548 CHAPTER 13 Method of Consistent Deformations—Force Method

5. Write a compatibility equation for the location of each redun-

dant by setting the algebraic sum of the deflections (or slopes) of the
primary structure due to the external loading and each of the re-
dundants equal to the known displacement (or rotation) at the cor-
responding location on the actual indeterminate structure. The total
number of compatibility equations thus obtained must be equal to
the number of redundants.
6. Compute the deflections (and the flexibility coe‰cients) involved
in the compatibility equations by using the methods discussed pre-
viously in this text and by the application of Maxwell’s law of re-
ciprocal deflections. A deflection (or flexibility coe‰cient) at the
location of a redundant is considered to be positive if it has the
same sense as that assumed for the redundant.
7. Substitute the values of deflections computed in step 6 into
the compatibility equations, and solve them for the unknown
redundants.
8. Once the redundants have been determined, the other response
characteristics (e.g., reactions, shear and bending moment dia-
grams, and/or member forces) of the indeterminate structure can be
evaluated either through equilibrium considerations or by super-
position of the responses of the primary structure due to the ex-
ternal loading and due to each of the redundants.

Example 13.8

Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the three-span continuous beam shown
in Fig. 13.13(a) using the method of consistent deformations.

Solution
Degree of Indeterminacy i ¼ 2.

Primary Beam The vertical reactions By and Cy at the interior supports B and C, respectively, are selected as the
redundants. The roller supports at B and C are then removed to obtain the primary beam shown in Fig. 13.13(b). Next,
the primary beam is subjected separately to the 30 kN/m external load and the unit values of the redundants By and Cy ,
as shown in Fig. 13.13(b), (c), and (d), respectively.

Compatibility Equations Since the deflections of the actual indeterminate beam at supports B and C are zero,
we set equal to zero the algebraic sum of the deflections at points B and C, respectively, of the primary beam due to the
30 kN/m external load and each of the redundants to obtain the compatibility equations:
DBO þ fBB By þ fBC Cy ¼ 0 (1)
DCO þ fCB By þ fCC Cy ¼ 0 (2)

continued
 SECTION 13.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy 549

FIG. 13.13

continued
550 CHAPTER 13 Method of Consistent Deformations—Force Method

FIG. 13.13 (contd.)

Deflections of the Primary Beam By using the beam-deflection formulas, we obtain

35640 kN-m 3
DBO ¼ DCO ¼ 
EI
96 m 3
fBB ¼ fCC ¼
EI
84 m 3
fCB ¼
EI
By applying Maxwell’s law,
84 m 3
fBC ¼
EI
Magnitudes of the Redundants By substituting the values of the deflections and flexibility coe‰cients of the primary
beam just computed into the compatibility equations (Eqs. (1) and (2)), we obtain
35640 þ 96By þ 84Cy ¼ 0
35640 þ 84By þ 96Cy ¼ 0

continued
 SECTION 13.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy 551

or
96By þ 84Cy ¼ 35640 (1a)
84By þ 96Cy ¼ 35640 (2a)
Solving Eqs. (1a) and (2a) simultaneously for By and Cy , we obtain
By ¼ Cy ¼ 198 kN " Ans.
Reactions The remaining reactions can now be determined by applying the three equations of equilibrium to the
free body of the continuous beam as follows (Fig. 13.13(e)):
P
þ ! Fx ¼ 0 Ax ¼ 0 Ans.
P
þ ’ MD ¼ 0 Ay ð18Þ þ 30ð18Þð9Þ  198ð6 þ 12Þ ¼ 0
Ay ¼ 72 kN " Ans.
P
þ" Fy ¼ 0 72  30ð18Þ þ 198 þ 198 þ Dy ¼ 0
Dy ¼ 72 kN " Ans.
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams The shear and bending moment diagrams of the beam are shown in
Fig. 13.13(f ). Ans.
The shapes of the shear and bending moment diagrams for continuous beams, in general, are similar to those for
the three-span continuous beam shown in Fig. 13.13(f ). As shown in this figure, negative bending moments generally
develop at the interior supports of continuous beams, whereas the bending moment diagram is usually positive over the
middle portions of the spans. The bending moment at a hinged support at an end of the beam must be zero, and it is
generally negative at a fixed end support. Also, the shape of the bending moment diagram is parabolic for the spans
subjected to uniformly distributed loads, and it consists of linear segments for spans subjected to concentrated loads.
The actual values of the bending moments, of course, depend on the magnitude of the loading as well as on the lengths
and flexural rigidities of the spans of the continuous beam.

