IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 64, NO.

7, JULY 2016 2963

A Convoluted Structure for Miniaturized Frequency

Selective Surface and Its Equivalent Circuit for
Optimization Design
Peng-Chao Zhao, Zhi-Yuan Zong, Member, IEEE, Wen Wu, Senior Member, IEEE,
and Da-Gang Fang, Life Fellow, IEEE

Abstract— A convoluted frequency selective surface (FSS) is
proposed to provide the unit cell dimension as small as 4.84%
of the free space wavelength at resonant frequency. The FSS
exhibits high resonant stability for various polarizations and
incident angles. Its simple geometry is beneficial for not only
easy design but also realizing the single and dual bandpass
performances. By introducing an inductance in series connected
with the traditional LC parallel resonant circuit, an improved
equivalent circuit is established, which can describe the FSS
frequency responses more accurately. Furthermore, a set of closed
forms related to circuit and dimension parameters are developed.
It can serve as the substitute of the full-wave solver to enhance
the FSS design efficiency significantly. Finally, a dual bandpass
FSS operating at 2.5 and 4.95 GHz was fabricated and measured.
The measurement results exhibit satisfactory consistency with the
full-wave simulation results.
Index Terms— Complementary structure, convoluted elements,
equivalent circuit model, frequency selective surfaces (FSSs),
miniaturization.
I. I NTRODUCTION
F REQUENCY selective surfaces (FSSs) have been inten-
sively investigated for their widespread applications as
spatial microwave and optical filters for more than four
decades [1]–[3]. For the traditional FSS, the size of its
resonant element is comparable with half a wavelength of
the operating frequency [4], [5]. This characteristic makes it
difficult to contain sufficient numbers of resonant elements
in limited space for some practical applications, such as
wireless communication system working at low frequencies.
To address this problem, many efforts have been made to
decrease the FSS dimension and a unit cell with dimension
less than λ0 /5 (λ0 refers to the resonant wavelength in free
space) has shown to be promising [6]. Two miniaturization
methods should be noted for their high ratio of size reduction:
loading lumped elements and using convoluted elements.
The former method could achieve unit cell size as compact
as λ0 /15 [7], [8]. However, this approach needs welding, which
Manuscript received January 15, 2015; revised February 18, 2016; accepted
May 1, 2016. Date of publication May 10, 2016; date of current version
July 5, 2016.
The authors are with the School of Electronic and Optical Engineering,
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094,
China (e-mail: pc_zhao@sina.com; zongzhiyuan@sina.com; wuwen@
mail.njust.edu.cn; fangdg@mail.njust.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2016.2565694
0018-926X © 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
increases the complexity of fabrication, and the tolerance of
lumped elements makes it a challenge to maintain a stable
resonant performance. The latter method was introduced in [9],
which could significantly reduce the FSS dimension [10]–[14]
and perform well when incorporated into curved surfaces.
In addition, this method not only improves the angular stability
of the frequency responses, but also moves the operating bands
away from the grating region determined by the periodicity of
the array [12]. In this paper, a miniaturized periodic element
using convoluted and interweaved dipoles is presented for
constructing a bandpass FSS. Each cell has dimension as small
as λ0 /21. The FSS exhibits good performance of resonance
stability with respect to different polarizations and incident
angles. Also, the simple structure makes the design easy.
In addition, the proposed structure can be used to construct
a dual bandpass FSS by printing the complementary layers on
each side of the substrate [15].
Traditionally, a bandpass/bandstop FSS is modeled as a par-
allel/serial LC circuit [16]–[20]. This model is useful for
quickly predicting its resonant frequency and providing the
physical insight into its principle. However, the transmission
coefficients of the proposed FSS cannot be represented by the
traditional model accurately. The deviation between the calcu-
lated results and the simulated ones usually appears at a lower
or higher frequency. To address this problem, in this paper
an improved FSS equivalent circuit is proposed in which an
additional inductance is introduced. Consequently, this circuit
model can describe the frequency behavior more accurately
over the entire pass-band. Subsequently, the closed forms, that
represent the relationship between the circuit parameters and
the dimension parameters, are developed to achieve the goal
of an efficient design.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the geom-
etry and frequency performance of the proposed FSS with
single bandpass are presented. Its miniaturization characteristic
is compared with that of previously published structures.
An improved equivalent circuit model is provided to repre-
sent its frequency behavior, and closed forms are given for
quick design. In Section III, a dual bandpass FSS based on
the complementary structures and its equivalent circuit are
illustrated as well as its stable resonant performance and easy
design. In Section IV, the dual bandpass FSS operating at
2.5 and 4.95 GHz is presented. The measured results are
analyzed and compared with the simulated ones.
2964 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 64, NO. 7, JULY 2016

