sing", "go", "write", "refer",
"plaugh" and "worship" represent the action preceeding another action. So,
these are suffixed with मम (ktvaach pratyaya).
In setences 3 and 14 the verbs "read", "sing" express the intent to do
something. So, these are in तभन (tumun) form. In all other setences the
verb representing the proceeding action are in their respective tenses or
moods.
Grammatical Rule: If a setence has two verbs then the verb expressing the
earlier action will be suffixed with मम (ktvaach pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb with (ktvaach) suffix is independent of

number and gender of the subject and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the (ktvaach) suffixed verbs are independent

of the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of
the subjects.
Grammatical Rule: If the verb with मम (ktvaach pratyaya) is preceeded

with न (naJnj) to express negative of an action then the न (naJnj) can be
replaced with (a) and is prefixed to the verb.
In the sentences 17 and 18 the verbs "read" and "do" are used with the न
(न / naJNj) to express the action not being done. So, (a) has been
prefixed to the the (tvaach) form of these verbs.
Grammatical Rule: If the verb is preixed with preposition ( ऩ / upasarga)

then the verb will follow मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya) instead of the
(ktvaach).
In the sentences 19 and 20 the verbs "bring" and "enter" have the
prepositions ( ऩ / upasarga) (aa) and (pra) prefixed. So, instead of
(ktvaach) the मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya) has been used.
Followings are the मम (tvaach pratyaya) form of few commonly used

verbs.
Commonly Used (ktvaach pratyaya) Forms
Verb Verb Verb
ktvaach ktvaach ktvaach

laugh serve protect य
hasitvaa sevitvaa य rakshitvaa
has sev raksh
salute न eat ब worship ऩ म
नभ natvaa ब bhakshitvaa ऩ puujayitvaa
nam bhaksh puuj
free भ fall ऩत beg म
भ muktvaa ऩत pativtaa म yaachitvaa
much pat yaach
remember भ forgive भ compose य म
भ smRRitvaa भ kshamitvaa य rachayitvaa
smRRi ksham rach
steal यम go
य chaurayitvaa भ gatvaa
chur gam
In this chapter we will study the

/ lyap pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):
मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya). This verb form is used for the same purpose as
मम (ktvaach pratyaya). In other words this represents the verb
form to express - an action which preceeds another action. However, it is
used only if the verb is prefixed with any preposition or ऩ (upasarga) like
(pra), (aa), ऩ (upa), ऩय (paraa), भ (sam), न (ni), ब (abhi), न
(niH), (vi), ध (adhi), नय (nir), त (ut), ऩ य (pari), न (anu) etc. In this
the verb root gets the मऩ (lyap) suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya).
Verb
रब त + lyap Suffix
Comments
English Sanskrit ध त + मऩ
(dhaatu + lyap)
1. The boy slept -
फर म रम त म = + भ
after coming from
school. म त । + मऩ
baalakaH aagamya = aa +
vidyaalayaat gam + lyap
aagamya shete
ऩ त भ
ध म = ध +
2. The teacher धम ऩ ठमत ।
taught after + मऩ
shikshakaH
reading the book. adhitya = adhi +
pustakam adhiya
i + lyap
apaaThayat
फर ऩ म डतभ
ऩ म = भ + ऩ म
3. The girl wants त ।
to play after baalaa + मऩ
worshiping. sa.npuujaya sa.npuujya = sam
kriiDitum + puuj + lyap
ichchhati
ऩ त भ ध म
ध म = ध +
4. I asked the न ऩ ट ।
question after aha.n pustakam + मऩ
reading the book. adhitya adhitya = adhi +
prashna.n i + lyap
apRRiShTaH
र नभ नम
नम = + न +
5. You write the ऩ र ।
letter after मऩ
tva.n likhaniim
bringing the pen. aaniiya = aa +
aaniiya patra.n
nii + lyap
likha
फर भ म
म = + भ
6. Both the boys डत ।
play after coming + मऩ
baalau gRRiham
home. aagamya = aa +
aagamya
gam + lyap
kriiDataH
फ र ऩ त भ
न म = न +
7. Both the girls न म मत ।
sing referring + मऩ
baalike pustakam
the book. anukRRitya = anu
anukRRitya
+ kRRI + lyap
gaayataH
द रम म
म = + +
8. Both of us ऩ त न ।
worshipped after
aavaa.n मऩ
entering the
devaalaya.n pravishya = pra
temple.
pravishya + vish + lyap
puujitavaan
म ऩ त भ धम
ध म = ध +
9. Both of you ध र तभ ।
write the essay
yuvaa.n pustakam + मऩ
after reading the
adhiya adhitya = adhi +
book.
pravandha.n i + lyap
likhatam
फर ऩ ऩ ण म
10. The girls म = भ +
भरभ त न ।
stitched the + मऩ
garland after baalaa
sa.ngRRihya =
collecting puShpaaNi.n
sam + grah +
flowers. sa.ngRRihya
lyap
maalaam sitavaan
भ ऩ म
ऩ म = ऩ + भ
11. Students द ।
spoak after going + मऩ
chchhaatraaH
near the teacher. upagamya = upa +
durum upagamya
gam + lyap
avadaH
In setences 1 to 11 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs
"come", "read", "refer", "enter", "collect", and "go near" are suffixed with
मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya), as these represent the action preceeding the
other action, and are prefixed with prepositions ( ऩ / upasarga).
Grammatical Rule: If the verb expressing the action preceeding another

