KIMIA DASAR

VII Solution

B.Ellyana, B.Tjandra
Fakultas Teknobiologi
Universitas Surabaya
 MATTER
yes Can it be physically
no
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)

Colloids Suspensions
* A solution is a homogeneous
mixture of two or more
substances, consisting of ions
or molecules.
* The solvent is present in
greatest abundance.
* All other substances are
solutes.
* Ionic substances breakup into individual
cations and anions.
* Polar water molecules interact with the
positive and negative ions of a salt.
* Ethanol is soluble in water because of
the polar OH bond.
* Nonpolar oil does not interact with polar
water.
* Water-water hydrogen bonds keep the
water from mixing with the nonpolar
molecules.
* Molecular structure-like dissolves like
* ionic nature
* polarity
* Temperature
* Increased temperatures increase solubility of solids
dissolved in liquids.
* Increased temperatures decrease solubility of gasses
dissolved in liquids.
* Pressure
* Increased pressures increase solubility of gasses
dissolved in liquids.
 Solution Composition
* The solubility of a solute is limited.
 Unsaturated solution
A solution (with less solute than the saturated
solution) that completely dissolves, leaving no
remaining substances.
 Saturated solution
A solution with solute that dissolves until it is
unable to dissolve anymore, leaving the
undissolved substances at the bottom.
 Supersaturated solution
A solution (with more solute than the saturated
solution) that contains more undissolved solute than
the saturated solution because of its tendency to
crystallize and precipitate.
 Solution Composition
* Solutions are mixtures.
* Amounts of substances can vary in
different solutions.
 Specify the amounts of solvent and
solutes.
 Qualitative measures of concentration
 concentrated – relatively large
amount of solute
 dilute – relatively small amount of
solute
 Mass Percent

mass of solute
Mass percent =  100%
mass of solution

grams of solute
Mass percent =  100%
grams of solute + grams of solvent
What is the percent-by-mass concentration
of glucose in a solution made my
dissolving 5.5 g of glucose in 78.2 g of
water?

[5.5 g / (5.5 g + 78.2 g)] × 100% = 6.6% glucose

(a) A solution is made by dissolving 13.5 g of glucose (C6H12O6)
in 0.100 kg of water. What is the mass percentage of solute in
this solution? (b) A 2.5-g sample of groundwater was found to
contain 5.4 μg of Zn2+ What is the concentration of Zn2+ in
parts per million?

(a)

(b)
(a) Calculate the mass percentage of NaCl in a solution
containing 1.50 g of NaCl in 50.0 g of water. (b) A commercial
bleaching solution contains 3.62 mass % sodium hypochlorite,
NaOCl. What is the mass of NaOCl in a bottle containing 2500 g
of bleaching solution?

(a) % NaCl = [1.5 / (50 + 1.5 )] X 100 = 2.9126 %

(b) mass NaOCl = g / 2500 = 0.00362

g = 90.5 gr
 Molarity

* Molarity (M) = moles of solute per

volume of solution in liters:

moles of solute
M = Molarity =
liters of solution

6 moles of HCl
3 M HCl =
2 liters of solution
You have 1.00 mol of sugar in 125.0 mL of
solution. Calculate the concentration in
units of molarity.

1.00 mol / (125.0ml / 1000) = 8.00 M

A 500.0-g sample of potassium phosphate
is dissolved in enough water to make 1.50
L of solution. What is the molarity of the
solution?

500.0 g / 212.27 g/mol = 2.355 mol K3PO4

molarity : 2.355 mol/1.50 L = 1.57 M
You have a 10.0 M sugar solution. What
volume of this solution do you need to
have 2.00 mol of sugar?

2.00 mol / 10.0 M = 0.200 L

Consider separate solutions of NaOH and KCl
made by dissolving 100.0 g of each solute in
250.0 mL of solution. Calculate the
concentration of each solution in units of
molarity.