Fig. 1. Geometry of the proposed single bandpass FSS.

(a) Unit cell and dimension parameters. (b) Front view of
FSS array. (c) Side view of FSS array.

II. S INGLE BANDPASS FSS W ITH C ONVOLUTED D IPOLES
A. FSS Structure
Fig. 1 shows the topology of the proposed single bandpass
FSS, in which each unit cell consists of one square slot
surrounded by four spiral dipole slots. The FSS is arranged
by extending the four spiral dipoles to left, right, up, and
down. Physically, each cell of a bandpass FSS can be equiv-
alently modeled as the parallel connection of an inductor and
a capacitor [6]. In this design, the meandered dipole noticeably
increases the equivalent inductance and capacitance so as to
reduce the element size and broaden the FSS bandwidth.
The detailed explanation is presented in the next section.
In addition, the symmetry of the FSS geometry can reduce
the resonant sensitivity to different polarizations and incident
angles.
A bandpass FSS resonating at 2.42 GHz is designed with
the parameters shown in Fig. 1. The size of each FSS cell is
only 0.048 λ0 × 0.048 λ0 . The FSS performance in terms of
transmittance is shown in Fig. 2, which is simulated by full-
wave simulator (CST) incorporated with periodic boundary
conditions. The simulation results indicate that the maximum
transmission for both TE and TM polarizations appears at
2.42 GHz with the same −3 dB bandwidth of 1.2 GHz
under normal incidence. When the incident angle increases
from 0° to 60°, the maximum shift of the resonant frequency
is only 0.5% for TE-polarized waves and 0.6% for
TM-polarized waves. The −3 dB bandwidth decreases from
Fig. 2. Transmission coefficients of the single bandpass FSS.
(a) TE polarization. (b) TM polarization.
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit model of the proposed single bandpass FSS.
1.2 to 0.63 GHz for TE polarization and increases from
1.2 to 1.92 GHz for TM polarization. These phenomena
validate the basic theory of FSS mentioned in [4].
Miniaturization characteristic of the proposed FSS is com-
pared with that of previously published structures. The results
are shown in Table I. It can be observed that the proposed
FSS exhibits good miniaturization performance. Meanwhile
the −3 dB bandwidth of the proposed FSS is wider than the
ones in [6], [13], [21], and [22], and is comparable with the
one in [23]. In addition, the resonant frequency of the proposed
FSS is insensitive to the incident angles.
B. Equivalent Circuit Model and Optimization Design
An improved FSS equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 3.
The circuit is composed of a parallel LC resonator with a series
ZHAO et al.: CONVOLUTED STRUCTURE FOR MINIATURIZED FSS AND ITS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR OPTIMIZATION DESIGN 2965

TABLE I
M INIATURIZATION C HARACTERISTIC OF D IFFERENT FSS S TRUCTURES

Fig. 4. Simulated and calculated transmission coefficients of the

proposed FSS.

