SHARING

SUBMITTED BY:
PATEL SHAMA ILYAS
PRABHAKAR MANI TRIPATHI
RAMPAY SANJANA
SHIVANI CHOUGULE
UJJWAL SINHA

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 Acknowledgment

We would like to express our most sincere gratitude to all those who took valuable time out of
their busy schedules in order to assist and guide us during the time of our project.

We would like to thank our project guide, Professor M. G. Jomon, who was a symbol of
unwavering support. His unique learning pedagogy made us question, think clearly and probe deep
into our project topic of ‘Sharing’. We applied some of the techniques taught by him during the
class to collect data for our project and critiqued our analysis using the methods taught by him
during the program.

We would like to thank Munmun Goswami, for her continuous guidance and constant feedback
to help us with the project and guide our way forward.

We would also like to thank the students of XLRI who spared their valuable time and helped us
by giving their valuable inputs during our research and interviews.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 4
2 Conceptual Framework............................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Definition ................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Why do people share? ............................................................................................................. 5
2.3 Scope of Sharing ...................................................................................................................... 6
3 Literature Review ......................................................................................................................7
4 Empirical Study & Generalization ............................................................................................ 9
5 Findings of Study & Generalization......................................................................................... 12
6 Implications of Group Work.................................................................................................... 12
7 Contribution to OB ..................................................................................................................13
8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 13
9 References ............................................................................................................................. 14

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1 INTRODUCTION

Sharing is the behavior that is shown by the individuals from the beginning of the time. It is linked
intricately with the psychological preferences that we develop while growing up. Homo Sapiens
evolved and survived amidst adverse climate conditions and in the face of existential threat from
other dominant species by sharing resources and information effectively. The reason sharing is an
essential aspect of our physical conditioning is that it is an integral part of our natural world and
it fosters unity, trust and efficient sharing of our resources.

Sharing is a behavior that is nurtured and bears fruits in time. It is often promoted as socially
acceptable as a child and any deviation is condemned and is termed greedy and unacceptable.
There is a kind of stigma attached with the absence of this behavior. It imprints the idea of
collective good in a child and helps in developing virtues like kindness and empathy. With correct
guidance and direction, this behavior can be turned into an enduring trait.

It enables us to empathize with someone else’s demands and needs. Sharing emotions and
feelings helps us understand human psychology and different perspectives and sharing
information enhances our knowledge in multifarious ways. But, mostly, it makes us more humble
and grateful. How often we get startled when someone, unexpectedly, helps us by giving out
information like ‘Hey, you want to go to that X place? Take the first left and then the next right,
you should be at the desired destination’. How do we generally reply to this statement? With a
heartfelt ‘Thank You’. This is because this behavior of sharing adds value to our lives, makes us
more sensitive and fosters brotherhood.

In the above case we talked about the behavior in case of need, but why do we share our emotions
and feelings with our friends/family/strangers? What reasons drives us towards sharing in this
case?

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The reason we tend to share in these cases is because we, as humans, are social animals and we
need communication for our survival and sustenance. We feel emotionally light and also learn
someone else’s perspective and take towards the similar situation and hence add value. Another
very important lesson is that we learn to trust other people. This behavior, although, is not only
limited to sharing when we feel low or sad. Even when we are happy, we tend to spread the good
news across our friends and family. Why? Because as social animals we feel happier by sharing
our happiness. If we don’t have anyone to share our happiness with, talk about our amazing
journeys with, share our favorite memories with, we tend to become hollower as individuals and
this also lessens our confidence and self-worth. Also, if we don’t share, we won’t able to know
about the new inventions or innovations happening around the world. This is not only an
important form of information, but also a key motivator. Thus, sharing is also a way of reality-
check.

Thus, we have learned that sharing not only satisfies our need, but also propels us to become
good humans by making us more caring, empathetic, knowledgeable and worldly-wise. Hence,
it’s very important to understand the framework of sharing and how it motivates us to share,
the reason behind sharing and also how does it manifest into behavior. The sections below will
deal with the above-mentioned framework and elaborate on it.

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2 DEFINING SHARING

2.1 Definition

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the word ‘Sharing’ as “to partake of, use,
experience, occupy, or enjoy with others”. The Cambridge dictionary defines ‘Sharing’ as “to
have or use something at the same time as someone else”. Sharing basically means joint
usage of finite goods. But it doesn’t necessarily have to be dealing with physical or tangible
things. It can be attributed to broader spectrum, like a simple smile, a special event in one’s
life or general affection for someone.

