Schools Division of Olongapo

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL III

East Kalayaan, Subic Bay Freeport Zone
Olongapo City (Tel.: 252-1117, Fax: 252-6046)
Email Add: rshs3sbma@yahoo.com.ph

EFFECTIVENESS OF ALUGBATI (Basella alba) EXTRACT AS A LOTION FOR

INHIBITING ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

A Scientific Research Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement in the Subject
Research / Capstone Project

CAWAGAS, JACOB AARON A.

DE SOLA, JONATHAN C.
ESTABILLO, AIRA ISABEL E.
PAZ, JOSE GABRIEL L.
Proponents

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL III

S. Y. 2017-2018
EFFECTIVITY OF ALUGBATI (BASELLA ALBA) EXTRACT AS A LOTION FOR INHIBITING

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

ABSTRACT

Effectivity of Alugbati (Basella alba) Extract as a Lotion for Inhibiting Ultraviolet

Radiation
Cawagas, Jacob Aaron A., De Sola, Jonathan C., Estabillo, Aira Isabel E., Paz, Jose
Gabriel L.

Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies have implicated solar ultraviolet (UV)
radiation in various skin diseases including premature aging of the skin and melanoma and
non-melanoma skin cancers. Chronic UV radiation exposure-induced skin diseases or skin
disorders are caused by the excessive induction of inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA
damage, etc. The use of chemo preventive agents, such as plant polyphenols, to inhibit
these events in UV-exposed skin is gaining attention. Chemoprevention refers to the use of
agents that can inhibit, reverse, or retard the process of these harmful events in the UV-
exposed skin. A wide variety of polyphenols or phytochemicals, most of which are dietary
supplements, have been reported to possess substantial skin photo protective effects. As a
solution, the researchers thought of conducting the study in order to determine if alugbati
is a consistent ultraviolet ray inhibitor. The data was obtained with the use of UV index to
measure the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation. The extract of the alugbati was placed in
a black construction paper then it was exposed in sunlight to measure the effectiveness of
the extract. After the paper is exposed in the sunlight, the data was collected from the result
of the UV index and compared the pigments of the black construction paper, the alugbati
extract successfully inhibit the UV ray in passing through. The researchers deemed the
varying treatments significant by using one way ANOVA test. The results showed that the
of alugbati extract is feasible as an additive in making sunblock.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Title Page

1 Research Paradigm 3

2 Methodology Flowchart 17

3 Scale Measurement 19

4 Ultraviolet Radiation in a dyed paper. 20

5 Statistical Treatment 21

6 Statistical Treatment 22

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Abstract ii

List of Figures iii

Chapter 1: Introduction

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 2

Hypotheses 2

Significance of the Study 2

Scopes and Limitations 3

Definition of Terms 4

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature 5

Chapter 3: Methodology

Research Method 13

Materials and Equipment 14

General Procedure 15

Data Collection Procedure 15

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Data Analysis Plan 15

Chapter 4: Results and Discussions 19

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations 23

Conclusion 23

Recommendations 24

Bibliography 24

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter outlines the objective of the study. This chapter also contains the

researchers’ aims and problems that the study would want to achieve or solve.

Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies have implicated solar ultraviolet

(UV) radiation in various skin diseases including premature aging of the skin and

melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Chronic UV radiation exposure-induced skin

diseases or skin disorders are caused by the excessive induction of inflammation, oxidative

stress and DNA damage, etc. The use of chemo preventive agents, such as plant

polyphenols, to inhibit these events in UV-exposed skin is gaining attention.

Chemoprevention refers to the use of agents that can inhibit, reverse, or retard the process

of these harmful events in the UV-exposed skin. A wide variety of polyphenols or

phytochemicals, most of which are dietary supplements, have been reported to possess

substantial skin photo protective effects Now, more than ever, compelling research

indicates that your consumption of a variety of colorful plant foods can play a vital role in

protecting your skin—from the inside-out.

According to a 2007 study published in Molecular Biotechnology, carotenoid-rich

diets have been shown to protect the skin by decreasing sensitivity to UV radiation-induced

erythema (redness of the skin caused by sunburn.) Studies suggest the benefits of including

i
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the carotenoid beta-carotene in the diet, as it provides an immune defense against free

radicals and the development of skin cancers. Beta-carotene is found in orange-colored

fruits and vegetables including carrots, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes, mango and dark-green

leafy vegetables including spinach and kale. Aim for 30 milligrams of beta-carotene per

day by eating one to two servings of orange and/or green produce.