action, is prefixed with preposition or ऩ (upasarga) like (pra),
(aa), ऩ (upa), ऩय (paraa), भ (sam), न (ni), ब (abhi), न (niH), (vi),
ध (adhi), नय (nir), त (ut), ऩ य (pari), न (anu) etc., will be suffixed
with मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb prefixed with preposition ( ऩ / upasarga) can

have a different meaning, than the original verb.
In the sentences 1, 5, 7 and 11 the prefixed verbs have a different meaning

than the original verbs.
Grammatical Rule: The verb with मऩ (lyap) suffix is independent of number

and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the मऩ (lyap) suffixed verbs are independent of

the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects.
Followings are the मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya) form of few commonly used

verbs.
Commonly Used (lyap pratyaya) Forms
Verb Verb Verb
lyap lyap lyap

get म go थम defeat ऩय म
ऩ praapya थ prasthaaya paraajitya
aap sthaa ji
save म read ध म enter म
saJNchitya adhitya pravishya
chi i vish
bring नम collect, accept म salute ण म
न aaniiya sa.ngRRihya नभ praNamya
nii grah nam
go ऩ म
भ upagamya
gam
/ lyuT pratyaya (Verb As Object): In this chapter we will study the म मम

(lyuT pratyaya). Using this मम (pratyaya) the verb can be expressed as
an object ( भ / karma) in the sentence. This helps substituting
complex verb forms with simpler alternatives. The verb "do" ( / kRRi) is
used to express the action in the sentence.
In other words - the subject, object and verb of a sentence undergoes the
following transformation, when म (lyuT) is applied to the verb.
Form With म (lyuT)

Sentence Elements Normal Form
Applied
Subject Nominative Case Nominative Case
त थभ त थभ त
kartaa prathamaavibhakti prathamaavibhakti
Object Accusative Case Genitive Case
भ तम ब त ठ ब त
karma dvitiiyaavibhakti ShaShThiivibhakti
Verb
तऩ तऩद म मम
म
tipN^tapada lyuT pratya
kriyaa
Study the following sentences. These are using म मम (lyuT pratyaya).

Verb
+ lyuT Suffix
रब त
धत + म Comments
English Sanskrit
(dhaatu +
lyuT)
फर भनभ If the sentences