Sharing is fundamental to the development of all human relationships and kinships. We begin
learning to share as soon as we are able to communicate. When we share things with others,
we showcase a sense of humility and empathy to those in need. Being able to share is being
able to understand the situation that others are in and through sharing, we are able to do more
than just give; we partake in the experience of others.

2.2 Why do people share?

There can be different things that triggers this behavior of sharing in different people. Some of
the possible reasons are as stated below

People share because they feel a connect

When an individual feels an emotional connect with other individual, they share their emotions
with them. It differs widely but an average person when they feel anger, shock, awe, humor or
sadness; they share this with the person they feel connect with. If given a choice between two
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 persons, one who is closely connected with the individual and other a stranger, it is highly likely
that person will choose to share with the one who is more connected.

People share to be useful to others

According to study conducted by UCLA psychologists, the primary reason people share is to be
useful to others or inspire and entertain others.
The researchers explained that, people are generally looking with a perspective that the how
the things will be useful and of interest to others along with being useful to themselves.

People share to define themselves

Often individuals share content to define themselves. Even more importantly, people share
idealistic images of what they want to be. We like for others to know where we stand on issues,
personal convictions, interests, and dislikes.
Social media allows users to portray whatever they want. People pick and choose the
snapshots of their lives that they want others to see. When people share content, they’re
essentially saying, “This is who I want to become.”

People share to stay connected

Staying connected to friends and family is one of the major reasons people share content. The
current trend of people tagging other people and sharing content symbolizes this idea of want
to stay connected.

People share because others share

The reason why people share is that others share. This may sound redundant, but it’s true. We
live in a world where social media is the way of life. If you aren’t sharing things, then nobody
really knows you’re there. Some people don’t like to share, but they feel like it’s the only way
to remain visible. This type of sharing is the shallowest and is largely unpredictable.

2.3 Scope of Sharing as an individual behavior

Empirical studies document the fact that when people experience an emotion, they then talk
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about it irrespective of their gender, their education, their culture, or the type of emotion
involved. However, the way people share their emotions varies as broadly as possible. Thus,
parameters of the social sharing of emotion like latency (when did people start talking after
the emotional episode took place?), recurrence (how often did they talk about the same
episode?), or target (to whom they spoke?) have been found to vary considerably as a function
of respondents’ gender, education, culture, or as a function of the type of emotion. Thus, the
links between emotion and social sharing, existing research supports something as general as
the view that “when people are hungry, they eat.” How, what, where, when and with whom
they eat is expected to vary considerably with situations.

The typical interpersonal dynamic of emotion sharing can be sketched as follows. Person A
who experienced an emotion, shares it with B. B shows a strong interest in listening to A and
thus it stimulates the sharing process. Person A consequently expresses emotions more and
more, thus arousing emotions in B. This reciprocal stimulation of emotions leads to an
enhanced empathy in Person B and, in the end, to an emotional connect between A and B.
The latter manifests a willingness to help and support Person A. If the shared episode is
intense, B adopts a nonverbal communication mode, with body contact or touching. In this
manner, B’s liking for A increases. Similarly, A, who is the focus of B’s attention, interest,
empathy, and support, feels enhanced liking for the latter. In sum, sharing emotion has the
potential to bring interacting persons closer to each other. As sharing addresses
predominantly intimates, it is instrumental in maintaining, refreshing, and strengthening
important social bonds.
Notwithstanding the varied factors responsible for instilling the behavior of sharing in
individuals, it is predominantly observed that extreme overwhelming emotions often prompt
a person, to vent out his or her feelings. The two- way relationship involved in this behavior
has an impact on it, at large. It ensures an emotional connect.

The framework which can depict the exhibition of above stated behavior can be condensed in
a form shown below. A reason has to be arrived at first so as to reflect it through the behavior.
Any behavior may or may not be followed by gratification of some sort to the doer but it is
generally with such intention.

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2.4 Conceptual Framework

Sharing is not an instantaneous activity; it has some key factors that drives the entire process.
Humans don’t share until and unless they see a reason behind sharing, i.e. if we as humans
don’t reason that we will be better off or not worse off, we generally don’t tend to share. This
reason is the first step towards sharing. After reason, comes behavior. Behavior is
manifestation of reason and in case of sharing, reasons ranging from emotional to tangible
find their way through expressive behavior. For e.g. we tend to share during emotional
upheaval because we see ‘reason’ i.e. we will become better off by shedding our emotional
burden and hence we ‘share’ our experiences. The next step is Gratification. It’s not necessary
that sharing behavior is followed by gratification. It depends on the reason as we discussed
above, but it generally is the next step.

