UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

40450 Shah Alam,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

COURSE : MEC 523 – APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND MICROPROCESSOR

1.MUHAMMAD IHSAN BIN ZULKIFLI (2017806338)

2.MOHAMAD ASYRAF BIN ARAS (2016218376)
3.LIYANA SYAMIMI BINTI KAMEL (2016218276)
NAME/STUDENT ID :
4.MUHAMMAD IZZAT BIN MOHD DARUS (2017806348)
5. MUHAMMAD HAFIZI BIN AMRAN (2017806318)
6.MUHAMMAD HARITH RIDHWAN BIN ROSMADI (2017806384)
MINI PROJECT
ASIGNMENT/ TITLE OF
:
ASSIGNMENT

LECTURER NAME : DR. ABDUL MALEK ABDUL WAHAB

GROUP/ DATE : EMD6M1A

Marking Scheme
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

Criteria Factor Scale Marks Obtained

Project Background 0.2
Problem Statement 0.2
Objectives 0.4
Project Methodology 0.4
Results 0.8
[5] Total: /10%
 Title

Smart Building
1.0 Abstract

The building energy management systems its control and automation in buildings has

significant role. These systems can play an important role in regular energy monitoring and

management and therefore to save the possible energy and cost. The key point of the building

automation market is focused upon better facilitation to the user in terms of comfort at reduced

operation cost.

Energy efficiency improvement will also contribute to environmental protection.

Occupancy detection is the core of smart lighting, fan and display greeting words with a

significant role in energy cost reduction and improving occupants' comfort. Reliability and

scalability are two main issues of the existing occupancy detection solutions.

Objective of this project is designing, developing and implementing smart building by

using LM35 temperature sensor and PIR motion sensor to develop a modern house that

equipped with high technology system by using Arduino software and parts. Hence, improve

the reliability.

Besides there will also some abbreviations will be used. For example, LCD which stand

for Liqui-Crystal Display, LDE is Light Emitting Diode, USB is Universal Serial Bus and IDE

is Integrated Development Environment.

I
2.0 Table of contents

1.0 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I

2.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… II

3.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

3.1 Background………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

3.2 Problem Statement……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

3.3 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3

4.0 MATERIALS & METHODS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

4.1 Electronic Components and Descriptions…………………………………………………….……………….4

4.2 Component Cost………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7

4.3 Circuit Board………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

4.4 Coding………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9

5.0 TEST……………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………… 12

5.1 Testing………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12

5.2 Result…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14

5.3 Evaluation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15

5.4 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16

5.5 Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18

5.6 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21

6.0 REFERENCES………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22

7.0 FIGURE & TABLE LEGEND………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

II
3.0 Introduction

Arduino is an open source electronics platform accompanied with a hardware and

software to design, develop and test complex electronics prototypes and products. The

hardware consists of a microcontroller with other electronic components which can be

programmed using the software to do almost any task. The simplicity of the Arduino language

makes it very easy for almost everyone who has an interest in electronics to write programs

without the understanding of complex algorithms or codes. Arduino is designed to make

electronics more accessible to artists, designers, hobbyists and anyone interested in creating

interactive objects or environments. An Arduino board can be purchased pre-assembled or,

because the hardware design is open source, built by hand. Either way, users can adapt the

boards to their needs, as well as update and distribute their own versions.

Arduino can receive various of input signals and sensors. Arduino can change or control

the surrounding environment to get desired output. All the signals and inputs can be controlled

by the Arduino programming language. Arduino can run independently or communicate with

software running on a computer. There are so many output devices and components that can

be used in Arduino project. Some of the devices and components are jumper wire, ultrasonic

sensor, breadboard, resistor and etc. Some of the component may be crucial to complete the

circuit and some of the component are not necessarily needed depending on what project you

are making. The Arduino board can be programmed to do anything by simply programming

the microcontroller on board using a set of instructions for which, the Arduino board consists

of a USB plug to communicate with your computer and a bunch of connection sockets that can

be wired to external devices like motors, LEDs etc.