Sunburn (or erythema) is redness of the skin, which is due to increased blood flow

in the skin caused by dilatation of the superficial blood vessels in the dermis as a result of

exposure to UV radiation. High UV doses may also results in edema, pain, blistering, and

peeling of the skin a few days following exposure. UV-B radiation is believed to be mainly

responsible for sunburn as it is more erythmogenic by a factor of 1,000, however since

there is more UV-A radiation reaching the earth’s surface, UV-A contributes 15-20% to

the sunburn reaction in the summer months. Risk factors for sunburn include fair skin, red

or blond hair, blue eyes, and freckles. For people with fair skin, it takes only 15-30 minutes

in midday sun to induce erythema. In terms of areas of the body that are more susceptible

to sunburn, the face, neck, and trunk are two to four times more sensitive than the limbs.

In addition, children and the elderly are believed to be more sensitive to UV radiation and

may burn more easily. A sunburn reaches its maximum redness eight to 12 hours after

exposure and fades within one to two days

As a solution, the researchers thought of conducting the study in order to

determine if alubati is a consistent ultraviolet ray inhibitor. This study could help

educators and school administrators explore new strategies and approaches to find a

solution to one of the leading problems nowadays, the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays.
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Statement of Problem

This study was conducted to determine if alugbati extract is an effective UV ray

inhibitor. Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. How do the effectiveness of the varying treatment of alugbati extract be compared

in terms of inhibiting UV radiation?

2. Is there a significant difference in the varying treatment in terms of:

2.1 Color Intensity

2.2 UV Index

Hypothesis

HO: There is no significant difference in the varying treatment in terms of color

intensity and UV Index.

HA: There a significant difference in the varying treatment in terms of color and

UV Index.

Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial to:

Medical group. This study can contribute additional knowledge and information

about the medical field.

Low class families. To provide an affordable yet an effective alternative cure for

certain diseases.

For future researchers. As a basis for their studies involving related studies.
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Scope and Limitations

The study was limited to the number of alugbati extract used. The selected material

and/or laboratory apparatus was the basis for measurement. The said alugbati as an

ultraviolet ray inhibitor was limited as a skin protector.

Paradigm of the Study

This study was utilize the use of theoretical framework as a basis for study

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Varying treatment of the Effectiveness of Alugbati

alugbati extract Lotion as UV ray inhibitor
in terms of:
T1) 20 ml A) Color intensity
T2) 40 ml B) UV index in UV
T3) 60 ml spectrophotometer
T4) control

Extraneous Variable

Exposure of construction
paper to Ultraviolet
Radiation

Figure 1: Research Paradigm

Figure 1 shows the independent variable, dependent variable, and the controlled variable
of the study.

Definition of terms
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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is a type of radiation that is produced by the sun and

some artificial sources, such as solariums.

Alugbati. A widely cultivated edible Asian plant of the goosefoot family, with

large dark green leaves and violet stems that are eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable.

UV ray inhibitor. A uv inhibitor is a material that blocks the transmission of

ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter outlines the related studies used for conducting the researchers’ study.

Ultraviolet Radiation

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent in the development of skin

cancers. UVR causes DNA damage and genetic mutations, which subsequently lead to skin

cancer. A clearer understanding of UVR is crucial in the prevention of skin cancer. This

article reviews UVR, its damaging effects on the skin and its relationship to UV

immunosuppression and skin cancer. Several factors influence the amount of UVR

reaching the earth’s surface, including ozone depletion, UV light elevation, latitude,

altitude, and weather conditions. The current treatment modalities utilizing UVR (i.e.

phototherapy) can also predispose to skin cancers. Unnecessary exposure to the sun and

artificial UVR (tanning lamps) are important personal attributable risks. This article aims

to provide a comprehensive overview of skin cancer with an emphasis on carefully

evaluated statistics, the epidemiology of UVR-induced skin cancers, incidence rates, risk

factors, and preventative behaviors & strategies, including personal behavioral

modifications and public educational initiatives. (Narayanan et al. 2010)

DNA is one of the prime molecules, and its stability is of utmost importance for

proper functioning and existence of all living systems. Genotoxic chemicals and radiations

exert adverse effects on genome stability. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (mainly UV-B: 280–

315 nm) is one of the powerful agents that can alter the normal state of life by inducing a

variety of mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions such as cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers