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3 LITERATURE REVIEW

Research related to sharing, in the middle of the 20th century, focused on how sharing can
play an essential part in not only understanding human emotions but also alleviating deep
trauma. Many pieces of research, like the one by Lazarus, Opton, Monikos, and Rankin
(1965), are crucial in understanding the role of sharing because these studies were conducted
after the world war.

The Second World War had a significant mark on the lives of the millions who witnessed it or
were a part of it. People who watched it up-close or lost one of their loved ones (soldiers,
civilians) were not able to comprehend the trauma and the sheer barbarity of humans at the
display. They were numb. As one of the researchers pointed out, deep trauma pained and
affected them so much that it became incomprehensible, the pain became such a regular part
of their existence that they often didn't think about it or didn't pay attention to it and it
significantly affected their behavior and logical thinking.

By sharing such experiences, they did not only talk to others but, more importantly, to
themselves as well. While expressing such deep thoughts or feelings, it was observed that
these people could uncover expressions or analyses of emotion or sheer emotions that they
hadn't paid attention to till that time. It does not only lighten up their emotional baggage but
also enhance their belief and speeds up the healing process.

'Social sharing of emotion' was a study conducted by Christopher & Rime, and it brought to
light many interesting aspects of sharing emotions socially. Emotions are not mere hormones;
they are dense and diffused experiences which need cognitive articulation. According to the
research, when we experience an incident that has a profound emotional impact on us, it
affects our personality in multifarious ways. By not acknowledging it, we suffocate ourselves
with logical inconsistency in our behavior, which leads to cognitive dissonance. Social sharing
of emotions helps individuals understand that everybody has had their share of pain. On
realizing this, they feel much better about themselves, and this helps them in being more

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trustful towards their fellow companions and other significant parts of their social circle. The
trust developed motivates them to involve in social sharing of their emotions, and hence, they
find support in their social circle. It provides strength to them and helps them in coping with
the pain.

A critical finding from the research is that, often, incidents that cause deep emotional trauma
change the beliefs that people had or had developed over a while. It is dangerous because a
sudden change in beliefs or its permanence can cause anxiety and a prolonged state of
unnoticed unhappiness. Social sharing motivates people to not only open up about these
incidents but also helps them attain self-realization, i.e., by putting what they feel out in the
open; they realize how much they were feeling and how deeply it has affected them. It helps
them connect with people who have felt the same all this while and facilitates healing and
restoration of beliefs. Social sharing also helps people in understanding the rationale
coherency of their feelings. When they speak about things and analyze their experiences and
content, they derive a structure which conforms to their logical thinking. By doing this, they
distance themselves from the event itself and think more about the effect it has had on them.
Researchers point out that this is a significant step because, often, we grieve because we keep
on thinking about the incident rather than the effect. Sharing helps in analyzing the effect and,
hence, healing.

Finkenauer, C. & Rimé conducted another relevant research, B. (1998a) that talks about the
socioeconomic differences in methods of social sharing. The research was conducted by
interviewing 555 respondents who belonged to three different categories - European, Indian,
Indian immigrants. These three categories represent two types of societal behavior,
individualistic and collective. People living in Societies, where individualistic behavior is
prevalent, believe in their distinct identity, i.e., their goals, needs, and desires are independent
and unique to themselves. The core values of an individualistic group or society are functional
independence, competitiveness, and a high sense of achievement.

On the other hand, collectivists align their betterment with the betterment of the group as a
whole. It motivates them to sacrifice their interests for the collective good. Indian immigrants
form a curious case. They exhibit the cultural values of the parent country in private and that
of the host country in public. When it comes to emotions, as it forms the privacy of an
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individual, their sharing patterns resemble that followed in the host country. The observations
made were that in collectivist societies, individuals tend to share less because of smaller
intimate groups and also because of various perceptions and inhibitions i.e., they think that
expressing emotions might be a sign of weakness and even if they share, they would be biased
to themselves because of high social consciousness. Similarly, in individualistic cultures,
because of great understanding of self and high sense of self-improvement, they tend to share
their emotions more freely and have fewer inhibitions.