Example 13.9

Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 13.14(a) by the
method of consistent deformations.

Solution
Degree of Indeterminacy i ¼ 2.

Primary Beam The vertical reactions Cy and Ey at the roller supports C and E, respectively, are selected as
the redundants. These supports are then removed to obtain the cantilever primary beam shown in Fig. 13.14(b).
Next, the primary beam is subjected separately to the external loading and the unit values of the redundants Cy and Ey ,
as shown in Fig. 13.14(b), (c), and (d), respectively.

continued
 SECTION 13.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy 561

Reactions The remaining reactions of the substructure, obtained by applying the equations of equilibrium,
are shown in Fig. 13.16(f ). The reactions to the left of the s axis are then obtained by reflection, as shown in
Fig. 13.16(g).
Ans.
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams By using the reactions of the continuous beam, its shear and bending mo-
ment diagrams are constructed. These diagrams are shown in Fig. 13.16(h). Ans.

Example 13.12

Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss shown in Fig. 13.17(a) by the method of consistent
deformations.

Solution
Degree of Indeterminacy i ¼ ðm þ rÞ  2j ¼ ð14 þ 4Þ  2ð8Þ ¼ 2.
Primary Truss The vertical reaction Dy at the roller support D and the axial force FBG in the diagonal member BG
are selected as the redundants. The roller support D and member BG are then removed from the given indeterminate
truss to obtain the primary truss shown in Fig. 13.17(b). The primary truss is subjected separately to the external load-
ing (Fig. 13.17(b)), a unit value of the redundant Dy (Fig. 13.17(c)), and a unit tensile force in the redundant member
BG (Fig. 13.17(d)).
Compatibility Equations The compatibility equations can be expressed as
DDO þ fDD Dy þ fD; BG FBG ¼ 0 (1)
DBGO þ fBG; D Dy þ fBG; BG FBG ¼ 0 (2)

FIG. 13.17

continued
562 CHAPTER 13 Method of Consistent Deformations—Force Method

FIG. 13.17 (contd.)

continued
 SECTION 13.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy 563

in which DDO ¼ vertical deflection at joint D of the primary truss due to the external loading; DBGO ¼ relative dis-
placement between joints B and G due to the external loading; fDD ¼ vertical deflection at joint D due to a unit load at
joint D; fBG; D ¼ relative displacement between joints B and G due to a unit load at joint D; fBG; BG ¼ relative displace-
ment between joints B and G due to a unit tensile force in member BG; and fD; BG ¼ vertical deflection at joint D due to
a unit tensile force in member BG.

Deflections of Primary Truss The virtual work expressions for the preceding deflections are
P FO uD L P FO uBG L
DDO ¼ DBGO ¼
AE AE
P uD2 L P uBG
2
L
fDD ¼ fBG; BG ¼
AE AE
P uD uBG L
fBG; D ¼ fD; BG ¼
AE

in which FO ; uD , and uBG represent the member forces due to the external loading, a unit load at joint D, and a unit
tensile force in member BG, respectively. The numerical values of the member forces, as computed by the method of
joints (Fig. 13.17(b) through (d)), are tabulated in Table 13.4. Note that since the axial rigidity EA is the same for all the
members, only the numerators of the virtual work expressions are evaluated in Table 13.4. Thus
4;472:642 kNm 992:819 kNm
DDO ¼  DBGO ¼ 
AE AE
48:736 m 48:284 m
fDD ¼ fBG; BG ¼
AE AE
6:773 m
fBG; D ¼ fD; BG ¼ 
AE

Magnitudes of the Redundants By substituting these deflections and flexibility coe‰cients into the compatibility
equations (Eqs. (1) and (2)), we write
4;472:642 þ 48:736Dy  6:773FBG ¼ 0 (1a)
992:819  6:773Dy þ 48:284FBG ¼ 0 (2a)
Solving Eqs. (1a) and (2a) simultaneously for Dy and FBG , we obtain
Dy ¼ 96:507 kN " FBG ¼ 34:1 kN ðTÞ Ans.
Reactions The remaining reactions of the indeterminate truss can now be determined by superposition of reactions
of the primary truss due to the external loading and due to each of the redundants. The reactions thus obtained are
shown in Fig. 13.17(e). Ans.
Member Axial Forces The forces in the remaining members of the indeterminate truss can be determined by using
the superposition relationship:
F ¼ FO þ uD Dy þ uBG FBG
The member forces thus obtained are shown in Table 13.4 and Fig. 13.17(e).
Ans.

