IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP USING PACKET TRACER

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT
(DEPARTMENT’S COPY)

Submitted by:
ANURAG (16BCS1597)

Submitted to:
Ms. Kirti Joshi

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Chandigarh University, Gharuan
PROJECT REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in this Project Report entitled “Implementation of
DHCP using packet tracer” being submitted by “Anurag” - UID “ 16BCS1597” , 7th
Semester for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of “Bachelor of
Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering ” discipline in “ Chandigarh University
” during the academic session July-Dec 2019 is a record of bonafide piece of work, carried out
by student under my supervision and guidance in the “Department of Computer Science
& Engineering”, Chandigarh University.

APPROVED & GUIDED BY:

Ms. Kirti Joshi

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PROJECT REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP

DECLARATION

We, students of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering, 7th Semester,
session: July – Dec 2019, Chandigarh University, hereby declare that the work presented in
this Project Report entitled “Implementation of DHCP using packet tracer” is the outcome of
our own work, is bona fide and correct to the best of our knowledge and this work has been
carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not infringe any
patented work and has not been submitted to any other university or anywhere else for the
award of any degree or any professional diploma.

Anurag (16BCS1597)

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PROJECT REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the occasion of presenting this project report, we wish to express our deep and profound
feelings of gratitude to our friends, classmates and teachers, who helped us with their valuable
advices in the completion of my project.
First of all, we express my deep gratitude to Almighty, the supreme guide, for bestowing his
blessings upon us in our entire endeavor. We are grateful to my respected academic coordinator
for providing all the facilities for the development of this project.
We would also like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our head of the department for rendering
all possible help and support during the development, implementation and presentation of the
project.

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PROJECT REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP

ABSTRACT

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used
on UDP/IP networks whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other
network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can communicate with
other IP networks. A DHCP server enables computers to request IP addresses and networking
parameters automatically from the Internet service provider (ISP), reducing the need for
a network administrator or a user to manually assign IP addresses to all network devices. In the
absence of a DHCP server, a computer or other device on the network needs to be manually
assigned an IP address, or to assign itself an APIPA address, which will not enable it to
communicate outside its local subnet.
DHCP can be implemented on networks ranging in size from home networks to large campus
networks and regional Internet service provider networks. A router or a residential
gateway can be enabled to act as a DHCP server. Most residential network routers receive a
globally unique IP address within the ISP network. Within a local network, a DHCP server
assigns a local IP address to each device connected to the network.
The DHCP employs a connectionless service model, using the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP). It is implemented with two UDP port numbers for its operations which are
the same as for the bootstrap protocol (BOOTP). UDP port number 67 is the destination port
of a server, and UDP port number 68 is used by the client. DHCP operations fall into four
phases: server discovery, IP lease offer, IP lease request, and IP lease acknowledgement.
These stages are often abbreviated as DORA for discovery, offer, request, and
acknowledgement. The DHCP operates based on the client–server model. When a computer
or other device connects to a network, the DHCP client software sends a
DHCP broadcast query requesting the necessary information.

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PROJECT REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 7

2. OPERATION 8-10

3. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 11

4. TEAM WORK DISTRIBUTION 11

5. CONFIGURATION 12-14

6. SCOPE OF PROJECT 15

7. SCREENSHOTS 15

8. REFERENCES 16

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PROJECT REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP

1. INTRODUCTION

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used
on UDP/IP networks whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other
network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can communicate with
other IP networks. A DHCP server enables computers to request IP addresses and networking
parameters automatically from the Internet service provider (ISP), reducing the need for
a network administrator or a user to manually assign IP addresses to all network devices. In the
absence of a DHCP server, a computer or other device on the network needs to be manually
assigned an IP address, or to assign itself an APIPA address, which will not enable it to
communicate outside its local subnet.
DHCP can be implemented on networks ranging in size from home networks to large campus
networks and regional Internet service provider networks. A router or a residential
gateway can be enabled to act as a DHCP server. Most residential network routers receive a
globally unique IP address within the ISP network. Within a local network, a DHCP server
assigns a local IP address to each device connected to the network.

The DHCP operates based on the client–server model. When a computer or other device
connects to a network, the DHCP client software sends a DHCP broadcast query requesting the
necessary information. Any DHCP server on the network may service the request. The DHCP
server manages a pool of IP addresses and information about client configuration parameters
such as default gateway, domain name, the name servers, and time servers. On receiving a
DHCP request, the DHCP server may respond with specific information for each client, as
previously configured by an administrator, or with a specific address and any other information
valid for the entire network and for the time period for which the allocation (lease) is valid. A
DHCP client typically queries for this information immediately after booting, and periodically
thereafter before the expiration of the information. When a DHCP client refreshes an
assignment, it initially requests the same parameter values, but the DHCP server may assign a
new address based on the assignment policies set by administrators.