On analyzing various kind of literature, we understand that sharing is a task that requires a
thorough understanding of self, i.e., desires, needs, emotional status. And although it might
not always lead to gratitude, it always makes an individual feel good about himself.

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4 Empirical Study and Generalization

In our study we interviewed ___ individuals. The type of people we interviewed ranged from a
kid of 7 years to an adult of 47 years. Each of this individual had a different meaning
associated with sharing and they exhibited different kind of forms of sharing. Some displayed
traits of material sharing while some of them were more inclined to emotional sharing.

A common set of open-ended questions were asked to them. Questions were on the lines of

1. How does sharing mean to you?

2. What motivates you to share?

3. With whom are you more likely to share?

4. How do you feel after sharing?

5. Will you share with stranger?

6. What are you more likely to share? Tangible or intangible?

Person 1

This person is a student. Well educated, Female of 23 years from a metropolitan city. She defines

sharing as a pleasant experience which makes her happy. She will share her emotional and personal

issues with someone she is close with and for her, trust is very important for sharing to take place.

When it comes to material sharing, she can share with anybody, but it also depends on who needs
the

thing she wants to share the most. When she herself does not have enough, she prefers not to
share.

Emotional sharing is more important to her as compared to material sharing. It is of great

significance

to her when she shares something, she expects people also share when time comes. After sharing
she
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feels a positive vibe and it has never been an unpleasant experience to her.

Person 2

This person is a student aged 22 years. He is well educated and belongs to a tier-2 city. He describes

sharing as something that makes him happy and gives him a feeling of contentment. He attributes
his

sharing behavior to his upbringing during his childhood. He divides his sharing into mainly two parts,

emotional sharing and material sharing. Emotional sharing is something that does not come easily
to

him as trust in the person is the main determinant of sharing and sharing of emotion gives him the

most happiness. Material sharing is something he is more likely to do than emotional sharing.

Primary motivation for material sharing is networking and building friendships. Sharing with

stranger is something that does not come easily to him and his decision to share with stranger
depends

on the circumstances as he is more comfortable to share with someone who he already knows.

Person 3

Person 3 is a middle aged shop-keeper around 40 years of age and runs a small shop. His primary

motivation for sharing is the desire to ensure generation of goodwill among customers so that they

keep coming back. He is always polite while sharing and prefers to share with a smile. Sharing
always

gives him a sense of satisfaction for doing something good. He is an intensely private person who

prefers sharing mostly tangible goods and does not share emotions outside his family members. He

does not prefer sharing with strangers and he need to know someone before deciding to share with

him.

Person 4

Person 4 is a security guard aged 25 in the college campus. He hails from Gaya district of Bihar and

migrated to Jamshedpur in search for work. He has 4 siblings and sharing is something that comes

naturally to him. His motivation to share comes from the smile he often sees in other people’s faces

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when he shares and he is always polite while sharing. Being away from home, he believes sharing
is

something that helps generate a lot of goodwill among people. He has no qualms about sharing

whether emotional or material. He prefers sharing with people he is familiar with irrespective of

whether he knows them personally or not and he is more likely to share with people he knows stays

in XLRI campus than those staying outside of it. He is not very inclined to share with total strangers.

He will only share if he is convinced that the people, he will be sharing with need it genuinely.

Person 5

Person 5 is a 24 aged student from XLRI Jamshedpur. She is a hard-working and ambitious person

who has set many goals for herself and strives to accomplish those. She is also very sensitive and

emotional. She cites her story of emotional sharing and how it impacted her mental wellbeing.

Having faced unfortunate situations and not being able to deal with them alone, she sought

help to vent out her feelings. Sharing her feelings and emotions with a person she hadn’t met
before, a person who would help her deal with the situations with a neutral perspective assisted
her in

overcoming the sadness and emotional discomfort she was going through. She was mainly
motivated

to share her feelings since she wanted to get out of the emotional state of mind, she was currently
in

and wanted to seek happiness or comfort. This indeed aided her, and did have a positive impact at

least into some extent. Also, the comfort level of sharing depended on the person with whom she

shared. She mentions that she could be more open as the person with whom she shared did not
know

anything about her and hence did not judge her on any of her past experiences. However, had then

person known her initially, there would be certain inhibitions while sharing.

Person 6

Person 6 is a 25 aged student from XLRI Jamshedpur. She is basically a head strong person who has

dealt with difficult situations with courage. She mentions her story of sharing by saying that
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emotional sharing during times of difficulty is not something she would do naturally. She first tried

to deal with the situation all by herself. However, she decided to share when she was asked

repetitively, and did realize that sharing certainly made her feel better, not aware of the fact earlier.

