Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Pablo Borbon Campus II
Batangas City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
RESISTOR

Submitted by:

Group 3
Agregado, John Jasper G.
Beredo, Jakob Dylan D.
Claveria, Wyndell Rio P.
De Chavez, Carmela B.
Francisco, Francis S.

BSEE-2102 B

Submitted to:
Engr. Margielou T. Delen

August 23, 2019

 Experiment No. 1
Resistor

Objectives
 To know the importance of resistors
 To understand how to read resistor color code
 To learn how to determine the value and tolerance of fixed resistors using
their color coded
Discussion
A resistor is an electric element that limits the flow of the electric current into
an electric circuit. A current that is passed through the resistor is always directly
proportional to the voltage across the terminals of the resistors.

Types of Resistors
 Surface-mount resistors - many modern circuits use SMT resistors. Their
manufacture involves depositing a film of resistive material such as tin oxide
on a tiny ceramic chip.
 Carbon-composition resistors - oldest design and usually the cheapest of the
resistors. Carbon granules are mixed with a filler material and inserted into a
tubular casing.
 Film-type resistors
o Carbon film - similar construction to Metal film resistors but generally
with wider tolerance (typically +/- 5%)
o Metal film – have very tight tolerances, are less sensitive to temperature
changes and aging, and generate less noise.
 Wire-wound resistors - very variable in construction and physical appearance.
Their resistive elements are commonly lengths of wire, usually an alloy such as
Nichrome or Manganin wrapped around a ceramic or glass fiber rod.
 Fusible resistors - serve a dual function as both a fuse and a resistor. the
current flowing through the resistor first flows through a spring-loaded
connection that is positioned close to the body of the resistor.
 Thermistors – temperatures sensitive resistors whose resistance value changes
with changes in operating temperature.

Resistor Color Codes

The Color Codes used on resistors in carbon, carbon film and metal film types
are widely used. Resistor color code indicates that a series of colored bands are
painted on the resistor and most of the manufacturers identify their resistance value
by means of a color code. There are various values of resistors available from some
ohms to millions of ohms.

Figure 1. Parts of Resistor Color Codes

Number Band of Resistors

Table 1. The Resistor Color Code

The four band color code is the most common variation. These resistors have
two bands for the resistance value, one multiplier and one tolerance band. Resistors
with high precision have an extra band to indicate a third significant digit. Therefore,
the first three bands indicate the significant digits, the fourth band is the multiply
factor and the fifth band represents the tolerance. Resistors with 6 bands are usually
for high precision resistors that have an additional band to specify the temperature
coefficient
Reading the Resistor Color Code
1. To get the resistance, 1st Band (1st Digit) 2nd band (2nd Digit) 3rd Band (3rd
Digit) multiplied by the multiplier
2. To get the tolerance, multiply the value of resistance with value of tolerance
(%)
3. To get the range of values, subtract maximum range from minimum range
a. Minimum Range = resistance – tolerance
b. Maximum Range = resistance + tolerance

Materials
 10 four band resistors
 Resistor Color Code Table

Procedures
1. Prepare the 10 carbon film resistors with different sequences of color bands.
2. Read the resistor value by the colored bands and take note of the sequence
from left to right. Make sure the first band to be read is the nearest to
connecting lead of the resistor to get the correct value.
3. Identify the resistive value and percentage tolerance equivalent to the colors
based on the color code table.
4. Calculate the values by using the formula given.
5. Analyze the data gathered and redo to other resistors.

Data and Results

1.
Orange = 3
Orange = 3
Brown = x101 Ω
Gold = ± 5%

R = 33 x 101 Ω
= 330 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 330 Ω
= 16.5
R = (330 Ω - x) to (330 Ω + x)
= 313.5Ω to 346.5Ω

2.
 Brown = 1
Black = 0
Black = x100 Ω
Gold = ± 5%

R = 10 x 100 Ω
= 10 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 10 Ω
= 0.5
R = (10 Ω - x) to (10 Ω + x)
= 9.5Ω to 10.5Ω

3.
Brown = 1
Black = 0
Brown = x101 Ω
Gold = ± 5%

R = 10 x 101 Ω
= 100 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 100 Ω
=5
R = (100 Ω - x) to (100 Ω + x)
= 95Ω to 105Ω

4.
Brown = 1
Black = 0
Orange = x103 Ω
Gold = ± 5%

R = 10 x 103 Ω
= 10 000 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 10 000 Ω
= 500
R = (10 000 Ω - x) to (10 000 Ω + x)
= 9,500Ω to 10,500Ω

5.
Green = 5
Violet = 7
Brown = x101 Ω
 Gold = ± 5%

R = 57 x 101 Ω
= 570 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 570 Ω
= 28.5
R = (570 Ω - x) to (570 Ω + x)
= 541.5Ω to 598.5Ω

6.
Brown = 1
Black = 0
Yellow = x104 Ω
Gold = ± 5%

R = 10 x 104 Ω
= 100 000 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 100 000 Ω
= 5000
R = (100 000 Ω - x) to (100 000 Ω + x)
= 95 000Ω to 105 000Ω

7.
Red = 2
Red = 2
Black = x100 Ω
Gold = ± 5%

R = 22 x 100 Ω
= 22 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 22 Ω
= 1.1
R = (22 Ω - x) to (22 Ω + x)
= 20.9Ω to 23.1Ω