S
Then, the FSS impedance Z FSS can also be calculated using
the following formula [24]:
T (ω) · Z 0
S
Z FSS = (3)
2[1 − T (ω)]
where Z 0 is the characteristic impedance of the free space.
So, the resonant pole ω1 and resonant zero ω2 in (2) can be
S
obtained when Z FSS trends to infinity and zero, respectively.
If we select C in (2) as an unknown, L and L 1 can be
inductor L 1 . C represents the capacitance of the spiral slot expressed as
dipole and its value is proportional to the total length of the 
slot while being inversely proportional to the width of the L = 1/(C · ω12 )
  (4)
slot. L is used to describe the inductance of the metallic L 1 = L/ ω22 /ω12 − 1 .
strips, and its value is also proportional to the total length
of the metallic strips while being inversely proportional to the Putting (4) into (1), the value of C can be determined by the
width of the strips. In our design, the equivalent capacitance iterative procedure in which the Euclidean distance between
S
Z FSS C tends to a minimum.
and Z FSS
and inductance are increased significantly because of the
convoluted structure that makes both the slot dipole and the As a result, the circuit elements of the proposed FSS in
metallic strips longer. Except for the traditional LC parallel Fig. 1 are calculated as C = 0.658 pF, L = 6.62 nH, and
resonant circuit, an additional L 1 is introduced in the circuit L 1 = 2.85 nH. The transmission coefficient curves computed
to represent the mutual inductance between the considered unit by the equivalent circuit and CST are shown in Fig. 4. It can
cell and its adjacent ones, since the metallic strips are extended be observed that the proposed circuit can describe the FSS
to the adjacent unit cells [as seen in Fig. 2(b)]. By adding frequency behavior more accurately.
L 1 in series connected with the traditional LC parallel resonant It should be noted that the closed forms between the FSS
circuit, a resonant zero is produced, and the resonant pole dimension and the circuit parameters can be established by
keeps invariant. Thus, the frequency behavior over the whole using a similar form provided in [6]
⎧

pass-band can be described more accurately.
⎪ π·g
⎪
⎪ log 1 sin
According to this circuit, the FSS impedance can be ⎪
⎪ b · l slot · 2 · lslot
⎪
⎪ C = C  
expressed as ⎪
⎪ b

⎪
⎪ lslot π · gb
j ωL · 1 L+L 1 ⎪
⎪ log 1 sin
j ωC − ω2 L L 1 ⎪
⎪ 2 · lslot
b
C
Z FSS = + j ωL 1 = C
. (1) ⎪
⎪ 
j ωL + j ωC
1
j ωL + 1 ⎪
⎪

j ωC ⎪
⎪ π ·w
⎪
⎪ log 1 sin
⎨ lslot 2 · lslot
From (1), the frequencies of the pole and the zero can be L = Lb · b ·   (5)
determined as ⎪ lslot
π · wb
⎪
⎪
 √ ⎪
⎪ log 1 sin
ω1 = 1/ LC ⎪
⎪ 2 · lslot
b
√ ⎪
⎪ 
(2) ⎪
⎪
π ·w
ω2 = (L + L 1 )/CLL1 . ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ log 1 sin
⎪
⎪ b · l slot · 2 · lslot
The curve-fitting method can be used to determine the ⎪
⎪ L 1 = L  
⎪
⎪
1 b
lslot
π · wb
values of L, C, and L 1 [24]. First, the transmission coefficient ⎪
⎪
⎩ log 1 sin
T (ω) of the FSS can be determined by full-wave field solver. 2 · lslot
b
2966 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 64, NO. 7, JULY 2016