भनभ = भ +
were not in म मम
1. The य मत ।
boy will म (lyuT pratyaya) form
baalakaH
go. gamanam = gam the verb forms would
gamanam
kariShyati
+ lyuT have been - भ मत
(gamiShyati), मत
मनभ य मत मनभ = +
2. She (shayaate) ध मत
will । म
sleep. saa shayanam shayanam = (dhaaviShyataH), द म त
kariShyati shii + lyuT (daasyanti), ऩ ठ म भ
त ध नभ य मत ध नभ = ध + (paThiShyaami), भय मभ
3. Both
of them । म (smatiShyaamaH), भ म
will run. tau dhaavanam dhaavanam = (gamiShyasi), ऩ ठ मथ
kariShyataH dhaav + lyuT
(paThiShyathaH) and थ
4. They त त डर म द नभ द नभ = द + म (drakshatha).
will य म त । daanam = daa +
donate lyuT
te taNDulasya
rice.
daanam
kariShyanti
ऩ त म
ऩठनभ = ऩ +
5. I will ऩठनभ य म भ ।
read the aha.n म
book. pustakasya paThanam =
paThanam paTh + lyuT
kariShyaami
णभ
6. Both णभ = +
य म ।
of us म
will aavaa.n
shravaNam =
listen. shravaNam
shru + lyuT
kariShyaavaH
म म म
7. We भयणभ य मभ भयणभ = भ +
will
। म
remember
the vaya.n smaraNaani =
subject. viShayasya smRRi + lyuT
smaraNam
kariShyaamaH
म रम म
भनभ = + भ +
8. You भनभ य म ।
will go
tva.n म
to
kaaryaalayasya gamanam = gam
office.
gamanam + lyuT
kariShyasi
म ऩठनभ
9. Both ऩठनभ = ऩ +
य मथ ।
of you म
will yuvaa.n
paThanam =
read. paThanam
paTh + lyuT
kariShyathaH
10. All मम द रम म द नभ = +
of you
will see द नभ य मथ । म
the yuya.n darshanam =
temple. devaalayasya dRRish + lyuT
darshanam
kariShyatha
11. You त थन न थन = थ + -
should
not speak तभ । म
like tava kathana.n kathana.n =
this. na uchitam kath + lyuT
म भण त यभ
12. भण = भ +
Roaming ।
in the म
saaya.n
evening bhramaNa.n =
bhramaNa.n
is good. bhram + lyuT
hitakaram
In setences 1 to 12 the verbs "go", "sleep", "run", "donate", "read", "listen",

"remember", "see", "speak" and "roam" have been substituted with their म
(lyuT) form, converting them into object or भ (karma) of the setence. To
represent the action or म (kriyaa) the appropriate verb form of "do" or
धत (kRRi dhaatu) has been used.
Grammatical Rule: The verb form is used as the object or भ (karma) in the
setence, and has the same form as the accusative case singular of word
"fruit" (पर द तम ब त ए न / phalashabda dvitiiyaavibhakti
ekavachana).
Grammatical Rule: If the sentence has a भ (object) then the accusative

case is replaced with the genitive case.
In setences 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10 the words "rice", "book", "subject", "office" and

"temple" are the objects. Since, the म (lyuT) form of the verbs are used in
the setences, the objects are in genitive case form instade of accusative
case form.
Grammatical Rule: The म मम (lyuT pratyaya) can also be used as subject.
In setences 11 and 12 the म (lyuT) form of the words "speak" and "roam"
are used as subjects.
Followings are the म मम (lyuT pratyaya) form of few commonly used

verbs.
Commonly Used (lyuT pratyaya) Forms
Verb Verb Verb
lyuT lyuT lyuT

read ऩठनभ do यणभ drink ऩ नभ
ऩ paThanam karaNam ऩ paanam
paTh kRRi paa
sleep मनभ roam भणभ speak ब णभ
shayanam भ bhramaNam ब bhaaShaNam
shii bhram bhaaSh
run ध नभ listen णभ see द नभ
ध dhaavanam shravaNam darshanam
dhaav shru dRRish
take नमनभ give द नभ accept णभ
न nayanam द daanam grahaNam
nii daa grah
go भनभ speak नभ serve नभ
भ gamanam vachanam sevanam
gam vach sev
remember भयणभ be ब नभ come भनभ
भ smaraNam ब bhavanam + भ aagamanam
smRRi bhuu aa + gam
/ ktavatu pratyaya (Past Tense): In this chapter we will study the त त मम

(ktavatu pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in active
voice ( त म / kartRRivaachya) sentences to express past tense. This is a
simpler alternative to र र य (laTlakaara) verb-form.
Study the following sentences. These are using त त मम (ktavatu

