Deflection

1
 Deflections of Prestressed Concrete Members

Suitable control on deflections is very essential for the

following reasons:
1. Excessive, sagging of principal structural members
is not only unsightly, but at times, also renders the
floor unsuitable for the intended use.
2. Large deflections under dynamic effects and under
the influence of variable loads may cause
discomfort to the users.
3. Excessive deflections are likely to cause damage
to finishes, partitions and associated structures.
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 Factors influencing Deflections
The deflections of prestressed concrete members
are influenced by the following salient factors:
• Imposed load and self-weight
• Magnitude of the prestressing force
• Cable profile
• Second moment of area of cross-section
• Modulus of elasticity of concrete
• Shrinkage, creep and relaxation of steel stress
• Span of the member
• Fixity conditions
A concrete beam with a rectangular section, 100 mm
wide and 300 mm deep, is stressed by 3 cables, each
carrying an effective force of 240kN. The span of the
beam is 10m. The first cable is parabolic with an
eccentricity of 50 mm below the centroidal axis at the
centre of span and 50mm above the centroidal axis at
the supports. The second cable is parabolic with zero
eccentricity at the supports and an eccentricity of 50
mm at the centre of span. The third cable is straight
with a uniform eccentricity of 50 mm below the
centroidal axis.
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If the beam supports a uniformly distributed live load
of 5 kN/m and Ec = 38 kN/mm2, estimate the
instantaneous deflection at the following stages:
(a) Prestress + self weight of beam, and
(b) Prestress + self weight + live load

5
 1
I = ×100 × 300 = 225 ×10 mm
3 6 4

12

Deflection due to Prestress

PL2 240 × 103 ×10000 2

a1 = (− 5e1 + e2 ) = (− 5 × 50 + 50)
48 EI 48 × 38 ×10 × 225 ×10
3 6

= −11.69590mm

5 PeL 2
5 × 240 ×10 × 50 ×10000
3 2
a2 = − =−
48EI 48 × 38 × 103 × 225 ×106
= −14.61988mm
6
 PeL 2
240 × 10 × 50 × 10000
3 2
a3 = − =− = −17.54385mm
8 EI 8 × 38 ×10 × 225 ×10
3 6

a = a1 + a2 + a3
= −11.69590 − 14.61988 − 17.54385 = −43.85963mm

Deflection due to self-weight of beam

Self weight of beam, wg = 0.1× 0.3 × 24 = 0.72kN / m

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 4
5wg L 5 × 0.72 ×10 ×10 ×10000
3 3
a= = = 10.96491mm
384 EI 384 × 38 ×10 × 225 ×10
3 6

Deflection due to live load

4
5wq L 5 × 5 ×10 ×10 ×10000
3 3
a= = = 76.14522mm
384 EI 384 × 38 ×10 × 225 ×10
3 6

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(a) Prestress + Self-weight

a = −43.85963 + 10.96491 = −32.89472 = 32.89472 (↑)

(a) Prestress + Self-weight + Live Load

a = −43.85963 + 10.96491 + 76.14522 = 43.2505mm (↓)

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A simply supported concrete beam of span 8 m
and rectangular cross-section 125 mm wide and 250
mm deep, is prestressed by a single cable in which
the total tensile force is 220 kN. The centre line of
the cable is parallel to the axis of the beam and 75
mm above the soffit over the middle third of the span
and curved upward in a parabolic over the outer
thirds of the span to a distance of 175 mm above
the soffit at the supports. If the modulus of elasticity
of concrete is 35 kN/mm2 and the density of
concrete is 24 kN/m3, calculate
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a. the upward deflection at mid-span due to
prestress only.
b. the deflection when the beam is supporting its
own weight and
c. the magnitude of concentrated loads Q placed at
the third points of the span, which would result in
a limiting short-term deflection of span/500.