Arduino boards are generally based on microcontrollers from Atmel Corporation like

8, 16 or 32-bit AVR architecture-based microcontrollers. The important feature of the Arduino

boards is the standard connectors. Using these connectors, we can connect the Arduino board

1
to other devices like LEDs or add-on modules called Shields. The Arduino boards also consists

of on-board voltage regulator and crystal oscillator. They also consist of USB to serial adapter

using which the Arduino board can be programmed using USB connection. In order to program

the Arduino board, we need to use IDE provided by Arduino. The Arduino IDE is based on

Processing programming language and supports C and C++.

3.1 Background

The aim of this mini-project is to create a Smart-House which can be applied to one’s

home and achieve the objectives from the problem statements. A Smart-House is used to

describe a house that contains a communication network that connects different appliances and

allows them to be remotely controlled, monitored and accessed.

The client for our mini-project is Aminah and she just moved to a new house. She has

a few problems at her new house which brings her discomfort. Firstly, she needs a system

which can cool down a room at a high temperature without her using a remote manually. Next,

to overcome the darkness at the entrance of her house whenever she arrives home and to make

her feel at ease and welcomed every time she comes back home. All of these stated above is to

improve the efficiency of the system at her house, to reduce the operating cost and to increase

the safety. All of these real-life problems will be overcome by using an Arduino kit to portray

a real-life smart house.

The mini-project that we have done was based on an Arduino kit. For the smart fan, we

have used a modified Servo Motor which can rotate 360 degrees to play a role of a fan. A

normal servo motor can only rotate for 180 degrees so we modified it to make is as close as

possible to a real-life fan. We have set a coding to ensure the servo motor rotates 360 degrees

when the temperature exceeds the designated temperature to cool down the room. Next, we

2
used a LED light to play a role of a lamp of a house. The motion sensor acts as a sensor to

detect motion so that the LED lights will light up whenever there is motion. We have set a

coding to ensure that the LED lights will be connected to the PIR motion sensor and light up

the room when there is motion. Lastly, we used a LCD display to act as a digital sign board to

make Aminah feel at ease and welcomed when she arrives at her new home. The LCD display

is also connected to the PIR motion sensor so it is very much alike the LED lights. The coding

was set up so that the LCD display will display “WELCOME AMINAH” when there is motion

that occurred at the PIR motion sensor.

3.2 Problem Statement

1. How to cool down a room when the temperature is uncomfortable for Aminah?

2. How to easily light up a dark pathway of Aminah’s house entrance?

3. How to make Aminah feel welcomed when Aminah arrives home?

3.3 Objectives

1. To determine on how to reduce the temperature of Aminah’s room

2. to find out how to operate a fan at designated temperature

3. to observe the need of a smart light based on motion sensor

4. to investigate on how to make the LCD display work based on motion

5. to study on how the output behave through different coding.

3
4.0 Materials and Methods

4.1 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTIONS

Basic Components:
ELECTRONIC COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS
Breadboard is a way of constructing

electronics without having to use a

soldering iron. Components are pushed into

the sockets on the breadboard and then extra

Breadboard
'jumper' wires are used to make connections.

Jumper wires are simply wires that have

connector pins at each end, allowing them to

be used to connect two points to each other

without soldering. Jumper wires are

typically used with breadboards and other

Jumper wires
prototyping tools in order to make it easy to

change a circuit as needed

The Arduino UNO is an open-source

microcontroller board. The board is

equipped with sets of digital and analog

input/output pins that may be interfaced to

Arduino UNO
various expansion boards and other circuits.

Resistors to limit the amount of current

going to certain components in the circuit

Resistor
Table 4.1.1: Basic Components

4
Motion Detector System:
ELECTRONIC COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS
The Liquid Crystal library allows you to

control LCD displays that are compatible

with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. The part

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)-16 x 2
16×2 means that the LCD has 2 lines, and

can display 16 characters per line.

Therefore, a 16×2 LCD screen can display

up to 32 characters at once. It is possible to

display more than 32 characters with

scrolling though.