pratyaya).
Verb
रब त
+ ktavatu Suffix Comments
English Sanskrit (gender, number)
धत + त त (र ,
न)
dhaatu + ktavatu
(liN^ga, vachana)
द रम त न । त न = भ + त त The sentences
are in active
1. I went to aha.n (ऩ, ए ) voice with
temple. devaalaya.n gatavaan = gam + त त (ktavatu)
gatavaan ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
suffixed words
म रम त न expressing past
त न = भ + त त tense. The
2. You went । (ऩ, ए ) verb-forms are
to school. tva.n same
gatavaan = gam +
vidyaalaya.n
ktavatu (pu.n, eka) irrespective of
gatavaan the person (ऩ
म रम त न / puruSha).
त न = भ + त त
।
3. He went (ऩ, ए )
to office. saH
gatavaan = gam +
kaaryaalaya.n
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
gatavaan
फर त न । त न = भ + त त
4. The boy baalakaH (ऩ, ए )
went home. gRRiha.n gatavaan = gam +
gatavaan ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
त त = भ + त त
त त । (ऩ, )
5. Both of
us went. aavaa.n gatavantau = gam +
gatavantau ktavatu (pu.n,
dvii)
त त = भ + त त
म त त । (ऩ, )
6. Both of
you went. yuvaa.n gatavantau = gam +
gatavantau ktavatu (pu.n,
dvii)
त त = भ + त त
7. Both of त त त ।
them went. (ऩ, )
tau gatavantau
gatavantau = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n,
dvii)
त त = भ + त त
म त त । (ऩ, फ )
8. All of us
went. vaya.n gatavantaH = gam +
gatavantaH ktavatu (pu.n,
bahuu)
त त = भ + त त
मम त त । (ऩ, फ )
9. All of
you went. yuuya.n gatavantaH = gam +
gatavantaH ktavatu (pu.n,
bahuu)
त त = भ + त त
10. All of त त त । (ऩ, फ )
them went. te gatavantaH gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n,
bahu)
फ र द रम त त = भ + त त
The subject in
each sentence
11. The girl त त । ( , ए ) is in feminine
went to
temple.
baalikaa gatavatii = gam + gender ( र
devaalaya.n ktavatu (strii,
/ striiliN^ga).
gatavatii eka)
The verb-form
फ र म रम त म = भ + त त has taken the
form of the
12. Both the त म । ( , ) word "river"
girls went
baalike gatavatyau = gam + (नद / nadii).
to school.
vidyaalaya.n ktavatu (strii,
gatavatyau dvii)
फ र त म त म = भ + त त
13. All the । ( , फ )
girls went
baalikaaH gatavatyaH = gam +
home.
gRRiha.n ktavatu (strii,
gatavatyaH bahu)
फर ऩण त न = भ + त त The subject in
14. The boy each sentence
went to त न । (ऩ, ए ) is in masculine
market. baalakaH gatavaan = gam + gender (ऩ र /
vipaNi.n ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
gatavaan puliN^ga). The
verb-form has
फर म रम त त = भ + त त taken the form
15. Both the त त । (ऩ, ) of the word
gatavantau = gam + "you" (ब त /
boys went to
baalakau
school.
vidyaalaya.n ktavatu (pu.n, bhavat).
gatavantau dvii)
फर त त त त = भ + त त
16. All the । (ऩ, फ )
boys went
baalakaaH gatavantaH = gam +
home.
gRRiha.n ktavatu (pu.n,
gatavantaH bahuu)
त त = भ + त त
The subject in
17. The each sentence
म नभ त त । (न, ए )
vehicle is in neuter
yaanam gatavat
went. gatavat = gam + gender (नऩ र
ktavatu (na, eka)
/
त त = भ + त त napu.nliN^ga).
18. Both the The verb-form
मन त त । (न, )
vehicles has taken the
went. yaane gatavatii gatavatii = gam + form of the
ktavatu (na, dvii) word "sir"
त त = भ + त त ( भत /
19. All the मन न त त । shriimat).
vehicles (न, फ )
yaanaani
went. gatavanti gatavanti = gam +
ktavatu (na, bahu)
Grammatical Rule: In active voice ( त म / kartRRivaachya)
sentences the verb with त त (ktavatu) suffix is used to express
action in past tense; and it follows the number ( न / vachana)
and gender ( र / liN^ga) of the subject ( त / kartaa).
Grammatical Rule: The त त (ktavatu) suffixed word does not

follow the person (ऩ / puruSha) of the subject, and has the
same verb-form for first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha), second
person (भ मभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and third person ( थभऩ /
prathamapuruSha).
The sentences 1, 2, 3 and 4 have "I" ( भ / asmad), "you" (म भ /

yuShmad), "he" (त / tad) and "boy" (फ र / baala)
as subjects in singular (ए न / ekavachana) form. The verb-form used for
all is त न (gatavaan). Similarly, sentences 5 to 7 subjects ( त / kartaa)
are in dual ( न / dviivachana) form with त म (gatavantyau) as the
त त (ktavatu) verb-form. The sentences 8 to 10 subjects ( त / kartaa) are
in plural (फ न / bahuvachana) form with त त (gatavantaH) as the त त
(ktavatu) verb-form. In all the sentences the त त (ktavatu) verb-form is
not affected by the persons or ऩ (puruSha) of the subject ( त / kartaa).
This makes त त (ktavatu) suffix a simpler alternative to र र य
(laTlakaara) where each person or ऩ (puruSha) follows a different verb-
form.
Grammatical Rule: The त त (ktavatu) suffixed word follows the

noun-form of "you" (ब त / bhavat), "river" (नद / nadii) and
"sir" ( भत / shriimat) words to express masculine (ऩ र /
puliN^ga), feminine ( र / striiliN^ga) and neuter (नऩ र /
napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
The sentences 1 to 19 are expressing action in past tense. In sentences 1 to