TABLE II
R ESONANT F REQUENCY W ITH D IFFERENT S TRUCTURE PARAMETERS P REDICTED BY E QUIVALENT C IRCUIT M ODEL

where superscript b means benchmark. Without loss of gener-

ality, the dimension and circuit parameters of the FSS shown
in Fig. 1 can be set as a benchmark.
In (5), the parameters L, L 1 , and C are obtained using the
expressions proposed in [6] as a function of lslot , w, and g, but
adding a Q factor to introduce a correction for the different
geometry. The Q factor can be eliminated using the values
obtained for a known case (benchmark). lslot is the total length
of the spiral dipole [denoted by the red line in Fig. 1(b)], and
can be calculated as
lslot = (2n − 1) · (l + w) + 2n · (n − 1) · (w + g) (6)
where n denotes the convolution number of the spiral dipole
[shown in Fig. 1(a)].
Equations (5) and (6) make it easy to predict the frequency
performance of the proposed FSS with different dimension
parameters. Table II shows the resonant frequencies calculated
by our circuit model and by CST, respectively. It can be seen
that the results agree with each other very well.
The closed forms can be used for the optimal design
of the proposed FSS. At first, the FSS-dimensional
parameters w, g, l, and n are simultaneously scanned
within certain ranges that are 0.2–0.6 mm, 0.2–0.6 mm,
0.6–3.0 mm, and 4–9, respectively. For each parameter
configuration, (5) and (6) can be used to calculate the
equivalent circuit parameters L, C, and L 1 , and then
the FSS impedance can be determined by (1). Subsequently,
the FSS transmission curve can be calculated and com-
pared with the expected one. Finally, the optimal parameters
(w, g, l, and n) can be determined by observing the coinci-
dence of pole frequency, zero frequency, and the transmittance
value at each frequency point.
Taking the solid curve shown in Fig. 5 as an exam-
ple, the final-dimensional parameters are determined as
w = 0.2 mm, g = 0.2 mm, l = 0.6 mm, and n = 8, and the
corresponding equivalent circuit parameters are C = 0.87 pF,
L = 8.72 nH, and L 1 = 3.75 nH. The dotted curve shown
in Fig. 5 is the transmission coefficient result calculated by
the closed forms. It should be noted that there are several sets
of w, g, l, and n satisfying the above optimization criterion.
The optimum parameter should be the one that causes the
minimum unit cell size [Dx = D y = l + w + (2n − 1)(w + g)]
and easy fabrication.
Fig. 5. Comparison of desired transmission coefficients and that of optimized
FSS calculated by CST and equivalent circuit.
For comparison, the CST optimizer based on genetic algo-
rithm is also used. The anchor values of w, g, and l are set as
0.2, 0.2, and 1.0 mm, respectively. The goal type is defined
as the 1-D result: SZmin TE(0,0), ZMax TE(0,0) dB; one
operator, move max, is selected as the desired pole frequency
1.84 GHz, another operator, move min, is selected as the zero
frequency 3.30 GHz. The option, sum of all goals, is selected
to minimize the sum of all goals defined above. Finally,
the dimensional parameters are obtained as w = 0.18 mm,
g = 0.15 mm, and l = 1.38 mm. The dashed curve plotted
in Fig. 5 is the transmission coefficient results simulated by
CST, which agrees well with the one.
It is worthwhile to point out that the optimization process
by CST takes about 4 h and needs 78 solver runs done as
the anchor parameters are properly set, whereas the time is
reduced to less than 8 s using the closed forms. Furthermore,
in CST, once the value of n is changed, FSS model should
be recreated and the optimization process should be repeated,
which means much more time will be needed to find an
optimum n. With the closed forms serving as the substitute
of the full-wave solver, the design efficiency will be enhanced
significantly.
III. D UAL BANDPASS FSS D ESIGN
Complementary FSS, which stems from Babinet’s principle,
is first introduced in [25] to describe the structure of FSS
ZHAO et al.: CONVOLUTED STRUCTURE FOR MINIATURIZED FSS AND ITS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR OPTIMIZATION DESIGN
Fig. 6. Geometry and equivalent circuit of the dual bandpass FSS.
(a) Unit cell. (b) Equivalent circuit.
TABLE III
G EOMETRY PARAMETERS OF THE D UAL BANDPASS FSS
arrays where conducting and aperture elements are etched on
either side of a dielectric substrate. When illuminated by inci-
dent plane wave, both arrays will resonate at some frequencies,
which provide two pass-bands separated by a distinct null.
This null is mainly attributed to the patch-type layer. In this
paper, the proposed FSS and its complementary structure are