PIR sensors allow to sense motion, almost

always used to detect whether a human has

moved in or out of the sensors range. They

are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to

use and don’t wear out. For that reason they

PIR Motion Sensor
are commonly found in appliances and

gadgets used in homes or businesses. They

are often referred to as PIR, “Passive

Infrared”, “Pyroelectric”, or “IR motion”

sensors.

An LED is a small light (it stands for “light

emitting diode”) that works with relatively

little power.

Light-emitting diode(LED)
Table 4.1.2: Motion Detector System
5
Heat Detector System:
ELECTRONIC COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS
Servos are controlled by sending an
electrical pulse of variable width, or pulse
width modulation (PWM), through the
control wire. There is a minimum pulse, a
maximum pulse, and a repetition rate. A
servo motor can usually only turn 90° in
either direction for a total of 180°
movement. The motor’s neutral position is
Servo Motor defined as the position where the servo has
the same amount of potential rotation in the
both the clockwise or counter-clockwise
direction.
The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor

that can be used to measure temperature

with an electrical output proportional to the

temperature (in °C).It can measure

temperature more accurately than a using a

thermistor. The sensor circuitry is sealed

and not subject to oxidation.The LM35

LM35 (Temperature Sensor)
generates a higher output voltage than

thermocouples and may not require that the

output voltage be amplified.The LM35 has

an output voltage that is proportional to the

Celsius temperature

Table 4.1.3: Heat Detector System

6
 4.2 COMPONENT COST

No. Components Quantity Price Per Unit Total Price

(RM) (RM)
1 Arduino Uno 2 39.00 78.00
2 Breadboard 2 5.00 10.00
3 Resistor 4 0.40 1.60
4 Jumper Wires m-f (30cm) 1 set 2.50 2.50
5 Jumper Wires f-f (30cm) 1 set 9.00 9.00
6 Jumper Wires m-f (40cm) 1 set 10.00 10.00
7 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)-16 x 2 1 7.00 7.00
8 LM35 ( Temperature Sensor ) 1 9.00 9.00
9 Light-emitting diode(LED) 2 0.15 0.30
11 PIR Motion Sensor 1 7.00 7.00
12 Servo Motor 1 10.00 10.00
13 Total Cost 144.40

Table 4.2.1: Ledger f or Project Costing

7
4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Motion Detector System

Figure 4.3.1: Circuit for Motion Detector System

Heat Detector System

Figure 4.3.2: Circuit for Heat Detector System

8
4.4 CODING
Motion Detector System

9
Figure 4.4.1: Motion Detector System Coding

10
Heat Detector System

Figure 4.4.2: Heat Detector System Coding

11
5.0 Test
5.1 TESTING
For the Testing section, it will be tested based on the objectives and problem statements.

Firstly, we have assembled a fan which operates at a certain temperature. The fan is a

modified Servo motor which is able to rotate at a 360-degree angle. The Servo motor is

connected to a Temperature sensor LM35DZ. The fan will start to rotate when the Temperature

sensor exceeds more than the temperate that were set which is 27-degrees Celsius. The fan was

tested by holding the Temperature sensor with our fingers for a while until the temperate rise

more than the designated temperate which is 27-degrees Celsius. As we check through the

Arduino application, it shows the rise in temperature as we hold the Temperature sensor. When

the temperature exceeds 27-degrees Celsius, the fan starts to rotate 360-degrees non-stop which

acts as a fan as how we have planned.

Secondly, we have assembled a smart light which lights up when there is motion. The

LED light is used for the light which is connected to the PIR Motion Sensor. The PIR Motion

Sensor and the LED lights are set and assembled at our project with a theme of a normal house.

We have set the PIR Motion Sensor and LED lights right at the door step as that is the first

place where there will be motion as someone enters the house. The smart light was tested by

putting Aminah (house owner) to walk into her house and walk pass by the PIR Motion Sensor

and it will automatically detect the motion of Aminah which results in the activation of the

LED lights to light up the house. The smart light functions perfectly as that shows the PIR

Motion sensor works respectively with the LED lights to detect the presence of Aminah,

Lastly, we have assembled a LCD display “Welcome Aminah” in her room. The LCD

display is also connected to the PIR Motion sensor like the LED lights. The LCD Motion sensor

is used to show that if there is nobody at home or if there is anybody home. As this is Aminah’s

house, we have set a coding that displays “Welcome Aminah” and “Nobody’s Home” if there

12
is no one around. The LCD display will only display if there is motion at the PIR Motion Sensor.