10 and 14 to 16 the subjects are in masculine gender (ऩ र / puliN^ga)
and the corresponding त त (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form
of word "you" (ब त / bhavat). The subjects in sentences 11 to 13 are
in feminine gender ( र / striiliN^ga), and the respective त त (ktavatu)
suffixed words are following the form of word "river" (नद / nadii). Similarly,
in the sentences 17 to 19 the subjects are in neuter gender (नऩ र /
napu.nliN^ga), and the त त (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form
of word "sir" ( भत / shriimat).
Followings are the त त मम (ktavatu pratyaya) form of few commonly
used verbs. Only the nominative case singular ( थभ ब त ए न /
prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun-form of
"you" (ब त / bhavat), "river" (नद / nadii) and "sir" ( भत / shriimat) words,
for each gender.
Commonly Used (ktavatu pratyaya) Forms
Verb Verb Verb
ktavatu ktavatu ktavatu

eat दत न, go त न, त त, sing त न, त त,
भ
दत त , त त त त
khaad gam gai
दत त gatavaan, giitavaan,
gatavatii, giitavatii,
khaaditavaan,
gatavat giitavat
khaaditavatii
, khaaditavat
take न त न, न त त , fall ऩ तत न, worship ऩ त न,
न ऩत ऩ
नत त ऩ तत त , ऩ तत त ऩ त त,
nii pat puuj
niitavaan, patitavaan, ऩ त त
niitavatii, patitavatii,
puujitavaan,
niitavat patitavat
puujitavatii,
puujitavat
see ट न, ट त , accep त न, tell थत न,
t थ
द त त त त, त त थत त ,
dRRis kath
h
dRRiShTavaan,
grah
gRRihiitavaan, थत त
dRRiShTavatii gRRihiitavatii
kathitavaan,
, dRRiShTavat , gRRihiitavat
kathitavatii,
kathitavat
know त न, do त न, त त, ask ऩ ट न, ऩ ट त ,
त त, त त त त ऩ ट त
dnyaa kRRi prachch
dnyaatavaan, kRRitavaan, pRRiShTavaan,
h
dnyaatavatii, kRRitavatii, pRRiShTavatii
dnyaatavat kRRitavat , pRRiShTavat
fear ब त न, - - - -
ब - - - -
बत त, बत त - -
bhii
bhiitavaan,
bhiitavatii,
bhiitavat
/ kta pratyaya (Past Tense): In this chapter we will study the त मम (kta
pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in passive
voice and impersonal voice sentences to expresspast tense. This is a simpler
alternative to र र य (laTlakaara) verb-form.
Study the following sentences. These are using त मम (kta pratyaya).
Verb
+ kta Suffix
(gender,
number)
रब त धत + त Comments
English Sanskrit
(र , न)
dhaatu + kta
(liN^ga,
vachana)
य भण म रम त = भ + त Sentences are
1. The in passive voice( भ म
school was त । (ऩ, ए )
gone by raameNa gataH = gam + / karmavaachya). The त
Rama vidyaalayaH kta (pu.n, suffixed words are
gataH eka) following the number
( न / vachana) and
2. The तय ण र त न = र
answers gender ( र / liN^ga)
were र त न । + त (न, फ )
written by chchhaatraiH likhitaani = of the objects ( भ /
the uttaraaNi likh + kta karma).
students. likhitaani (na, bahu)
ऩ ट = ऩ +
न फर ऩ ट
3. The girl त ( , ए )
was asked ।
pRRiShTaa =
by the shikshakena
pRRichchh +
teacher. baalaa
kta (strii,
pRRiShTaa
eka)
दतभ = +
4. The तन परभ दतभ
त (न, ए )
fruit was ।
eaten by khaaditam =
tena phalam
him. khaad + kta
khaaditam
(na, eka)
ऩ ठत = ऩ +
5. The two म ऩ त ऩ ठत
त (न, )
books were ।
read by paThite =
tvayaa pustake
you. paTh + kta
paThite
(na, dvii)
म मभ ऩ म भ ऩ ठतभ = ऩ +
6. The book
was read by ऩ ठतभ । त (न, ए )
both of yuvaabhyaam paThitam =
you. pustakam paTh + kta
paThitam (na, eka)
म भ ब पर न दत न =
7. The
fruits were दत न । + त (न, फ )
eaten by yusmaabhiH khaaditaani =
all of you. phalaani khaad + kta
khaaditaani (na, bahu)
त = भ + त
8. The भम भ त । (ऩ, ए )
village was mayaa graamaH
gataH = gam +
gone by me. gataH
kta (pu.n,
eka)
मभ ड डत = +
9. The game
was played डत । त ( , ए )
by both of aavaabhyaam kriDitaa =
us. kriiDaa kriD + kta
kriDitaa (strii, eka)
भ ब ऩ त न ऩ ठत न = ऩ +
10. The ऩ ठत न । त (न, फ )
books were
asmaabhiH paThitaani =
read by us.
pustakaani paTh + kta
paThitaani (na, bahu)
11. Gone by य भण तभ । तभ = भ + Sentences are
Rama. raameNa gatam त (न, ए ) in impersonal voice or
gatam = gam + (ब म /
kta (na, eka) bhaavavaachya). The त
तभ = + (kta) suffixed words