[100.0 g NaOH / 39.998 g/mol] / [250.0ml / 1000] = 10.01 M

NaOH

[100.0 g KCl / 74.55 g/mol] / [250.0ml / 1000] = 5.366 M KCl

You have two HCl solutions, labeled Solution A and
Solution B. Solution A has a greater concentration than
Solution B. Which of the following statements are true?

a) If you have equal volumes of both solutions,

Solution B must contain more moles of HCl.
b) If you have equal moles of HCl in both solutions,
Solution B must have a greater volume.
c) To obtain equal concentrations of both solutions, you
must add a certain amount of water to Solution B.
d) Adding more moles of HCl to both solutions will make
them less concentrated.
* For a 0.25 M CaCl2 solution:
CaCl2 → Ca2+ + 2Cl–

 Ca2+: 1 × 0.25 M = 0.25 M Ca2+

 Cl–: 2 × 0.25 M = 0.50 M Cl–.
Which of the following solutions contains
the greatest number of ions?

a) 400.0 mL of 0.10 M NaCl.

b) 300.0 mL of 0.10 M CaCl2.
c) 200.0 mL of 0.10 M FeCl3.
d) 800.0 mL of 0.10 M sucrose.

a) 0.080 mol of ions (0.400 L × 0.10 M × 2).

b) 0.090 mol of ions (0.300 L × 0.10 M × 3).
c) 0.080 mol of ions (0.200 L × 0.10 M × 4).
d) does not contain any ions because sucrose does not break
up into ions.
 Amount of solute
Most concentration units
are expressed as: Amount of solvent or solution

*Molarity: moles of solute/liter of solution.

Molarity varies with temperature (expansion or
contraction of solution).
*Percent by mass: grams of solute/grams of
solution (then multiplied by 100%)
*Percent by volume: milliliters of
solute/milliliters of solution (then multiplied by
100%)
*Mass/volume percent: grams of
solute/milliliters of solution (then multiplied by
100%)
Molality (m): moles of solute/kilograms of
solvent.
*Molality is based on mass of solvent (not
solution!) and is independent of temperature.

*Mole fraction (xi): moles of component i per

moles of all components (the solution).

*Mole percent: mole fraction times 100%.

Problem
An ethanol-water solution is prepared by dissolving
10.00 mL of ethanol, C2H5OH (d=0.789 g/mL) in a
sufficient volume of water to produce 100.0 mL of a
solution of a with a density of 0.982 g/mL. What is
the concentration of EtOH in the solution expressed
as
a) volume %
b) mass %
c) mass/volume %
d) mole fraction
e) mole percent
f) molarity
g) molality
1 Solute
Volume C2H5OH = 10.00 mL (given)
Mass C2H5OH = 10.00 mL × 0.789 g/mL = 7.89 g
Moles C2H5OH =7.89 g / 46.07 = 0.171 mol

2 Solution
Volume of Solution = 100.0 mL (given)
Mass of Solution = 100.0 mL × 0.982 g/mL = 98.2 g

3 Solvent
Mass H2O (Solvent) = Mass Solution -Mass Solute
= 98.2 g - 7.89 g = 90.3 g
Moles H2O (Solvent) = 90.3 g /18.02 = 5.01 mol
* A solution whose concentration is
accurately known.
* Weigh out a sample of solute.
* Transfer to a volumetric flask.
* Add enough solvent to mark on flask.
*One can also dilute a more concentrated
solution by
*Using a pipet to deliver a volume of the
solution to a new volumetric flask, and
*Adding solvent to the line on the neck of the
new flask.
* The process of adding water to a
concentrated or stock solution to achieve
the molarity desired for a particular
solution.
* Dilution with water does not alter the
numbers of moles of solute present.
* Moles of solute before dilution = moles
of solute after dilution
M1V1 = M2V2
Titration is an
analytical
technique in
which one can
calculate the
concentration
of a solute in
a solution.
A 0.50 M solution of sodium chloride in an
open beaker sits on a lab bench. Which of
the following would decrease the
concentration of the salt solution?
a) Add water to the solution.
b) Pour some of the solution down the sink drain.
c) Add more sodium chloride to the solution.
d) Let the solution sit out in the open air for a couple
of days.
What is the minimum volume of a 2.00 M
NaOH solution needed to make 150.0 mL
of a 0.800 M NaOH solution?

M1V1 = M2V2
(2.00 M)(V1) = (0.800 M)(150.0 mL)
V1 = 60 mL
10.0 mL of a 0.30 M sodium phosphate solution
reacts with 20.0 mL of a 0.20 M lead(II) nitrate
solution (assume no volume change).

2Na3PO4 (aq) + 3Pb(NO3)2 (aq) → 6NaNO3 (aq) + Pb3(PO4)2 (s)

 What precipitate will form? Pb3(PO4)2

 What mass of precipitate will form?
Na3PO4 = 0.01 L x 0.3 M = 0.003 mol
Pb(NO3)2 = 0.02 L x 0.2 M = 0.004 mol (limiting)
Pb3(PO4)2 = 1/3 x 0.004 mol x 811.54g/mol = 1.0821 g

 What is the balanced net ionic equation for Pb3(PO4)2?