The LCD display was tested exactly like how the LED lights was tested as it is also connected

to the PIR Motion sensor. The LCD display will display “Nobody’s Home” if there is no motion

occurred. When Aminah walks pass by the PIR Motion sensor, the LCD Display will

“Welcome Aminah” and Aminah will feel welcomed as she enters her house.

In a nutshell, the testing of this mini-project works perfectly according to plans. The

objectives and problem statements have been achieved. The smart fan, smart light and LCD

display was tested and works properly. There were no errors and everything was just in a good

condition to work properly. Aminah will be delighted when all of the fan, smart light and LCD

display functions properly.

13
 5.2 RESULT

MOTION DETECTOR SYSTEM

For Motion Detector System, before any motion were detect, the Liquid Crystal Display

(LCD) show ‘Nobody’s home’ and the LED is switch off. When Aminah is passing through

the motion detector, the motion detector will be triggered and the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

show ‘WELCOME AMINAH’. Beside the LCD, the LED also will turn on.

SENSOR BEFORE AFTER

LIQUID
CRSTAL
DISPLAY
(LCD)

The LCD show ‘Nobody’s home’ The LCD show ‘WELCOME AMINAH’
LIGHT-
EMITTING
DIODE
(LED) LED is turn off LED is turn on

Table 5.2.1: LCD and LED Result

HEAT SENSOR

While for heat sensor, it depends the environment temperature. When the surrounding

temperature below 30°C, the servo motor not rotate. When the surrounding temperature above

the 30°C, it will trigger the heat sensor, and the servo motor will rotate.

SENSOR BELOW 30°C ABOVE 30°C

HEAT
SENSOR

The servo motor not rotate The servo motor is rotate

Figure 5.2.2: Servo Motor Result

14
 5.3 EVALUATION
In this part, we are evaluating our smart building project through experimental testing

of a physical prototype. Basic requirements are determined, including input and output data

needed. In this project, we have 3 inputs and 3 outputs which is a fan operate at certain

temperature, smart light management based on motion sensor and LCD display “Welcome

Aminah” in her room.

(i) (ii)
(iii)

Figure 5.3.1; (i)Servo Motor/Fan ; (ii)LCD ; (iii)LED

The initial prototype is created in a shoe box represent in a room. The clients and the

end-users verify the prototype and provide valuable feedback on additions or deletions. Also,

necessary changes are made to the final product. Using the feedback from the client and end

user, both the specifications and the prototype can be changed accordingly and improved.

However, the sensor malfunction may occur. in order to ensure all the output function

properly, try relocating the sensor that is failing with another sensor that is not failing. This

will tell if it is an issue with the location of the sensor or if it is an issue with the sensor itself.

If the problem follows the location, try re-positioning the device higher or lower on the wall.

Prototyping is a fast, low-cost and low-risk to future customers. Evaluating a prototype

allows the production costs to be assessed and finalised. This may lead to alternative and

cheaper manufacturing processes being selected, for future production.

15
 5.4 DISCUSSION

This project is all about to create technology that benefiting humankind in daily life and

solved the engineering related problems that have been identified. Technologists love to solve

problems and provided new models for how to accomplish great things with technology. The

mechanism of our project is by using LM35 temperature sensor and PIR motion sensor to

develop a modern house that equipped with high technology system by using Arduino software

and parts. By using the sensors as an input we can develop a smart system that can turn on the

fan, light and also display greeting words. To show how the mechanism of this temperature

and motion sensor in real life, a scaled-down mini model is prepared to simulates the working

principle of this project. The small fan using micro servo is enough to show that the mechanism

of this project works perfectly. The led was used as a light and lcd.

Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of

switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs.

Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicated with software running on

your computer. The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled. The open-

source IDE can be downloaded for free. For this project Arduino system with two inputs and

two output were create and discussed.

Based on the Arduino coding that was made, the fan will turn on when the temperature

sensor reads 27 C°, which is a suitable temperature for comfortable room and the motion sensor

tentative range of detection of about 6–7m and highly sensitive towards any motion will light

up the light and the LCD will print out “Welcome Aminah” to greet the owner. The Arduino

programs have many benefits toward our education sector because it is easy to use for beginner.

It's designed to make new user to get a glimpse and boost their confidence of programming.

Originally, Arduino was designed for beginners to get a taste of programming and hardware

design. It's suitable for making a demo model of any idea yet flexible enough for advanced

16
users to take advantage of as well. Furthermore, Arduino has a lot of peripheral support and

sample application to start with.

Nowadays, the Arduino program also will support our industry toward achieving the

industry 4.0. Arduino program can be included in ones of the ways to achieve 11 pillars of

technology advancement. From the other project we observed, we can control Arduino by using

mobile application. One of the key features of Industry 4.0 is the creation of highly automated

industries through human-machine interaction. Network of intelligent devices connected to

form systems that monitor, collect, exchange and analyse data to Interconnectivity between

sensor devices to cyber physical system. It allowed both communications between machine to

machine and machine to human.

17
 5.5 ANALYSIS
The basic coding of Arduino.

int led = 13;

Figure 5.5.1: LED Pin 13

Here you are declaring the name led to mean 13, which is of type "integer". When

declaring variables in your code, you have to specify the type. For now the only type you will

need to know is int. Every time led appears, the Arduino will write 13. Also note that the line

ends in a semi-colon. When you make assignments, you have to finish them in ";" to note that

you have finished a statement because spacing does not mean anything in the Arduino

language.

int tempMin = 32;

int tempMax = 90;
int servo = 9:
Figure 5.5.2: tempMin, tempMax,servo

This is the declaration of the max temperature and min temperature and the output pin that

servo connected. The sersor will detect between the temperature and cant function if the

temperature below or higher than declare temperature.

void setup(){
Figure 5.5.3: Void Setup

setup() is a specific block of code that runs at the beginning of your program. It will define

certain behviours once when loaded onto the board or the reset button is pressed, and then it

will not run again until the board is reloaded or reset. Every Arduino program has a setup()

section. Blocks of code have to be contained in braces "{ ... }". When you declare a function

you also have to give it a type for when it returns, which you won't have to worry about yet.

For now, the only type you will use is void, meaning that the function does not return a value.

18
int tempPin = A0;
Figure 5.5.4: Assign pin for Temp

Here is the arduino pin that is connecting for temp sensor. The pins on the Arduino can be

configured as either inputs or outputs.

void loop(){
Figure 5.5.5: Void Loop

This is where we define the loop function, which repeats over and over on your device. The

main behavior of your code is in theloop() function

delay(1000);
Figure 5.5.6: Setting Display

This is the same delay as before, but it will keep the pin off for 1 second.

digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
Figure 5.5.7: digitalWrite

digitalWrite() can turn on or off an OUTPUT pin. The first argument (inside of the parenthesis)

is the pin to be turned on or off, and the second argument can turn the pin on HIGH or LOW .

This command turns the voltage on pin 13 to 5 V, which is the HIGH > voltage for an Arduino

Board. Turning up the voltage is like turning on the pin.

serial.printIn (“ Motion Detected!”);

Figure 5.5.8: “Motion Detected”

The LCD will print word according to any word, but in tis project the word printin the LCD

is(“ Motion Detected!”)

19
}

This is the end of the setup() function.

}
This is the end of the loop() function. The loop function will keep repeating itself until you

load another program onto the board.