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(CPDs), 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs), and their Dewar valence isomers as well as DNA

strand breaks by interfering the genome integrity. To counteract these lesions, organisms

have developed a number of highly conserved repair mechanisms such as photo

reactivation, base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and mismatch

repair (MMR). Additionally, double-strand break repair (by homologous recombination

and non-homologous end joining), SOS response, cell-cycle checkpoints, and programmed

cell death (apoptosis) are also operative in various organisms with the expense of specific

gene products. This review deals with UV-induced alterations in DNA and its maintenance

by various repair mechanisms. (Rastogi et al. 2010)

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a minor fraction of the solar spectrum reaching the

ground surface. In this assessment we summarize the results of previous work on the effects

of the UV-B component (280–315 nm) on terrestrial ecosystems, and draw attention to

important knowledge gaps in our understanding of the interactive effects of UV radiation

and climate change. We highlight the following points: (i) The effects of UV-B on the

growth of terrestrial plants are relatively small and, because the Montreal Protocol has been

successful in limiting ozone depletion, the reduction in plant growth caused by increased

UV-B radiation in areas affected by ozone decline since 1980 is unlikely to have exceeded

6%. (ii) Solar UV-B radiation has large direct and indirect (plant-mediated) effects on

canopy arthropods and microorganisms. Therefore, trophic interactions

(herbivory, decomposition) in terrestrial ecosystems appear to be sensitive to variations in

UV-B irradiance. (iii) Future variations in UV radiation resulting from changes in climate

and land-use may have more important consequences on terrestrial ecosystems than the
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changes in UV caused by ozone depletion. This is because the resulting changes in UV

radiation may affect a greater range of ecosystems, and will not be restricted solely to the

UV-B component. (iv) several ecosystem processes that are not particularly sensitive to

UV-B radiation can be strongly affected by UV-A (315–400 nm) radiation. One example

is the physical degradation of plant litter. Increased photo degradation (in response to

reduced cloudiness or canopy cover) will lead to increased carbon release to the

atmosphere via direct and indirect mechanisms. (Ballare et al. 2011)

Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from the sun can result in sunburn,

premature aging and carcinogenesis, but the mechanism responsible for acute

inflammation of the skin is not well understood. Here we show that RNA is released from

keratinocytes after UVB exposure and that this stimulates production of the inflammatory

cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from nonirradiated

keratinocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Whole-transcriptome

sequencing revealed that UVB irradiation of keratinocytes induced alterations in the

double-stranded domains of some noncoding RNAs. We found that this UVB-damaged

RNA was sufficient to induce cytokine production from nonirradiated cells, as UVB

irradiation of a purified noncoding RNA (U1 RNA) reproduced the same response as the

one we observed to UVB-damaged keratinocytes. The responses to both UVB-damaged

self-RNAs and UVB-damaged keratinocytes were dependent on Toll-like receptor 3

(TLR3) and Toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 (TRIF). In response to UVB

exposure, Tlr3−/− mice did not upregulate TNF-αin the skin. Moreover, TLR3 was also

necessary for UVB-radiation–induced immune suppression. These findings establish that

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UVB damage is detected by TLR3 and that self-RNA is a damage-associated molecular

pattern that serves as an endogenous signal of solar injury. (Bernard et al. 2012)

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation in early life has not yet been formally examined

but might be linked to excess risk of multiple sclerosis at birth through seasonal deficiency

in maternal vitamin D concentrations. A study of half siblings with multiple sclerosis has

also shown that risk can be maternally mediated. Pregnancy is a vulnerable time for vitamin

D deficiency because of increased physiological needs and reduced maternal outdoor

activity.

Experimental data on animal fetal development indicate that cerebral white matter

is responsive to vitamin D and that oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord have

vitamin D receptors. Furthermore, maternal vitamin D depletion alters neurogenesis in the

developing rat brain, with subsequent altered gene expression in adult life. A recent genetic

study in humans has further implicated vitamin D as a strong environmental candidate by

showing direct functional interaction with the major locus that determines susceptibility to

multiple sclerosis. Although human evidence pertaining to fetal development has been

difficult to obtain, the body of related evidence to date has led some to recommend

antenatal supplementation with vitamin D to prevent multiple sclerosis. (Staples et al.