2PO4-3 + 3Pb2+ Pb3(PO4)2(s)
 Calculate concentration of nitrate ions for this reaction

2NO3- + Pb2+ Pb(NO3)2(aq)

NO3- : (2 x0.004 mol)/0.03 L = 0.2666 M

 Calculate concentration of phosphate ions for this reaction

3 Na+ + PO4-3 Na3PO4 (aq)

PO4-3 :0.003 – (2/3 x 0.004) = 0.00033 mol / 0.03 L = 0.011 M
*Arrhenius defined
acids as substances
that increase the
concentration of H+
when dissolved in
water.
*Brønsted and Lowry
defined them as
proton donors.
There are only seven
strong acids:
•Hydrochloric (HCl)
•Hydrobromic (HBr)
•Hydroiodic (HI)
•Nitric (HNO3)
•Sulfuric (H2SO4)
•Chloric (HClO3)
•Perchloric (HClO4)
*Arrhenius defined
bases as substances
that increase the
concentration of OH−
when dissolved in
water.
*Brønsted and Lowry
defined them as
proton acceptors.
The strong bases
are the soluble
metal salts of
hydroxide ion:
•Alkali metals
•Calcium
•Strontium
•Barium
* An acid-base reaction is called a
neutralization reaction.
* Steps to solve these problems are the
same as before.
* For a strong acid and base reaction:
H+(aq) + OH–(aq)  H2O(l)
In an acid-base
reaction, the acid
donates a proton
(H+) to the base.
Generally, when solutions of an acid and a
base are combined, the products are a
salt and water.

CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

When a strong acid reacts with a strong base, the net ionic
equation is…

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq) 

Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)  H2O (l)

 For the titration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), how many moles of
sodium hydroxide would be required to react with
1.00 L of 0.500 M sulfuric acid?

The balanced equation : H2SO4 + 2NaOH → 2H2O + Na2SO4

NaOH : 2 x (0.5 M x 1 L ) = 1 mol

If I use 8.34 ml of a 0.1562 M solution of NaOH to
titrate or neutralize 10.12 ml of a monoprotic acid,
what is the concentration of the acid?

HA + NaOH Salt + H2O

HA : 0.00834 L x 0.1562 mol/L = 0.00013 mol

: 0.0013 mol / 0.01012 L = 0.1287 M
 * One equivalent of acid – amount of
acid that furnishes 1 mol of H+ ions.
* One equivalent of base – amount of
base that furnishes 1 mol of OH ions
* Equivalent weight – mass in grams of 1
equivalent of acid or base.

number of equivalents equivalents equiv

Normality = N = = =
1 liter of solution liter L
 If Ba(OH)2 is used as a base, how many
equivalents of Ba(OH)2 are there in 4
mol Ba(OH)2?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 16

Each mole of Ba(OH)2 provides 2 moles of OH–, we have

two equivalents for each mole or 8 equivalents.
* Colligative properties of solutions depend on the
concentration of solute particles but not on their
identity .

* Colligative properties include:

* Osmotic pressure
* Vapor pressure lowering
* Boiling point elevation
* Freezing point depression
 Van’t Hoff explained that when solutes are dissolved
in a solvent they dissociate into ions.
 Since colligative properties depend only on the
number of solute particles, the dissociation of solute
molecules into ions results in an increase in the number
of particles and hence affects the colligative property.

i = 1 for non-electrolytes
 Strong Weak Non-
Electrolyte Electrolyte Electrolyte
Ionizes completely 0<% ionization<100 Doesn’t ionize
Good conductor Poor conductor Insulator
Strong acids and Weak acids and Sucrose, ethanol,
strong bases such as weak bases such as methanol,
HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HF, NH3, CH3COOH substances that
HNO3, HClO3, HClO4, remain molecules
LiOH, KOH, NaOH, when dissolved in
Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 water
Dissociates Only dissociates Does not
completely when partially when dissociate into ions
dissolved in water dissolved in water
 Osmosis
A process in which solvent molecules diffuse through a
barrier that does not allow the passage of solute particles.
The barrier is called a semipermeable membrane.