Having someone to talk to and knowing that someone is there for you in difficult times does reduce

the emotional stress to certain extent is what she concurs. However, for her the person with whom

she shared i.e. the type of personality of the person did not have much impact. She prefers sharing

with people who know her, who would understand her.

Person 7

Person 6 is a 19 aged student pursuing Engineering. He does not socialize too much and has a

limited circle of friends and feels happy being around close ones. His idea of sharing is something

which gives inner peace and happiness. He likes to share in order to see the smile on others faces.

However, when it comes to emotional sharing, he mentions that he is not very likely to share if he

feels sad or depressed. He rather keeps it to himself and tries to deal with the situation by
himself.

However, when he feels angry or frustrated, he tends to express his feelings to someone. Also, he

shares his feelings when he is happy and thinks that sharing happiness increases it even more.

Person 8

Person 8 is a 54-year-old gentleman. He is self-employed and hails from a religious place. He has

been a very hard-working person throughout his life and strived to keep his close ones happy

always. Being sensitive person, he was always empathetic towards others and shared whenever

possible to spread happiness. However, when it comes to emotional sharing, he was of the view

that, in today’s world, people usually don’t pay heed to or rather are insensitive towards others

sorrow. Due to increase in materialist tendencies prevailing everywhere, people can’t help you

much in times of difficulty and hence he does not prefer to share during times of emotional

setbacks. However, he is of the opinion that, happiness becomes twice when shared with
someone.

And hence makes it a point to share his happy moments with close ones.
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Person 9

Person 9 is an engineer, now working as a journalist in Noida and is 23 years old. He hails from

Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh and has been away from home for more than 7 years for studies
and

work. Being an introvert, he hasn’t always been comfortable with making small talk with people

and has limited his interactions to only a few friends he deems to be part of his inner circle.

However, he says he has had a change of belief in what sharing means to him from the time he

began working. Contrary to his previous belief that people only tend to share deeply about their

personal experiences and sorrows with a few people they already are close with, he says that in
his

experience in work, people will share with you if they feel you are genuinely interested to be
there

and listen. He believes that it is the situation you are in, the comfort the listener provides and the

reaction from them is what pushes people to share intimate and personal experiences that mean

something to them. Although he continues to share majorly with his close friends, he talks about

how he is now more open to sharing in attempts to make someone else comfortable, or to start a

conversation, or to just bond with someone.

Person 10

Person 10 is a primary school teacher by profession and says that she experiences sharing on a

daily basis in the form of what she observes among her students. Personally, she says that sharing

to her is a sense of commitment and attachment with others and it a basic component in
developing

and strengthening human relations. Among her young students, sharing is usually limited to

physical sharing where students are encouraged to share items like toys and crayons during class,
in

a gesture to promote trust and good faith. In addition, she says that sharing doesn’t always to be

physical and can extend to sharing emotions and feelings which in turn lead to an increase in

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contentment and happiness. She goes on to add that while she usually knows who to share with,
she

isn’t always sure of the outcome as she thinks that the outcome of such an experience depends
on

the mood of both the people, the cause and the situation. She talks about a very interesting case
of

sharing - that of organ donation, where one person does not know the other at all, but goes on to
do

something so selflessly which results in the formation of a forever bond.

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 5 Findings of the Study

The interviews that were part of our study were designed to analyze people with different

backgrounds and based on factors like profession, age and gender. Though gender hasn’t shown

much of an impact, our interviews showed us interesting results based on age and profession. For

young people, sharing usually is limited to materialistic and physical sharing of things, be it food or

toys, and often, they are taught to share their possessions whether they are happy about it or not,

with the belief that it is what is good for them. As they age, people have shown signs that sharing
to them is more on an emotional plane than in a materialistic sense. Additionally, the scope of the

things they share has shown a decreasing trend with increase in age and the number of people
they tend to share with has also shown a decrease. As for profession, we found that people whose

profession requires them to engage with other people on a regular and daily basis have one of

two outcomes – they either tend to be reluctant to share given that they know the negative side
of how people can react when one shares about personal experiences or they tend to be
extremely comfortable with sharing with any person that they meet. Our findings in the study are
largely in line with and are supported by the definition and the scope therein of sharing.

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6 Contribution to OB

7 Conclusion

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