used to construct a dual bandpass FSS operating at 2.5 and
4.95 GHz. The FSS design is very easy, which starts with
making each layer roughly resonate at the center frequency of
the two pass-bands. Then, the desired ratio between resonant
frequencies can be optimized by adjusting the slot width, metal
strip width, and layer offset [15]. The optimization design
is the same as that described in Section II-B. Furthermore,
since this dual-band FSS is constructed by complementary
structures on each side of the substrate, its dimension is
2967
Fig. 7. Transmission coefficients of the dual bandpass FSS. (a) TE
polarization. (b) TM polarization.
TABLE IV
E QUIVALENT C IRCUIT PARAMETERS OF THE D UAL BANDPASS FSS
approximately as small as the single-band FSS proposed
in Section II.
The general geometry of the dual bandpass FSS is shown
in Fig. 6(a). Its detailed geometrical parameters are listed
in Table III. The transmission coefficients of the FSS under
the incident wave with different angles and polarizations
are shown in Fig. 7. With the normal incidence of TE- or
TM-polarized waves, the FSS resonates at frequencies
of 2.5 and 4.95 GHz with a −3 dB bandwidth of
0.90 and 0.95 GHz. When the incident angle increases from
0° to 60°, for TE wave, the lower resonant frequency is almost
unchanged while the higher one shifts by 1.0%; the bandwidth
of the lower pass-band decreases from 0.9 to 0.43 GHz, and
from 0.95 to 0.41 GHz for the higher one. For the TM wave,
the lower resonant frequency shifts by 0.7% and the higher
one shifts by 0.5%; the bandwidth of the lower pass-band
2968 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 64, NO. 7, JULY 2016
Fig. 8. (a) Diagram of the FSS measurement system in free space.
(b) Photograph of the measurement setup and FSS prototype.
increases from 0.9 to 1.41 GHz, and from 0.95 to 1.35 GHz
for the higher one.
The resonant frequencies of the two pass-bands can be
adjusted easily over a wide range (from 200 MHz to 20 GHz),
and the higher/lower resonant frequency ratio can be designed
in the range of 1.4–3.3. In addition, the proposed FSS has the
potential of further dimension reduction. For example, if we
decrease the widths of strip and slot to 0.2 mm and keep the
unit dimension invariant, its resonant frequencies will change
to 1.93 and 3.97 GHz, and the FSS dimensions are of only
0.035 λ01 and 0.072 λ02 , respectively.
The equivalent circuit of the dual bandpass FSS is shown
in Fig. 6(b). It is composed of two parallel branches separated
by an equivalent impedance of the substrate Z 1,h . The two
branches represent the top and bottom layers of the FSS,
respectively. Since the geometries on both the layers are
complementary, it can be seen that the right branch is the
dual form of the left one. The physical meaning of L t , Ct ,
L t 1 , and L b , Cb , Cb1 are similar to L, C, L 1 shown in Fig. 3.
Z 1,h can be ignored in our design as the substrate is very thin.
In addition, the mutual coupling between the two layers is
weak and could be ignored. The values of the circuit elements
are given in Table IV. The transmission coefficient calculated
by the circuit model is plotted in Fig. 7 as a dotted curve.
It coincides well with the simulated result.
IV. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
The proposed dual-band FSS resonating at 2.5 and 4.95 GHz
is fabricated on Rogers 3003 dielectric substrate, of which the
Fig. 9. Measured and simulated transmission coefficients of the pro-
posed dual-band FSS for various incident angles ranging from 0° to 60°.
(a) TE polarization. (b) TM polarization.
permittivity is 3.0, loss tangent is 0.0013, and thickness is
0.5 mm. The prototype contains 44 × 44 cells in the region
of 240 mm × 240 mm with the geometry parameters shown
in Table III.
Fig. 8 shows the diagram and photograph of the FSS
measurement setup, in which two broad-band horn antennas
(frequency band from 1 to 7 GHz) and an Agilent 85052D
vector network analyzer are used. To minimize diffractions
from the edges of the FSS panel, the panel is surrounded
by absorbers as shown in Fig. 8(b). The antennas are located
about 1.5 m apart from each side of the fixture to ensure that
both the transmitter and the receiver are in the far-field regions.
The FSS measurement is performed as described in [26].
Fig. 9 shows the measured results as well as the simulated
ones for comparison. It can be seen that the measured curves
exhibit two pass-bands around 2.5 and 4.95 GHz as expected,
and agree well with the simulated ones. The measured inser-