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 P P

e2 = 50 mm
e1 = 50 mm
75 mm

L = 8m

1
I = ×125 × 250 = 162760416.7 mm
3 4

12

12
 Deflection due to prestress

P(e1 + e2 ) 2
[ ]
2
Pe2 L
a=− 5l1 + 12l1l2 + 6l2 +
2

12 EI 8EI

P(e1 + e2 )  L 
 
2 2 2
 L  L   L  Pe2 L
a=− 5  + 12   + 6   +
12 EI   3   3  6   6   8EI

P(e1 + e2 )  L 
 
2 2
    
2
L L L Pe L
a=− 5  + 12   + 6   + 2
12 EI   3   3  6   6   8 EI
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 P(e1 + e2 )  5L 2 L L  Pe2 L
2 2 2 2
a=−  + + +
12 EI  9 3 6  8EI

25P(e1 + e2 )L Pe2 L
2 2
a=− +
216 EI 8EI

25 × 220 ×10 × (50 + 50)8000

3 2
a=− +
216 × 35 ×10 ×162760416.7
3

220 ×10 × 50 × 8000

3 2

8 × 35 ×10 ×162760416.7
3
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 a = −28.60698 + 15.44777 = −13.1592mm

Deflection due to self-weight of beam

Self weight of beam, wg = 0.125 × 0.25 × 24 = 0.75kN / m

5wg L4 5 × 0.75 ×103 × 8 × 80003

a= = = 7.0217mm
384 EI 384 × 35 ×10 ×162760416.7
3

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Deflection due to live load
3
23QL
a=
648EI

Span 8000
= = 16mm
500 500

23 × Q × 8000 3
= 16
648 × 35 ×10 ×162760416.7
3

Q = 50.15497kN
16
A prestressed concrete beam spanning over 8 m is of
rectangular section, 150 mm wide and 300 mm deep.
The beam is prestressed by a parabolic cable having
an eccentricity of 75 mm below the centroidal axis at
the centre of span and an eccentricity of 25mm above
the centroidal axis at the support sections. The initial
force in the cable is 350 kN. The beam supports 3
concentrated loads of 10kN each at intervals of 2m.
Ec = 38GPa
(a)Neglecting losses of prestress, estimate the short
term deflection due to (Prestress + self weight) and

(b)Allowing for 20% loss in prestress, estimate the

long term deflection under (prestress + selfweight+
live load) assuming creep coefficient as 1.80.
 10kN 10kN 10kN
2m 2m 2m 2m

P P

e2 = 25 mm
e1 = 75 mm

L = 8m
 1
I = ×150 × 300 = 3.375 ×10 mm
3 8 4

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Deflection due to Prestressing force is

PL2 350 × 103 × 8000 2

ap = (− 5e1 + e2 ) = (− 5 × 75 + 25)
48 EI 48 × 38 ×10 × 3.375 × 10
3 8

= −12.7355mm

Deflection due to self-weight of beam

Self weight of beam, wg = 0.15 × 0.3 × 24 = 1.08kN / m

 4
5wg L 5 × 0.00108 × 8000 4
ag = = = 4.4912mm
384 EI 384 × 38 × 3.375 ×10 8

Deflection due to central live load

wq L3 10 × 80003
ag = = = 8.317mm
48 EI 48 × 38 × 3.375 ×10 8

Deflection due to two concentrated loads at a = 2m

aq =
Wa
24 EI
[
3L2 − 4a 2 ]
 10 × 2000
aq =
24 × 38 × 3.375 ×10 8
[
3 × 8000 − 4 × 2000
2 2
]
= 11.436mm

(a) Prestress + Self-weight

a = −12.7355 + 4.4912 = − 8.2443 = 8.2443(↑)

(a) Prestress + Self-weight + Live Load

a = [− (0.8 ×12.7355) + 4.4912 + 8.317 + 11.436](1 + 1.8)