continued
564 CHAPTER 13 Method of Consistent Deformations—Force Method

TABLE 13.4

L FO uD uBG FO uD L FO uBG L uD2 L 2

uBG L uD uBG L F ¼ FO þ uD Dy
Member (m) (kN) (kN/kN) (kN/kN) (kNm) (kNm) (m) (m) (m) þ uBG FBG (kN)
AB 10 152.5 0.25 0 381.25 0 0.625 0 0 128.373
BC 10 152.5 0.25 0.707 381.25 1,078.175 0.625 5 1.768 104.265
CD 10 77.5 0.75 0 581.25 0 5.625 0 0 5.12
DE 10 77.5 0.75 0 581.25 0 5.625 0 0 5.12
FG 10 85 0.5 0.707 425 600.95 2.5 5 3.535 60.855
GH 10 85 0.5 0 425 0 2.5 0 0 36.747
BF 10 80 0 0.707 0 565.60 0 5 0 55.891
CG 10 0 0 0.707 0 0 0 5 0 24.109
DH 10 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 96.507
AF 14.142 116.673 0.354 0 584.096 0 1.772 0 0 82.51
BG 14.142 0 0 1 0 0 0 14.142 0 34.1
CF 14.142 3.536 0.354 1 17.702 50.006 1.772 14.142 5.006 3.473
CH 14.142 109.602 0.354 0 548.697 0 1.772 0 0 143.765
EH 14.142 109.602 1.061 0 1,644.541 0 15.92 0 0 7.208
P
4,472.642 992.819 48.736 48.284 6.773

Example 13.13

Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the frame shown in Fig. 13.18(a) by the
method of consistent deformations.

Solution
Degree of Indeterminacy i ¼ 2.
Primary Frame The reactions DX and DY at the hinged support D are selected as the redundants. The hinged
support D is then removed to obtain the primary frame shown in Fig. 13.18(b). Next, the primary frame is subjected
separately to the external loading and the unit values of the redundants DX and DY , as shown in Fig. 13.18(b), (c), and
(d), respectively.

Compatibility Equations Noting that the horizontal and vertical deflections of the actual indeterminate frame at the
hinged support D are zero, we write the compatibility equations:

continued
 SECTION 13.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy 565

FIG. 13.18

continued
566 CHAPTER 13 Method of Consistent Deformations—Force Method

FIG. 13.18 (contd.)

continued
 SECTION 13.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy 567

TABLE 13.5

x coordinate
Member Origin Limits (m) MO (kN-m) mDX (kN-m/kN) mDY (kN-m/kN)
AB A 0–5 1;750 þ 50x x 10
CB C 0–10 15x 2 5 x
DC D 0–5 0 x 0

DDXO þ fDX ; DX DX þ fDX ; DY DY ¼ 0 (1)

DDYO þ fDY ; DX DX þ fDY ; DY DY ¼ 0 (2)

Deflections of Primary Frame The equations for bending moments for the members of the frame due to the external
loading and unit values of the redundants are tabulated in Table 13.5. By applying the virtual work method, we obtain
ð
P MO mDX 44791:7 kN-m 3
DDXO ¼ dx ¼
EI EI
ð
P MO mDY 83593:75 kN-m 3
DDYO ¼ dx ¼ 
EI EI
ð 2
P mDX 333:33 m 3
fDX ; DX ¼ dx ¼
EI EI
ð 2
P mDY 833:33 m 3
fDY ; DY ¼ dx ¼
EI EI
ð
P mDX mDY 375 m 3
fDX ; DY ¼ fDY ; DX ¼ dx ¼ 
EI EI

Magnitudes of the Redundants By substituting these deflections and flexibility coe‰cients into the compatibility
equations, we write

44791:7 þ 333:33DX  375DY ¼ 0 (1a)

 83593:75  375DX þ 833:33DY ¼ 0 (2a)
Solving Eqs. (1a) and (2a) simultaneously for DX and DY , we obtain

DX ¼ 52:52 kN DY ¼ 166:13 kN " Ans.

Reactions The remaining reactions and the member end forces of the indeterminate frame can now be
determined by applying the equations of equilibrium. The reactions and member and forces thus obtained are shown
in Fig. 13.18(e). Ans.
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams See Fig. 13.18(f ). Ans.