are innominative
फर ब तभ । त (न, ए )
12. Laughed case singular( थभ ब त
by girls. baalaabhiH hasitam = has
hasitam + kta (na, ए न /
eka) prathamaavibhakti
ekavachana) of the
र तभ = र
neuter word "fruit" पर
म र तभ । + त (न, ए ) (phala).
13. Written
by you. tvayaa likhitam =
likhitam likh + kta
(na, eka)
तभ = + त
14. Done by भम तभ । (न, ए )
me. mayaa kRRitam kRRitam =
kRRi + kta
(na, eka)
डतभ = +
भ ब डतभ
त (न, ए )
15. Played ।
by us. kriiDitam =
asmaabhiH
kriiD + kta
kriiDitam
(na, eka)
नत = न + त Senences are in active

धन न त । voice( त म /
16. I took (ऩ, ए )
money. aha.n dhana.n niitaH = nii kartRRivaachya). The त
niitaH + kta (pu.n, (kta) suffixed words
eka) are following
the gender ( र /
द त = द + त
17. Both of त भ द त । liN^ga), number ( न /
(ऩ, )
us gave aavaa.n tasmai vachana)
dattau = daa
him. dattau + kta (pu.n, and case ( ब त /
dvii) vibhakti) of
the subject ( त /
म ऩ त ऩ ठत ऩ ठत = ऩ +
18. We read kartaa).
the book. । त (ऩ, फ )
vaya.n paThitaaH =
pustakam paTh + kta
paThitaaH (pu.n, bahu)
नत = न + त
ऩ त नत ।
19. You (ऩ, ए )
took the tva.n
pustaka.n niitaH = nii
book.
niitaH + kta (pu.n,
eka)
ट = + त
म ट ।
20. Both of (ऩ, )
you saw the yuvaa.n
chandra.n dRRiShTau =
moon.
dRRiShTau dRRish + kta
(pu.n, dvii)
ऩत = ऩ + त
21. All of मम र ऩ त । (ऩ, फ )
you drank yuuya.n jala.n niitaaH = pii
water. piitaaH + kta (pu.n,
bahu)
त = न + त
त । (ऩ, ए )
22. He went
home. saH gRRIha.n gataH = gam +
gataH kta (pu.n,
eka)
त म रम त त = भ + त
23. Both of । (ऩ, )
them went
tau gatau = gam +
to school.
vidyaalaya.n kta (pu.n,
gatau dvii)
दत = +
त न दत । त (ऩ, फ )
24. They
ate rice. te anna.n khaaditaaH =
khaaditaaH khaad + kta
(pu.n, bahu)
थत = थ +
25. Rama यभ न थत ।
stayed in त (ऩ, फ )
raamaH vane
forest. sthitaH sthitaH =
sthaa + kta
(pu.n, bahu)
फ र त = +
26. The
girl त । त ( , ए )
laughed baalikaa hasitaa = has
loudly. uchchaiH + kta (strii,
hasitaa eka)
त = +
27. Both फ र न
त ( , )
the girls त ।
sat on the aaste = aas +
baalike aasane
seat. kta (strii,
aaste
dvii)
म र ट = +
28. The
girls were ट । त ( , फ )
watching kannyaaH dRRiShTaaH =
movie. chalachitra.n dRRish + kta
dRRiShTaaH (strii, bahu)
तभ = भ +
29. The
म न तभ । त (न, ए )
vehicle
went. yaana.n gatam gatam = gam +
kta (na, eka)
ऩ तत = ऩत +
30. Two पर त ऩ तत ।
fruits fall त (न, )
phale
from the vRRikshaat patitam =
tree. patite patite + kta
(na, dvii)
ऩ त न
थत न = थ +
ऩट मभ थत न
31. The त (न, फ )
books were ।
sthitaani =
in the box. pustakaani
sthaa + kta
peTikaayaam (na, bahu)
sthitaani
द त = द + त The त (kta) suffixed

