Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Graduate School of
Natural and Applied Sciences
Department of
Communication Engineering
MEH610 Digital Communication Systems
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KOCAELI UNIVERSITY
Academic Year
2015/2016
Graduate School of
Natural and Applied Sciences
Electronic and Communication Engineering
MEH610 Digital Communication Systems
Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References
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Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
Paving the path to 5G with LTE Advanced Pro – YouTube
Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References
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Congratulations to Turkey!
On 29 Aug 2015, three mobile operator in Turkey; namely Turkcell, Vodafone and
Avea, bid total of over €3.35 billion for the right to use 800, 900, 1800, 2100 and
2600 MHz FDD frequencies on ‘4.5G network’. [1]
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Mobile Technologies' Shares: 2020 Forecast
LTE will be the leading mobile systems technology by 2020
with 44.5% share of subscriptions
8 ms
1 Gbps
LTE LTE-AP
Rel. 8, 9 100 MHz Rel. 13, 14
Marketing
Term 3.9 G 4G 4.5 G 5G
20 ms 0.6 ms
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Introducing LTE Advanced Pro
Rising up to meet the significant expanding connectivity needs of tomorrow
PROPEL MOBILE BROADBAND EVEN FURTHER PROLIFERATE LTE TO NEW USE CASES
Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References
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1. Evolving Carrier Aggregation (CA)
CA feature allows :
Carrier aggregation was first introduced in release 10, with aggregation of up to five carriers,
bandwidths up to 100MHz are supported
More licensed spectrum is also expected to become available, e.g. 3.5GHz band.
In release 13, the carrier-aggregation framework is extended to handle up to 32 carriers in both the
uplink and downlink.
This means LTE terminals will be able to handle bandwidths up to 640MHz, part of which can be
located in unlicensed spectrum.
Accompanied with latency reductions, this will enable tremendous data rates, also in combination
with higher layer protocols such as TCP.
In release 14:
Uplink & downlink aggregation: carrier-aggregation framework is extended to boost uplink data rates
and capacity in addition to downlink.
Dual Connectivity: Aggregation of unlicensed and licensed carriers across non-collocated cells.
Complexity reduction: More efficient HARQ, channel coding and TDD operation for higher data rates.
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2. LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum, aka Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA)
One important aspect of LAA is the fair sharing of The LAA node include a listen-before-talk mechanism
the unlicensed spectrum with other operators LAA targets operator-deployed small cells (e.g.
and other systems such as Wi-Fi. shopping malls, etc.) in the 5GHz band.
The LAA node searches and finds a part of the A complementary solution to exploit unlicensed
unlicensed spectrum with low load. spectrum is Wi-Fi integration.
Licensed spectrum: where each operator has an exclusive license for a certain frequency range so
the interference situation in the network can be controlled as well as performance and QoS.
Unlicensed spectrum: free bands but subject to unpredictable interference situations so that QoS
and availability cannot be guaranteed.
Unlicensed band can be used as a complement to increase user data rates and overall capacity
without compromising on coverage, availability and reliability.
Release 13 supports this by using the carrier-aggregation framework already present in LTE.
It known as LAA. Why ? Carriers in licensed spectrum assist the access to unlicensed spectrum.
LAA will, initially, support downlink traffic with a later extension to handle uplink traffic.
So far, the integration with WiFi is handled in the core network and therefore cannot offer the full
potential unleashed by LAA.
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2. Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA)
Unlicensed spectrum carries (parts of)
less demanding QoS traffic.
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Approx. 2X Coverage Improvement Outdoors
Downlink throughput in unlicensed spectrum for each location on test route.
Increased coverage
Provi di ng same performance a t a higher
pa th l oss (further distance) contributes to
LAA’s i mproved coverage over Wi-Fi.
2) 25 Mbps LAA vs 10 Mbps Wi-Fi at same path loss. 3) At 10 Mbps downlink speed in 5 GHz
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LAA Benefits Everyone Sharing the Same 5 GHz Channel
16.3 Mbps
Downlink Throughput in 5 GHz
10.8 Mbps
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3. Ultra-Low Latency Enhancements
Lower latency improves throughput performance, enables better user experience for real-time
applications and support for new delay-sensitive use cases, such as traffic safety/control and
control of critical infrastructure and industry processes.
LTE-Advanced Pro tackles the latency problem by:
a) Instant Uplink Access:
- Pre-Allocating Uplink Grants
- Asynchronous Uplink ACK
b) Evolving FDD/TDD design
- Shortening Transmission-Time Interval
- New self-contained TDD sub-frames
- Dynamic UL/DL configuration
c) Reduced Processing Time
in Terminals and Base Stations
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3. Ultra-Low Latency (Instant Uplink Access)
Pre-Allocating Uplink Grants Asynchronous Uplink ACK
A large part of the latency in the physical layer is caused by the time taken to provide a transmission
grant to the device and acknowledge received data.