2010)

Alugbati

Fresh herbs specifically parsley, basil, sage, and rosemary are packed with our free-

radical fighting and skin-protecting antioxidant friends. Dark leafy greens such as alugbati
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and swiss chard are all full of antioxidants like polyphenols and carotenoids, which may

also naturally protect the skin from sun damage. (Lee J et al. 2000)

One study found that eating green leafy vegetables helped prevent the reappearance of skin

cancer in people who had previously suffered. (Word of caution: the study also found that

“unmodified” dairy products such as whole milk, cheese, and yogurt increased risk

reappearance.) (Hughes et al.2006)

According to an Australian study, these could decrease skin cancer risk. Scientists

studied over 1,000 adults living in Australia over an 11-year period, and found that

increasing intakes of green leafy vegetables was associated with a 41 percent decreased

risk of skin cancer. These vegetables are rich in folic acid, which plays a key role in DNA

synthesis and repair. In addition, researchers also examined those participants that

previously had skin cancer, and found that those who did had a 55 percent decrease in skin

cancer with increasing intakes of green leafy vegetables. “Our findings show that higher

intakes of green leafy vegetables may help prevent Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumors

among people who have prior skin cancers,” the researchers stated.

Beta Carotene

High doses of beta carotene make your skin less sensitive to the sun. Thus, it is

particularly beneficial for people with erythropoietic protoporphyria, a rare genetic

condition causing painful sun sensitivity as well as liver problems. Moreover, it can boost

the effectiveness of sunscreen. Consumption of about 90 to 180 mg of beta carotene can

reduce sunburn and provide an SPF of 4. Therefore, foods containing beta carotene or

supplements can be coupled with sunscreen to enhance its effectiveness. (Saba, 2017)
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Dietary intake of carotenoids, including beta-carotene, has been shown to be

beneficial to the skin. As skin is exposed to sunlight, the lipids, or fats, found within its

layers are vulnerable to oxidation. This accelerates sagging and wrinkle formation.

Carotenoids help delay the effects of sun-induced aging by slowing down the effects of

skin breakdown, according to a 2011 review in the “Journal of Clinical Biochemical

Nutrition”. (O’Connor, 2017)

Beta-carotene, like all carotenoids, is an antioxidant. An antioxidant is substance

that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules; it protects the body from free radicals. Free

radicals damage cells through oxidation. Eventually, the damage caused by free radicals

can cause several chronic illnesses. Several studies have shown that antioxidants through

diet help people's immune systems, protect against free radicals, and lower the risk of

developing cancer and disease. Some studies have suggested that those who consume at least

four daily servings of beta-carotene rich fruits and/or vegetables have a lower risk of

developing cancer or heart disease. (Nordqvist, 2016)

Polyphenol

Polyphenols are abundant micronutrients in our diet, and evidence for their role in

the prevention of degenerative diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases is

emerging. The health effects of polyphenols depend on the amount consumed and on their

bioavailability. In this article, the nature and contents of the various polyphenols present in

food sources and the influence of agricultural practices and industrial processes are

reviewed. Estimates of dietary intakes are given for each class of polyphenols. The
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bioavailability of polyphenols is also reviewed, with particular focus on intestinal

absorption and the influence of chemical structure (eg, glycosylation, esterification, and

polymerization), food matrix, and excretion back into the intestinal lumen. Information on

the role of microflora in the catabolism of polyphenols and the production of some active

metabolites is presented. Mechanisms of intestinal and hepatic conjugation (methylation,

glucuronidation, sulfation), plasma transport, and elimination in bile and urine are also

described. Pharmacokinetic data for the various polyphenols are compared. Studies on the

identification of circulating metabolites, cellular uptake, intracellular metabolism with

possible deconjugation, biological properties of the conjugated metabolites, and specific

accumulation in some target tissues are discussed. Finally, bioavailability appears to differ

greatly between the various polyphenols, and the most abundant polyphenols in our diet

are not necessarily those that have the best bioavailability profile. A thorough knowledge

of the bioavailability of the hundreds of dietary polyphenols will help us to identify those

that are most likely to exert protective health effects. (Manach et al. 2004)

Polyphenols contribute to the beneficial health effects of dietary products. Clinical

and epidemiological studies suggest that exposure of the skin to environmental

factors/pollutants, such as solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation induce harmful effects and leads

to various skin diseases including the risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers.