द त ऩ त भ । (न, ए ) words have been used
32. The
given book. datta.n datta.n = daa as adjective( ण /
pustakam + kta (na, visheShaNa) while
eka) expressing sense
र त = र + of past tense.
33. The र त तभ । त (न, ए )
written likhita.n likhita.n =
poem. giitam likh + kta
(na, eka)
त न = +
34. The त न ऩ त न । त (न, फ )
bought kriitaani kriitaani =
books. pustaka krii + kta
(na, bahu)
ऩ तत न = ऩत +
35. The ऩ तत न ऩ ण । त (न, फ )
fallen patitaani pat =
leaves. patraani itrans_verb +
kta (na,
bahu)
दतभ = +
दतभ मभ । त (न, ए )
36. The
eaten food. khaaditam khaaditam =
khaadyam khaad + kta
(na, eka)
Grammatical Rule: The verb with त (kta) suffix follows the
noun-form of "boy" (फ र / baala), "creeper" (रत /lataa) and
"fruit" (पर / phala) words to expressmasculine (ऩ र /
puliN^ga), feminine ( र / striiliN^ga) and neuter (नऩ र /
napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
In the sentences above all the verbs with त (kta) suffix are following the
noun-form of these words to express different genders.
Grammatical Rule: In passive voice ( भ म / karmavaachya),

the subject ( त / kartaa) will be in instrumental
case (तत म ब त / tRRitiiyaavibhakti), the object( भ / karma)
will be in nominal case ( थभ ब त / prathamaavibhakti) and
the verb with त (kta) suffix will follow the number ( न /
vachana) and gender ( र / liN^ga) of the object ( भ / karma).
The sentences 1 to 10 are in passive voice, and are following this rule.
Grammatical Rule: In impersonal voice or ब म (bhaavavaachya),

the verb with त (kta) suffix follows the nominative
case singular ( थभ ब त ए न / prathamaavibhakti ekavachana)
of the neuter form.
The sentences 11 to 15 are in impersonal voice, and are following this rule.
Grammatical Rule: In active voice ( त म / kartRRivaachya)

sentence the verb with त (kta) suffix expressing past
tense (र र य / laN^lakaara), follows the gender( र /
liN^ga), number ( न / vachana) and case ( ब त / vibhakti) of
the subject ( त / kartaa).
The sentences 16 to 31 are in active voice, and the verb form in each follows
the noun form of the subject ( त / kartaa).
Grammatical Rule: The त (kta) suffixed word expressing past

tense can be used as adjective ( ण / visheShaNa).
The sentences 32 to 36 express sense of past tense using त (kta) suffix,

and these words are used as adjective ( ण / visheShaNa).
Followings are the त मम (kta pratyaya) form of few commonly used
verbs. Only the nominative case singular ( थभ ब त ए न /
prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun form of boy
(फ र / baala), creeper (रत /lataa) and fruit (पर / phala) words, for each
gender.
Commonly Used (kta pratyaya) Forms
Verb Verb Verb
kta kta kta