8.
Yellow = 4
Violet = 7
Brown = x101 Ω
Gold = ± 5%

R = 47 x 101 Ω
 = 470 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 470 Ω
= 23.5
R = (470 Ω - x) to (470 Ω + x)
= 446.5Ω to 493.5Ω

9.
Red = 2
Red = 2
Red = x102 Ω
Gold = ± 5%

R = 22 x 102 Ω
= 2 200 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 2 200 Ω
= 110
R = (2 200 Ω - x) to (2 200 Ω + x)
= 2 090Ω to 2 320Ω

10.
Brown = 1
Green = 5
Black = x100 Ω
Gold = ± 5%

R = 15 x 100 Ω
= 15 Ω ± 5%
Tolerance = 5% of 15 Ω
= 0.75
R = (15 Ω - x) to (15 Ω + x)
= 14.25Ω to 15.75Ω

Analysis
A resistor is a device that opposes the flow of the current. The higher the resistor
value, the more it opposes the current. Moreover, it is used to limit the flow of the
current. Through the use of resistors, the installer can control the flow of energy and
the total output that passes through the resistor by using the correct amount of
resistance needed.
Most resistors are marked with color bands. Resistor values are identified with
the use of color codes. This color code indicates the value, rating and tolerance.
Resistors can have 3, 4, 5 or 6 color bands printed on them. The first 3 or 4 bands
give the basic value in ohms or the first few digits of the resistance value which is
multiplied with the multiplier. Then, the last band indicates the tolerance signifier.
Resistors are read from left to right wherein the gold or silver band is placed at the
right end.
By following the procedures stated and using the color code, the group
determined the value, tolerance and range of ten resistors.
RESISTOR COLOR RESISTANCE TOLERANCE RANGE
Orang Orang Brown Gold 330Ω ± 16.5Ω 313.5Ω-
e e 346.5Ω
Brown Black Black Gold 10Ω ± 0.5Ω 9.5Ω-
10.5Ω
Brown Black Brown Gold 100Ω ± 5Ω 95Ω-
105Ω
Brown Black Orang Gold 10,000Ω ± 500Ω 9,500Ω-
e 10,500Ω
Green Violet Brown Gold 570Ω ± 28.5Ω 541.5Ω-
598.5Ω
Brown Black Yellow Gold 100,000Ω ± 5,000Ω 95,000Ω
-
105,000
Ω
Red Red Black Gold 22Ω ± 1.1Ω 20.9Ω-
23.1Ω
Yellow Violet Brown Gold 470Ω ± 23.5Ω 446.5Ω-
493.5Ω
Red Red Red Gold 2,200Ω ± 110Ω 2090Ω-
2320Ω
Brown Green Black Gold 15Ω ± 0.75Ω 14.25Ω-
15.75Ω
Table 2. The Table of Computed Values for the Resistors

Problem Solving
Color Resistance Tolerance Range
Orange Black Black Silver 27 Ω –
30Ω ±3Ω
3 0 100 ±10% 33 Ω
White Orange Brown Gold 883.5 Ω
– 976.5
930 Ω ± 46.5 Ω
9 3 101 ±5% Ω

Orange Grey Red Silver 3420 Ω

3800 Ω ± 380 Ω
3 8 10 2 ±10% -4180 Ω
Brown Green Red Silver 1350 Ω -
1500 Ω ± 150 Ω
1 5 10 2 ±10% 1650 Ω
Blue White Brown Gold 655.5 Ω -
690 Ω ± 34.5 Ω
6 9 101 ±5% 724.5 Ω

1. If the range of the resistor is 79,600-80,400 ohms, what is the 4th band color
that will complete this color code: black-grey-yellow-________. (green)
Black - 0
Green - 8
Yellow - 4
 8 104 = 80000
80000 = 400
x = 0.5%
0.5% = Green

2. What is the percent tolerance of the resistor with the maximum tolerance of
9384 ohms and the first three color bands white-red-red? (2%)
White - 9
Red - 2
Red - 102
92 × 102 = 9200 Ω
9200 × 0.02 % = 184 Ω
9200 + 184 = 9384 Ω
Percent Tolerance = ±2%

3. What is the value of a resistor that has a color band of gray-black-brown?

(800 Ω)
Gray - 8
Black -0
Brown - 101
81 × 101 = 800 Ω
800 Ω is the value of resistor

4. A resistor has a color code of red-green-red, what is its maximum tolerance

value? (3000 Ω)
Red - 2
Green - 5
Red - 102
None = ±20%
25 × 102 = 2500 Ω
2500 Ω × .20 = 500 Ω
2500 + 500 = 3000 Ω
3000 Ω is the maximum tolerance

5. Find the color code for a 4200 Ω resistor with 5% tolerance? (yellow-red-red-
gold)
4200 Ω with 5% tolerance
4 - Yellow
2 - Red
102 = Red
5% = Gold
Yellow-Red- Red-Gold

Conclusion
Resistance is the component of a circuit that reduces current flow. Resistors
uses a standard color-coding system. This color code specifies the resistance value,
tolerance, and temperature coefficient. Minimum of two bands specify the resistance
value and one band each for the tolerance and multiplier. The color code table can
also be used to specify the color of the band when the values are known. It is
important to identify the correct value of resistors since circuits require precision
resistors to operate correctly.