20
 5.6 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this mini project of ours which is related to ‘Smart House’ is a flying

colour. The problem statement had been solved by managed to fulfil the objectives stated

earlier. We managed to keep Aminah’s room at a very comfortable temperature by creating the

system of where the fan will operate once the desired temperature was reached. This

temperature varies through people, but according to The World Health Organization, the

average suitable temperature for people to live in is around 18°c. This setpoint temperature can

be changed in the coding. Next, we also managed to create a system of where the LED will

light up once movement was detected. This ease the consumer on not to search for the light

switch panel. Other than that, the system of the LED was connected together with LCD panel

of where there will be a displayed of ‘Nobody’s Home’ when there are no people around and

‘Welcome Aminah’ when the sensor detected movement. This help the consumer to feel more

welcome and fell more like ‘Home’. It added up aesthetic value to the environment which also

help to relief stress. In a nutshell, we manage to fulfil the main objectives of this mini project.

We successfully made a prototype where there are 2 input and 2 output. As this is just a

prototype, in a rea-life situation we will be using a real bulb, larger LCD or screen and of course

a real fan. Bigger in size mean higher in cost. Although the setup cost is high at first, but it will

save a lot in the future.

21
6.0 References

Arduino. (NA). Language Reference. Retrieve from https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/

Abhiroop. R. (NA). ARDUINO PIR Motion Detector With 16X2 LCD. Retrieve from

https://www.instructables.com/id/ARDUINO-PIR-Motion-Detector-With-16X2-LCD/

F. Yazdani and F. A. Mohammadi. Intelligent testing for Arduino UNO based on thermal

image R. Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 58, pp. 88–100, 2017.

G. Barbon, M. Margolis, F. Palumbo, F. Raimondi, and N. Weldin. Taking Arduino to the

Internet of Things. The ASIP programming model,” Comput. Commun., vol. 89–90,

pp. 128–140, 2016.

Ravi. (2018, January 25). Automatic Room Lights using Arduino and PIR Sensor.

Retrieve from https://www.electronicshub.org/automatic-room-lights-using-arduino-

pir-sensor/

Raj, A. (2017, August 14). Arduino Motion Detector using PIR Sensor. Retrieve from

https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-motion-detector-using-pir-

sensor

S. Puente, J. Pomares, J. Pérez, D. Mira, F. Torres, and P. O. Box. ScienceDirect

Experiences on using Arduino for laboratory experiments of on. pp. 105–110,

2015.

Smart Technology. (NA). Control Light Room with Arduino and PIR Motion Sensor.

Retrieve from https://www.instructables.com/id/Control-Light-Room-With-Arduino-

and-PIR-Motion-Sen/

22
Seraine. (NA). Motion Activated Servo. Retrieve from

https://www.instructables.com/id/Motion-Activated-Servo/

Qu, G. (2017, November 16). How To Control The Rotation Of Servos By The PIR Sensor

and Force Sensitive Resistor. Retrieve from https://www.sensingthecity.com/how-to-

control-the-rotation-of-servos-by-the-pir-sensor-and-force-sensitive-resistor/

23
7.0 Figure & Table

No Figuree Name Page

1 Figure 4.3.1: Circuit for Motion Detector System 8

2 Figure 4.3.2: Circuit for Heat Detector System 8

3 Figure 4.4.1: Motion Detector System Coding 10

4 Figure 4.4.2: Heat Detector System Coding 11

5 Figure 5.3.1; (i)Servo Motor/Fan ; (ii)LCD ; (iii)LED 15

6 Figure 5.5.1: LED Pin 13 18

7 Figure 5.5.2: tempMin, tempMax,servo 18

8 Figure 5.5.3: Void Setup 18

9 Figure 5.5.4: Assign pin for Temp 19

10 Figure 5.5.5: Void Loop 19

11 Figure 5.5.6: Setting Display 19

12 Figure 5.5.7: digitalWrite 19

13 Figure 5.5.8: “Motion Detected” 19

No Table Name Page

1 Table 4.1.1: Basic Components 4

2 Table 4.1.2: Motion Detector System 5

3 Table 4.1.3: Heat Detector System 6

4 Table 4.2.1: Ledger f or Project Costing 7

5 Table 5.2.1: LCD and LED Result 14

6 Figure 5.2.2: Servo Motor Result 14

24