The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer, comprising of squamous cell carcinoma and

basal cell carcinoma, is a significant public health concern world-wide. Exposure of the

skin to solar UV radiation results in inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage,

dysregulation of cellular signaling pathways and immunosuppression thereby resulting in

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skin cancer. The regular intake of natural plant products, especially polyphenols, which are

widely present in fruits, vegetables, dry legumes and beverages have gained considerable

attention as protective agents against the adverse effects of UV radiation. (Farukkh Afaq

et al. 2011)

Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies have implicated solar ultraviolet (UV)

radiation in various skin diseases including premature aging of the skin and melanoma and

non-melanoma skin cancers. Chronic UV radiation exposure-induced skin diseases or skin

disorders are caused by the excessive induction of inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA

damage, etc. The use of chemo preventive agents, such as plant polyphenols, to inhibit

these events in UV-exposed skin is gaining attention. Chemoprevention refers to the use of

agents that can inhibit, reverse, or retard the process of these harmful events in the UV-

exposed skin. A wide variety of polyphenols or phytochemicals, most of which are dietary

supplements, have been reported to possess substantial skin photo protective effects.

(Nichols et al. 2010)

Epidemiologic observations and laboratory studies have indicated that polyphenolic

compounds present in tea may reduce the risk of a variety of illnesses, including cancer

and coronary heart disease. (Mukhtar et al. 2000)

A significant number of reports describe anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory,

antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and many other biological activities of propolis.

Propolis, a substance produced by bees, contains numerous bioactive components, such as

polyphenols. Therefore, along with the growing interest of naturally derived compounds,

the pharmacological properties of propolis have been considered. However, the advanced
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therapeutic use of this natural product is still limited according to its differences in

chemical composition attributed to the specific botanical source and geographical region

of origin, which themselves account for the different biological activities of area-distinct

bee products. Thus, studies on propolis should include the determination of particular

compounds such as polyphenolic contents, which have an influence on the antioxidant

properties of this product. Notably, it is important to determine the possible detrimental

effects such as cytotoxicity and the decreasing proliferation of a cell in target organ tissues.

(Tyszkya-Czochara et al. 2014)

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Chapter 3

Methodology
This chapter outlines the methods that are followed for research. The testing

systems utilized and the instruments applied including pertinent forms as requests to

accomplish arranged destinations of the study are described in this section.

Research Method

The researchers used experimental research. Experimental research is where the

researcher manipulates one variable, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables. In

this case the alugbati was manipulated. The researcher had different set ups to inhibit the

ultraviolet rays.

Materials and Equipment

The alugbati was bought from a local market in Olongapo City. Other materials

needed was bought from a grocery in Olongapo City. The laboratory apparatus was

borrowed from the Regional Science High School III Science Laboratory. The alugbati was

pounded in a mortar and pestle. Three volumetric flask was borrowed to prepare the

alugbati extract added to the other materials. A graduated cylinder was used to measure the

amounts of alugbati extract for accuracy. The alugbati were sun dried for 24 hours and it

was extracted using ethanol.

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General Procedure

Three set-ups will be prepared: a negative control, construction paper with 50 ml

of alugbati extract lotion and 100 ml of alugbati extract lotion. Set-ups will be placed under

the sun for 3 hours. After 3 hours, the UV index and color intensity for the set-ups will be

recorded using observations and compare it to the scale. Observations for the data will lasts

for about 1 week.

Data Collection Procedure

This depicts how the information was gathered. The data was obtained with the use

of UV index to measure the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation. The extract of the alugbati

was placed in a black construction paper then it will be placed in a sunlight to measure the

effectivity of the extract.

Data Analysis

The data will be collected during the experimentation. In the study, one-way

anova will be used to determine if there is a significant difference between the outcomes

of using alugbati extract in blocking ultraviolet rays at different amount.

Risk and Safety

Handling the extract was done by the researchers, safety precautions was followed

(see appendices) before executing the ethanolic extraction

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Cost Analysis

Quantity Unit Item Cost Per Price

Unit (Php) (Php)
2 Kg Alugbati 70.00 140.00
1 L Distilled water 40.00 40.00
1 mL Olive oil 80.00 80.00
1 mL Coconut oil 70.00 70.00
TOTAL 330.00
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Gathering of alugbati Sun Drying of Alubati

Collecting Dried
Alugbati Submerging dried
Alugbati in 95%
Ethanol

Extracted Alugbati

Figure 2: Methodology Flowchart

Figure 2 shows the steps followed by the researchers in conducting the
experiment
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Chapter 4

Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the data gathered from the experimentation and the

statistical treatment used to answer the given problems in Chapter I.