A number of promising solutions for improving uplink grant procedures are under discussion, for
instance:
Pre-allocating uplink grants will eliminate a large part of the fixed delay.
This kind of technique is known from semi-persistent scheduling for voice services, but can also be
applied to other services where a small amount of data is transmitted in a more random fashion.
The fixed latency incurred by the current synchronous ACK is also reconsidered.
As an alternative, the asynchronous ACK used in the downlink may be employed along with
potentially restricted data sizes
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3. Ultra-Low Latency (Shortening Transmission-Time Interval)
Shortening the TTI by reducing the number of symbols
is the most promising approach when seeking to
maintain backwards compatibility and usability in
existing LTE bands.
Shorter Time Transmission Interval (TTI), Significantly
lower Round Trip Time (RTT).
Longer TTI for higher spectral efficiency (SE).
New FDD design delivers 10x reduction in latency
Today, Over-the air latency based on:
- LTE HARQ RTT = 20ms (ba sed on 14 s ymbol TTI) FDD
- LTE-A HARQ RTT = 8ms (ba s ed on 7 s ymbol TTI) Faster
HARQ RTT
- LTE-AP HARQ RTT = 0.6ms (ba sed on 1 s ymbol TTI)
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3. Ultra-Low Latency (Adaptive UL/DL Configuration)
New TDD Mode New FDD Mode
DL Band
UL Band
DL Band
UL Band
Ba s ed on traffic conditions, changing UL/DL configurations dynamically will offer more flexible ca pacity.
New FDD Adaptive UL/DL Configuration (Proposed in Release 14)
- i s s uitable for small cell deployments where UE a nd BS transmission power a re more similar
- Requires advanced receivers for s uperior performance with Interference Cancellation
Release 13: 2D codebook support for 8, 12 and 16 antenna elements with Reference Signal enhancements for BF
Release 14+: Support higher order massive MIMO > 16 antenna elements which is a key enabler for higher
spectrum bands and an evolution towards Massive MIMO (setting the path to 5G)
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Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References
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1. Scaling to Connect the Internet of Things (IoE)
The internet of everything (IoE) is bringing a massive surge of smart, connected things
The number of ‘communicating machines,’ that is, machines sending or receiving information via
LTE, is expected to increase dramatically.
MTC is a very wide term with vastly different requirements depending on the application, many of
which are already well supported by LTE from the first release.
One important category of MTC is known as massive MTC, where low cost and low power
consumption at the terminal side are significantly more important than high data rates.
Examples of massive MTC use cases include remote reading of utility meters, control of door locks
and street lights, road sensors for smarter traffic management, and various kinds of home
automation.
To expand LTE into an even wider range of massive MTC use cases, 3GPP is working on further
enhancing LTE in terms of:
reduced device cost
reduced power consumption
extended coverage
Handling massive numbers of devices.
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Massive Internet of Everything (IoE)
Optimizing to connect anything, anywhere with efficient, low cost communications
Smart Cities Smart Homes Utility Metering
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1. Scaling to Connect the Internet of Things (IoE)
The first steps were already taken in release 12 but release 13 provides further enhancements.
Currently, all LTE devices on a carrier must support the full carrier bandwidth of up to 20MHz and therefore, depending
on the carrier frequency, typically support multiple bandwidths.
This provides a great deal of deployment flexibility, and allows all devices to exploit the full performance of the
bandwidth deployed.
However, from a cost perspective, a single small bandwidth on the radio side such as 1.4MHz allows for simpler radio
implementation and thereby lower device cost. As the data rates handled are low, this can be done without any negative
impact.
Release 13 therefore supports the coexistence of 1.4MHz narrow-band devices with current LTE devices on a single,
wider-band carrier.
To further reduce cost, these low-cost MTC devices operate using half-duplex and a single antenna, and will limit the
data rate to 1Mbit/s – all without negatively impacting the performance of existing fully flexible LTE devices.
Release 13 also introduces a new lower device transmission-power class, allowing for the baseband and radio parts to
be integrated on the same chip to further reduce cost blew 1 USD.
Release 12 introduce a power-saving mode that allows a device to operate for more than 10 years on a single AA type
battery.
Release 13 improves the power-saving mode to maximize the amount of time a device can sleep to save power.
Since the devices support up to 1Mbit/s, even relatively large amounts of data can be provided in a short period of time,
which is more power-efficient than a lower data rate over a longer period of time.
Coverage can be a crucial issue for some applications; for example, remote reading of utility meters located in the
basement of a building.
Release 13 provide an improvement of 15dB compared with current FDD networks ’ coverage.
Release 13 employs various forms of repetition and power-boosting techniques.
Although such techniques come at a cost in terms of overhead, the fraction of MTC devices requiring extended coverage
is modest, and hence the overall system impact is fairly small.