tion loss at the lower and higher resonant frequencies are
0.25 and 0.55 dB, respectively, which is mainly caused by
the substrate and metal losses. Furthermore, the measurement
results indicate that the FSS frequency performance is stable
under different incident angles up to 60° because of the small
unit cell size.
ZHAO et al.: CONVOLUTED STRUCTURE FOR MINIATURIZED FSS AND ITS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR OPTIMIZATION DESIGN
V. C ONCLUSION
FSS dimension miniaturization based on convoluted struc-
tures has been investigated in this paper. Over a wide fre-
quency range (from 400 MHz to 14 GHz), the proposed
FSS shows excellent miniaturization performance and the unit
cell dimension could be as small as 0.018 λ0 at 400 MHz.
This feature is attractive when the FSS is used in wireless
communication systems especially when working at low fre-
quencies, mounted on a curved surface, or when placed in the
proximity of compact radiators. It should be noted that this
convoluted FSS can be used to realize single and dual bandpass
performances. In addition, the simple FSS structure makes it
easy to design. To represent the frequency behavior of the
proposed FSS over the entire pass-band, an accurate equivalent
circuit and the related closed forms are developed, which
allows rapid design and optimization of the FSS satisfying
the desired frequency response.
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Feb. 2009.
Peng-Chao Zhao was born in Shanxi, China,
in 1988. He received the B.E. degree in elec-
tronic and information engineering from the Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing,
China, in 2010, where he is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree.
His current research interests include computa-
tional electromagnetic, and design and modeling
frequency selective surface.
Zhi-Yuan Zong (M’11) received the B.Eng. degree
in industrial automation and the Ph.D. degree
in optical engineering from the Nanjing Univer-
sity of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China,
in 1995 and 2000, respectively.
She has been with the School of Elec-
tronic Engineering and Photoelectric Technology,
Nanjing University of Science and Technology,
since 2000, where she is currently an Associate
Professor. Her current research interests include
computational electromagnetic, modeling and design
of frequency selective surfaces, and MMW/IR combined detection technology.
2970 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 64, NO. 7, JULY 2016
Wen Wu (SM’10) received the Ph.D. degree in elec-
tromagnetic field and microwave technology from
Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1997.
He is currently a Professor with the School
of Electronic Engineering and Optoelectronic
Technology, and an Associate Director of the Min-
isterial Key Laboratory of JGMT with the Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing.
He has authored or co-authored over 60 journal
and conference papers, and submitted five patent
applications. His current research interests include
microwave and millimeter wave theories and technologies, microwave and
millimeter wave detection, and multimode compound detection.
Dr. Wu has received the Ministerial and Provincial-Level Science and
Technology Award six times.
Da-Gang Fang (SM’90–F’03–LF’14) was born in
Shanghai, China. He received the Degree from the
Graduate School of Beijing Institute of Posts and
Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 1966.
He was a Visiting Scholar with Laval University,
Quebec, QC, Canada, and the University of Water-
loo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, from 1980 to 1982.
Since 1986, he has been a Professor with the
Nanjing University of Science and Technology,
Nanjing, China. Since 1987, he has also also been
a Visiting Professor with six universities in Canada
and Hong Kong. His current research interests include computational electro-
magnetics, microwave-integrated circuits, antennas, and EM scattering.
Prof. Fang is a fellow of the Chinese Institute of Electronics and an
Associate Editor of a Chinese journal, and is on the Editorial or Reviewer
Board of several international and Chinese journals. He was a recipient of
the National Outstanding Teacher Award, People’s Teacher Medal, and the
Provincial Outstanding Teacher Award. He was the TPC Chair of ICMC 1992,
the Vice General Chair of PIERS 2004, the member of the International
Advisory Committee of many international conferences, the TPC Co-Chair
of APMC 2005, and the General Co-Chair of ICMMT 2008.