Figure 3: Scales to measure the amount of ultraviolet radiation

This is the measurement that was used in determining how much UV ray was
blocked. As the color fades, the UV ray that is being blocked increases significantly.
Legend

1- Black 6- Elephant Skin

2- Slate Grey 7- Earth Stone

3- Blacksmoke 8- Cannonball

4- Thunder Sky 9- Oxford Blue

5- Cloudy Concrete
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9
9
8
7
6 5
5 4
4 3 3 3
3 2
2
1
0
No Alugbati Extract
No sunblock Spinach
Alugbati sunblock
50 ml extract lotion Spinach100
Alugbati extract
ml extract

Trial1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Figure 4: Ultraviolet Radiation in a construction paper

Figure 4 indicates the inhibitory activity of the varying treatment of alugbati extract

against UV radiation. Alugbati extract with beeswax exhibits UV index of 4, 3, 2, which

indicates the color Thunder sky, Blacksmoke, Slate Gray, respectively. On the other hand, pure

extract displays a UV index of 5, 3, 3 which indicates the color Grayish white, Blacksmoke, and

also Blacksmoke respectively. Furthermore, no application of alugbati extract shows the color of

all Oxford Blue.

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SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Alugbati 50 ml
extract lotion 3 11 3.666667 0.333333
Alugbati 100
ml extract
lotion 3 10 3.333333 1.333333
Negative
Control 3 3 1 0

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 12.66667 2 6.333333 11.4 0.009042 5.14325285
Within Groups 3.333333 6 0.555556

Total 16 8
Figure 5: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at .05 Level of Significance

Figure 5 shows the Analysis of variance between the Varying Treatments of Alugbati.

Since the F value is higher than the F crit. value in the table therefore Ho is rejected, there is a

significant difference between the varying treatments of alugbati extract. Alugbati 100 ml extract

lotion turned out being the most effective among all the treatments. Since the calculated F value

(32.375) is greater than that of the tabular F value (5.143253) at .5 level of significance. Results

are deemed significant. This means that there is a difference among the three groups.
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Alugbati 100 Alugbati 50 ml

Variables Negative mL lotion Lotion
Means 8.666666667 3.666666667 3
Negative 8.666666667 0 5 5.666667
Alugbati 100 mL
lotion 3.666666667 0 0.666667
Alugbati 50 ml Lotion 3 0

LSD Signficant
1.547298722 Not Significant

Figure 6 Fisher's Least Significant Difference

The Figure 6 shows the results of the Post hoc analysis via Fisher's Least Significant

Method (LSD) reveal that the mean of the negative control is not comparable to either that of the

Alugbati 100 mL lotion and Alugbati 50 ml Lotion and that the means of the Alugbati 100 mL

lotion and Alugbati 50 ml Lotion group have lower means than that of the negative. This means

that both Alugbati 100 mL lotion and Alugbati 50 ml Lotion groups show effectiveness in blocking

UV light. Notably, there is no difference between Alugbati 100 mL lotion and Alugbati 50 ml

Lotion which implies that they are equally effective in blocking UV light
 22

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In the previous chapters, the problem was stated, the related literatures were reviewed,

the methodology of the study was outlined, and the findings of the study were analyzed. The

study is effective and cheap. Alugbati are rich in the compound called beta carotene that helps in

blocking of UV ray making it possible to use in the study.

Conclusion

In determining the effectiveness of the alugbati extract, the researchers set a scale (refer

to figure 4) in comparing the varying treatment of the alubati extract. Negative control shows an

average result of 9, alugbati 50 ml extract lotion shows an average result of 3, alugbati 100 ml

lotion shows an average result of 3.67. Alugbati extract treatment shows the most effective

results among the three. In terms of color intensity and UV index, the researchers used a Fisher's

Least Significant Difference test to determine the significant difference among the three

treatments. The results showed that there is a significant difference on the three treatments. In

increasing the amount of extract that will be put on the paper, the intensity of ultraviolet

radiation is reduced by a value of 1, which is significant in measuring small scales of

measurement. For every trial that occurred, the researchers generalized that the color intensity is

much darker for every succeeding trials and the UV index results show that the trial 3 alubati

lotion is the most efficient one among the other trials.

 23

Recommendations

The researchers recommend the following improvement and development of this study:

1) Compare the effectiveness of alugbati extract as agent in blocking ultraviolet radiation

between commercialized and natural sunblock.

2) Set a scale that has accuracy and precision.

3) Using a different kind of extraction to achieve higher concentration.

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References

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Ballare, C. (2011). Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. Patterns,
mechanisms, and interactions with climate change. Retrieved from
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Bernard, J. J. (2013). Ultraviolet Radiation Damages Self Noncoding RNA And Is Detected By
TLR3. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812946/.
Morin, K. (2013). 6 Food Groups That Will Protect You From the Sun. Retrieved from
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health/#gref.
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