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2. OPERATION

The DHCP employs a connectionless service model, using the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP). It is implemented with two UDP port numbers for its operations which are
the same as for the bootstrap protocol (BOOTP). UDP port number 67 is the destination port
of a server, and UDP port number 68 is used by the client.

DHCP operations fall into four phases: server discovery, IP lease offer, IP lease request, and
IP lease acknowledgement. These stages are often abbreviated as DORA for discovery, offer,
request, and acknowledgement.

The DHCP operation begins with clients broadcasting a request. If the client and server are
on different subnets, a DHCP Helper or DHCP Relay Agent may be used. Clients requesting
renewal of an existing lease may communicate directly via UDP unicast, since the client
already has an established IP address at that point. Additionally, there is a BROADCAST flag
(1 bit in 2 byte flags field, where all other bits are reserved and so are set to 0) the client can
use to indicate in which way (broadcast or unicast) it can receive the DHCPOFFER: 0x8000
for broadcast, 0x0000 for unicast. Usually, the DHCPOFFER is sent through unicast. For
those hosts which cannot accept unicast packets before IP addresses are configured, this flag
can be used to work around this issue.

2.1 Discovery

The DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message on the network subnet using the
destination address 255.255.255.255 (limited broadcast) or the specific subnet broadcast
address (directed broadcast). A DHCP client may also request its last known IP address. If
the client remains connected to the same network, the server may grant the request.
Otherwise, it depends whether the server is set up as authoritative or not. An authoritative
server denies the request, causing the client to issue a new request. A non-authoritative server
simply ignores the request, leading to an implementation-dependent timeout for the client to
expire the request and ask for a new IP address.

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For example, if HTYPE is set to 1, to specify that the medium used is Ethernet, HLEN is set
to 6 because an Ethernet address (MAC address) is 6 octets long. The CHADDR is set to the
MAC address used by the client. Some options are set as well.

2.2 Offer

When a DHCP server receives a DHCPDISCOVER message from a client, which is an IP

address lease request, the DHCP server reserves an IP address for the client and makes a
lease offer by sending a DHCPOFFER message to the client. This message contains the
client's client id (traditionally a MAC address), the IP address that the server is offering, the
subnet mask, the lease duration, and the IP address of the DHCP server making the offer. The
DHCP server may also take notice of the hardware-level MAC address in the underlying
transport layer: according to current RFCs the transport layer MAC address may be used if no
client ID is provided in the DHCP packet.
The DHCP server determines the configuration based on the client's hardware address as
specified in the CHADDR (client hardware address) field. Here the server, 192.168.1.1,
specifies the client's IP address in the YIADDR (your IP address) field.

2.3 Request

In response to the DHCP offer, the client replies with a DHCPREQUEST message, broadcast
to the server, requesting the offered address. A client can receive DHCP offers from multiple
servers, but it will accept only one DHCP offer. Based on required server
identification option in the request and broadcast messaging, servers are informed whose
offer the client has accepted. When other DHCP servers receive this message, they withdraw
any offers that they have made to the client and return the offered IP address to the pool of
available addresses.

2.4 Acknowledgement

When the DHCP server receives the DHCPREQUEST message from the client, the
configuration process enters its final phase. The acknowledgement phase involves sending a
DHCPACK packet to the client. This packet includes the lease duration and any other

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configuration information that the client might have requested. At this point, the IP
configuration process is completed.
The protocol expects the DHCP client to configure its network interface with the negotiated
parameters.
After the client obtains an IP address, it should probe the newly received address (e.g. with
ARP Address Resolution Protocol) to prevent address conflicts caused by overlapping
address pools of DHCP servers.

ILLUSTRATION

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PROJECT REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP

3. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

 Hardware: -
1. Monitor
2. Keyboard
3. Mouse
 Software: -
1. Windows 7 or more
2. Cisco Packet Tracer 7.0 or higher

4. TEAM WORK DISTRIBUTION

1. Arsh Chauhan(16BCS1586):
This team member has dealt with the design and implementation of the front end and
functionalities of the project.
2. Sohan Deb(16BCS1577):
This team member has dealt with the internal coding required for the working of this
project.