 Osmotic Pressure
Pressure that can be exerted on the solution to prevent
osmosis
The pressure required to stop osmosis, known as
osmotic pressure, , is

n
 =i ( )RT = iMRT
V
where i = van 't Hoff factor of the solute
M is the molarity of the solution

If the osmotic pressure is the same on both sides of a

membrane (i.e., the concentrations are the same), the
solutions are isotonic.
What is the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by adding
13.65 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) to enough water to make 250
mL of solution at 25 °C?
For nonelectrolyte
MW sucrose = 12(12) + 22(1) + 11(16) = 342 solutes, i = 1

nsucrose = 13.65 g x 1 mol/342 g = 0.04 mol

Msucrose = nsucrose/Volumesolution
Msucrose = 0.04 mol/(250 mL x 1 L/1000 mL) = 0.16 mol/L

T = 25 + 273 = 298 K

Π = iMRT
Π = 1 x 0.16 mol/L x 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K x 298 K
Π = 3.9 atm
 Vapor pressure measures the concentration of
solvent molecules in the gas phase.

As solute molecules

are added to a solution,
the solvent become less
volatile (=decreased
vapor pressure).

Therefore, the vapor

pressure of a solution is
lower than that of the
pure solvent.
Relationship between vapor pressure lowering and
concentration in an ideal solution is stated in
Raoult’ law.

PA = XAPA
where
•XA is the mole fraction of solution
•PA is vapor pressure of pure solvent
• PA is vapor pressure of solution
1. Glycerin (C3H8O3) is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with a
density of 1.26 g/mL at 25°C. Calculate the vapor pressure at
25°C of a solution made by adding 50.0 mL of glycerin to
500.0 mL of water. The vapor pressure of pure water at 25°C
is 23.8 torr.
Solute-solvent
interactions also
cause solutions to
have higher boiling
points and lower
freezing points than
the pure solvent.
 The change in boiling point is proportional to
the molality of the solution:
Tb = i. Kb  m
Where,
∆Tb is the increase in temperature from the
pure solvent’s boiling point
Kb is the boiling point constant of a particular
solvent,
m is the molality (moles of solute per kg of
solvent)
*The change in freezing point can be found
similarly:
Tf =i. Kf  m

Where,
Kf is freezing point constant of the solvent.
Tf is the decrease in temperature from the pure
solvent’s freezing point.
 Calculations of Freezing Point
Lowering and Boiling Point Elevation
What will be the coldest temperature of an ice water
solution with 2.262 kg of salt in 3.0 gallon container with
about 5.0 kg of water? What will be the boiling Point?

2262 g NaCl (1mole NaCl/58.5 g) = 39 moles NaCl

39 moles NaCl x 2 (two particles or ions are formed) = 78
ΔTf = Kf . (mol solute/Kg solvent) = 1.858 (78/5.0)= 29oC
0.0oC – 29oC = - 29oC freezing point

ΔTb = Kb . (mol solute/Kg solvent) = 0.52 (78/5.0) = 8.1oC

100.00oC + 8.1oC = 108.1oC boiling point

67
* Because these properties depend on the number of
particles dissolved, solutions of electrolytes (which
dissociate in solution) show greater changes than those
of nonelectrolytes.
* Colligative properties are proportional to number of
particles in solution.
* Example:
MgCl2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)
In this case the number of particles increases to 3
particles. Therefore, we would multiply the colligative
property amount by 3.
* Which of the following aqueous solutions is
expected to have the lowest freezing point?

* 0.5 m CH3CH2OH
Forms 1 particle per molecule or formula
unit: 1 x 0.5 m particles = 0.5 m particles
* 0.5 m Ca(NO3)2
Forms 3 particle per molecule or formula
unit: 3 x 0.5 m particles = 1.5 m particles

* 0.5 m KBr
Forms 2 particle per molecule or formula
unit: 2 x 0.5 m particles = 1.0 m particles

Thus Ca(NO3)2 should the greatest freezing point

lowering or the lowest freezing point.
Antifreeze lowers the
freezing point of your
radiator fluid and raises the
boiling point.
Salting roads melts the ice.

Making Ice Cream

Salt lower the freezing
point of the ice water
cold enough to freeze
the ice cream.
 Solution Suspension Colloid

Cloudy and Cloudy and

Clear and
Appearance heterogeneo homogeneo
homogeneous
us us

Particle Size < 1nm > 100nm 1- 100nm

none -- light light is
Effect of Light
passes through, dispersed
Tyndall Effect variable
particles do not by colloidal
reflect light particles
Effect of particles
none none
Sedimentation settle out
*Colloidal suspensions
can scatter rays of light.
*This phenomenon is
known as the Tyndall
effect.