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2. New Ways to Connect and Interact
Devices are no longer just end points but integral parts of the network
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Empowering Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communications
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Shared LTE Broadcast For New Media Delivery Models*
Common eMBMS-only carrier Users access content Users can access content even
shared across Mobile Operators unbundled from transport without operator’s subscription
Reverse Auctions
Retail Discovery Personalizing promotions
of merchants, products, …
Digital Out-of-Home
Event Discovery Personalizing digital signs
of music, sporting, …
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Public Safety Services
Release 13 provide robust D2D communications by
supporting:
1. Both in-coverage and out-of-coverage discovery.
2. Multicarrier discovery.
3. Relaying solutions to extend coverage for example, to
provide communication to rescue personnel deep
inside buildings.
4. Priorities to handle congested situations by assigning
priorities for different groups of users
In D2D communication, the role of network is to assist
in-device discovery, synchronization and security.
Mission-Critical Push-to-Talk
(MCPTT) Safety Service
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In summary: a Rich Roadmap of LTE Advanced Pro features
Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References
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Case Study:
Turkey’s Mobile Operators
Evolution towards 4.5 G
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In summary: LTE-Advanced Pro ‘4.5G’ Network
A network is considered as LTE-Advanced Pro “4.5G” when one of the following Enhancements is achieved:
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Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References
KOCAELI UNIVERSITY
Academic Year
2015/2016
Graduate School of
Natural and Applied Sciences
Electronic and Communication Engineering
MEH610 Digital Communication Systems
Adaptive Beam-Forming
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Motivation (Why we need Beam-Forming ?)
The radiated energy in almost same The radiated energy in direction to UEs
amount in all direction but a large are much stronger than the other
portions of energy not directed to parts which is not directed to UEs.
those UEs is wasted
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Basic Concept:
Phased Array Beam-Forming
Phased Array is a directive antenna made with
individual radiating sources (several units to
thousands of elements).
Radiating Elements might be: dipoles, open-
ended waveguides, slotted waveguides, micro-
strip antennas, helices, spirals etc.
The Shape and Direction of pattern is
determined by:
1. Number of Radiating Elements
2. Relative Phases and Amplitudes applied to
each radiating element
3. Spacing between radiating elements
4. Operating Frequency
Generic Adaptive
Antenna Array System
For optimal transmission/reception of the
desired signal d, a n a daptive update of the
Weight Vector W i s needed to steer spatial
fi l tering beam to the target’s time-varying
DOA a nd thus get ri d of interferers.
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General Classifications Of Adaptive Array Algorithms
Non-blind Adaptive Algorithms Blind Adaptive Algorithms
rel y on s tatistical knowledge do not require prior training, a nd
a bout the transmitted signal i n hence they a re referred to as
order to converge to a s olution. “bl i nd” algorithms.
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Adaptive Beam-Forming by LMS Algorithm
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Error Performance
Adaptive Beam-Forming by LMS
Algorithm
= step size
Initialization:
Computation: For
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Adaptive Beam-Forming by NLMS Algorithm
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Error Performance
Adaptive Beam-Forming by NLMS
Algorithm
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Adaptive Beam-Forming by RLS Algorithm
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Error Performance
Adaptive Beam-Forming by RLS
Algorithm
Advantages:
It onl y needs the instantaneous a mplitude of the array output
, thereby, No s ynchronization is required.
Si mple to implement.
Non-Constant Modulus CM source
Dis-Advantages: source constellation Constellation
Li mi ted Applications since it valid only for constant modulus (16-QAM) (4-PSK)
Si gnals
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Adaptive Beam-Forming by CM Algorithm
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Eye-Diagram Performance
Adaptive Beam-Forming by CM Algorithm
Transmitted Signal Received Signal before BF Received Signal After BF
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Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References
References
[1] http://www.dailysabah.com/technology/2015/08/26/turkeys-45g-mobile-technology-tender-concludes-with-a-record-bid-
of-396-billion
[2] http://www.huawei.com/en/news/2016/2/Huawei-Opened-Massive-Commercial-Use-Era-of-45G
[3] http://www.huawei.com/en/news/2016/5/Huawei-Helps-Turkey-with-45G
[4] White paper: LTE-Advanced Pro Pushing LTE capabilities towards 5G, Nokia Solutions and Networks
[5] White paper: Nokia Active Antenna Systems: A step-change in base station site performance, Nokia Solutions and Networks
[6] Ericsson White paper: LTE release 13, Uen 284 23-8267 | April 2015 ,
[7] Leading the path towards 5G with LTE Advanced Pro January 2016 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
[8] Progress on LAA and its relationship to LTE-U and MulteFire™ Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. February 22, 2016
[9] Mobile technology shares: 2020 forecast, Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA), March 3, 2016.
[10] Global 4.5G Development presented in Turkey 4.5G Industry Summit on May 10, 2016 – Istanbul, Turkey
[11] LTE MTC: Optimizing LTE Advanced for Machine-Type Communications, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. November 2014
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