do त, त, go त, त, read ऩ ठत , ऩ ठत , ऩ ठतभ
भ ऩ
तभ तभ paThitaH,
kRRI gam paTh paThitaa, paThitam
kRRitaH, gataH,
kRRitaa, gataa,
kRRitam gatam
write र त, speak त, त, tell थत , थत , थतभ
र थ
र त, तभ kathitaH,kathitaa,
likh vad kath kathitam
र तभ ukta,
uktaa,
likhitaH,
uktam
likhitaa,
likhitam
take नत, नत, drink ऩ त , ऩत , accept त, त, तभ
न ऩ
न तभ ऩ तभ gRRIhiitaH,
nii paa grah gRRIhiitaa,
niitaH, piitaH,
gRRIhiitam
niitaa, piitaa,
niitam piitam
see ट, द ट, ask ऩ ट, ऩ ट, be, बत , बत , बतभ
happen
द टभ ऩ टभ bhuutaH, bhuutaa,
dRRish prachchh ब bhuutam
dRRiShTaH, pRRiShTaH,
bhuu
dRRIShTaa, pRRiShTaa,
dRRiShTam pRRiShTam
play डत , stay थत , give द त , द त , द तभ
थ द
डत , थत , dattaH, dattaa,
kriiD sthaa daa dattam
डतभ थतभ
kriiDitaH, sthitaH,
kriiDitaa, sthitaa,
kriiDitam sthitam
know त, त, listen त, त, kill त , त , तभ
न
तभ तभ hataH, hataa,
dnyaa shru han hatam
dnyaataH, shrutaH,
dnyataa, shrutaa,
dnyatam shrutam

Sanskrit Grammar

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Sanskrit Grammar

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Grammar section covers all elements of Sanskrit grammar, so that we can start

Note: Currently only chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13 and part of chapter 6 are

 Chapter 1: Sanskrit Alphabets & Sentences Overview

 Chapter 2: Active Voice ( त म / kartRRivaachya)

 Chapter 3: Verb Forms (Tenses & Moods) - त तऩद / tiN^antapada (र य /

 Chapter 4: Noun Forms (Cases) - तऩद / suvantapada ( ब त / vibhakti)

 Chapter 6: Verb Forms (Affixes) - द तऩद / kRRidantapada ( त म म / kRRit

 Chapter 7: Verb Forms (Affixes)

 Chapter 9: Adjectives ( ण / visheShaNa)

 Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Topics

 Chapter 13: References

 Chapter 14: Euphonic Combination -> ध / sandhi

 Chapter 16: Alankara ( र य / alaN^kaara)

<< Prev - Index - Next >>

Sanskrit language has scripts or alphabets for writing, and

Alphabets & Their In Sanskrit language Devanagari Script is the

In Sanskrit just like any other language (English for

The boy is reading a book.

 If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes is

 The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy

 Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book". The

Now study the following statement.

 If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer comes

Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we will

 Subject is called -> त / kartaa

So, in the above statements:

In any language a sentence is madeup of multiple

In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories. Following is a

Noun in Sanskrit is called द (shabda) or noun-root. It is also called तऩद

o Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" ( र /

o Each noun also has three "numbers" ( न / vachana) and 7

Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number" and

Boy / फ र / baalaka (Masculine / ऩ र / pu.nliN^ga)

Girl / फ र / baalaa (Femenine / र / striiliN^ga)

Singular Dual Plural

Examples of noun form ( द ऩ / shabdarupa):

 The boy -> फ र / baalakaH

All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The complete द ऩ

Followings are few more nouns ( द ऩ / shabdarupa). We will use these in

School / म रम / vidyaalaya (Masculine / ऩ र / pu.nliN^ga)

Case Singular Dual Plural

Book / ऩ त / pustaka (Nuter / नऩ र / napu.nsakaliN^ga)

Singular Dual Plural

Me / भ / asmad (All Genders / र / triliN^gaka)

Case Singular Dual Plural

You / म भ / yusmad (All Genders / र / triliN^gaka)

Case Singular Dual Plural

called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called न भ ऩद (sarvanaama

Verb ( Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence

etc. Verb in Sanskrit is called ध त (dhaatu) or verb root. It is also known as

o Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses (र य / lakaara).

o Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular (ए न /

o Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third ( थभ / prathama),

o Each verb can belong to categories ऩय भऩद (parasmaipadii),

Just like noun ( द / shabda), each verb (ध त / dhaatu) also has

Followings are the त तऩद (tiN^atapada) verb-forms (ध त ऩ / dhaatutupa) of

the boy is reading - फर ऩठ त / baalakaH paThati

the girl is reading - फ र ऩठ त / baala paThati

you are reading - ऩठ / tvam paThasi

i am reading - ऩठ भ / aham paThaami

Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" (फ र ऩठ त / baalakaH paThati),

Rule 1: The verb (ध त / dhaatu) always follows number ( न /

Rule 2: The verb (ध त / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the

Rule 3: The verb form (ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa) is always in second