= 39.3562mm
A concrete beam with a section, 90 mm wide and 180
mm deep is prestressed by two wires of 7 mm
diameter initially stressed to 920 N/mm2. The wires
are located in a parabolic profile with an eccentricity
of 36.8 mm at the centre span (3m) and concentric at
the supports. The beam supports two concentrated
live loads of 7 kN each spaced 1m apart. The
modulus of elasticity of concrete is 30.9 kN/mm2.
Compute the initial deflection of the beam at the
centre of span under (prestress + selfweight) and the
final deflection, including live loads, assuming 15 %
loss in prestress due to various causes. Compare
these deflections with the limits prescribed in the
IS1343-2012. Assume Φ = 1.6.
 π
P = 2× × 7 2 × 920 = 70811.5 N
4
1
I = × 90 ×1803 = 43.74 ×106 mm 4
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Deflection due to Prestressing force is

5PeL2 5 × 70811.5 × 36.8 × 3000 2

ap = =
48EI 48 × 30.9 ×103 × 43.74 ×106
= −1.8mm
Deflection due to self-weight of beam

Self weight of beam, wg = 0.09 × 0.18 × 24 = 0.3888kN / m

 4
5wg L 5 × 0.000388 × 3000 4
ag = = = 0.3mm
384 EI 384 × 30.9 × 43.74 ×10 6

(a) Prestress + Self-weight

a = −1.8 + 0.3 = − 1.5mm = 1.5mm(↑)

Deflection due to live load

aq =
Wa
24 EI
[
3L − 4a
2 2
]
 7 ×103 ×1000
aq =
24 × 30.9 ×10 × 43.74 ×10
3 6
3[× 3000 2
− 4 × 1000 2
]
= 4.96mm

Final deflection (prestress + Self weight + Live Load

a = [− (0.85 ×1.8) + 0.3 + 4.96](1 + 1.6 ) = 9.698mm

According to IS 1343:2012, Maximum permissible

limiting deflection = span/250

=3000/250 =12 mm > 9.698 mm (Hence safe)

A pre-tensioned concrete beam with a cross-section,
120mm wide and 300 mm deep is used to support a
uniformly distributed live load of 3 kN/m over an
effective span of 6 m. The beam is prestressed by a
straight cable carrying an effective prestressing force
of 180kN at a constant eccentricity of 50 mm. Given
Ec = 38 kN/mm2, the modulus of rupture = 5N/mm2,
and area of the cable = 200 mm2, estimate the
deflection of the beam at the following stages:
(a) Working load
(b)Cracking load
Self weight of beam, wg = 0.12 × 0.3 × 24 = 0.864kN / m

A = 120 × 300 = 36000mm 2

1
I = ×120 × 3003 = 27 ×107 mm 4
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I 27 ×107
Z= = = 18 ×105 mm3
yt or yb 150
Working load wq = 3 kN/m

PeL2 180 × 50 × 6000 2

ap = − =−
8 EI 8 × 38 × 27 ×107
= −3.947mm
 5 × 0.003864 × 6000 4
a( g + q ) =
384 × 38 × 27 × 107
= 6.355mm
At working load

aR = (6.355 − 3.947) = 2.408mm

At cracking load

 3.864 × 6 2 
Working moment =   = 17.388kNm
 8 
Stress at bottom fibre due to prestress =
 180 ×103   180 ×103 × 50 
  +   = 10 MPa
 36000   18 ×10
5

 Stress at bottom fibre due to working moment =
 17.388 ×10 6 
−   = −9.66 MPa
 18 × 10 
5

Resultant stress at bottom fibre = 10 -9.66 = 0.34MPa

Extra moment required to cause cracking =

(5 + 0.34) ×18 ×105 × 10 −6 = 9.612kNm

Cracking moment = (17.388+9.612) = 27kNm

8 × 27
Cracking load = 2 = 6kN / m
6
 6 × 6.355
Deflection due to Cracking load = = 9.868mm
3.864

Resultant deflection = 9.868-3.947 = 5.921 mm

Thank you

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