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PROJECT REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP

5. CONFIGURATION

 Step 1: First configure the DHCP service on the router, so

we will first enable the two interfaces and place their respective IP addresses with their
Subnet Mask.
To do this, the following commands will be written in global configuration for the R1
router:
Int Fa0/0
Ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.255.0
No shutdown
Int Fa0/1
Ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
No shutdown
Do write memory
 Step 2: Now you will proceed to enable a logical interface inside the router, these type of
interfaces are very useful since these are always on if the router is on too. But it is good
practice to always make sure that the logical interface is turned on.
To do this we will place the following commands in the global configuration:
Int loopback 1
Ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
No shutdown
 Step 3: To configure the DHCP you must know which network address we want to
provide, which is the Subnet Mask and which is the Default Gateway on the network. As
optional we can also exclude certain IP addresses to reserve them or simply because we
do not want to use them and we can also configure a DNS service where we will place an
address that we want, it is worth repeating that these last two configurations are optional
since the DHCP service can Work perfectly well without these.
The commands to use are as follows:
Ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.10
Ip dhcp pool NET1
Network 172.16.0.0 255.255.255.0

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Default-router 1.1.1.1
Dns-server 8.8.8.8
Exit
Ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.10
Ip dhcp pool NET2
Network 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0
Default-router 1.1.1.1
Dns-server 8.8.8.8
Exit
 Step 4: We now need to require DCHP services on the respective physical interfaces of
the router. We must be very careful that we are requiring the DHCP service in the correct
interface, for this we must note that the address of the interface matches the address of
the DHCP together with the subnet mask, to require the service we must use the address
of the Default-router.
To prevent confusions in this step we will only configure the DHCP request on the Fa0/0
interface. The commands are:
Int Fa0/0
Ip helper-address 1.1.1.1
 Step 5: Now proceed to verify that if the IP addresses have been automatically
distributed for the final devices that are connected to the Fa0/0 interface.
To do this we go to a laptop and select the IP Configuration option, then we have to click
the DHCP option. It may take some time to give the address automatically but if we are
sure that our configuration is fine we will not have to worry, there is a possibility that it
will be late to give the address automatically, for that we can select the Static option and
then DHCP again to get the IP address.
 Step 6: In this part we will configure the DHCP service for the Fa0/1 interface as it was
done in Step 4, the commands we will use are:
Int Fa0/1
Ip helper-address 1.1.1.1
Do write memory
 Step 7: We need to select the DHCP option on the laptops that are connected to the
Fa0/1 interface as was done in Step 5.

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 Step 8: Now proceed to configure the DHCP service of the second form, in this method
we have to configure it on a Server.
 Step 9: In this step we will configure the IP addresses for the physical interfaces. The
programming will be done in the global configuration with the following commands:
Int fa0/0
Ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.252
No shutdow
Int fa0/1
Ip address 172.32.0.1 255.255.255.0
No shutdow
Do write memory
 Step 10: In this step, select the server by selecting and clicking the Desktop option, then
selecting IP Configuration to place an IP address together with the Subnet Mask and its
default Gateway that matches the physical interface of the Router that is connected.
 Step 11: Now select the Services option and then the DHCP service.
 Step 12: At this moment we have to select the option On to start the service and proceed
to configure it, just like the DHCP programming on the router, it must match the network
address we want to give you the service IP addresses automatically.
We must take into account that the Default Gateway must be the IP address of the
interface where we will request the service, when we have everything configured we will
click the Add button and then the Save button.
 Step 13: Then we will return to the configuration of the router to require the DHCP
service of the Server, for this we must note that the service will be requested based on the
IP address of the Server. The commands to be used will be programmed in the global
configuration:
Int Fa0/1
Ip helper-address 10.10.10.2
Do write memory
 Step 14: Finally, on a laptop select the option of Desktop and IP Configuration, then select
the DHCP option to receive the IP address automatically.
It should be remembered that if you do not give the address automatically you can
implement the recommendations in Step 5.

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6. SCOPE OF PROJECT

DHCP minimizes configuration errors caused by manual IP address configuration, such as

typographical errors, or address conflicts caused by the assignment of an IP address to more
than one computer at the same time.
DHCP includes the following features to reduce network administration:
 Centralized and automated TCP/IP configuration.
 The ability to define TCP/IP configurations from a central location.
 The ability to assign a full range of additional TCP/IP configuration values by means
of DHCP options.
 The efficient handling of IP address changes for clients that must be updated
frequently, such as those for portable devices that move to different locations on a
wireless network.
 The forwarding of initial DHCP messages by using a DHCP relay agent, which
eliminates the need for a DHCP server on every subnet.

7. SCREENSHOT

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8. REFERENCES

 http://www.google.com
 http://wikipedia.org
 http://github.com
 http://tutorialspoint.com

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