Prelaboratory Assignment Calculations

1. Given:
Percent by mass of acetic acid = 5% Density of solution = 1.0 g/mL
Volume of NaOH = 25 mL Molarity of NaOH = 0.10 M

Required: Volume of acetic acid

Solution:

Moles of NaOH (mol):

1𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × × 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
1000 𝑚𝐿
1𝐿 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 25 𝑚𝐿 × × 0.10 = 0.0025 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
1000 𝑚𝐿 𝐿

Molarity of CH3COOH (M):

𝑔 𝑔 1000𝑚𝐿 𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( ) = 1.0 × × 0.05 = 50
𝐿 𝑚𝐿 1𝐿 𝐿
50 𝑔 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = ×
1𝐿 60. 05 𝑔 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.833 𝐿 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
Volume of CH3COOH (mL):

1𝐿 1000𝑚𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 0.0025 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 × ×
0.833 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 1𝐿
= 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝑳 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯

3. Given:
Density of lemon juice = 1.0 g/mL % by mass citric acid = 0.5%
Molarity of NaOH = 0.0100 M Mass of lemon juice = 3.71 g
Molar mass of citric acid = 190.12 g/mol

Required: volume of NaOH

Solution:

Mass of citric acid in lemon juice (g):

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑗𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑔) = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑗𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑒 × % 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑗𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑔) = 3.71 𝑔 × 0.5% = 0.0186 𝑔

 Moles of citric acid (mol):

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ×
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 = 0.0186 𝑔 × = 9.78 × 10−5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
190.12 𝑔

Moles of NaOH (mol):

C3 H5 O(COOH)3(𝑎𝑞) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Na3 C3 H5 O(COO)3(aq) + 3 H2O

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ×
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 9.78 × 10−5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ×
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
= 2.93 × 10−4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

Volume of NaOH (mL):

1000 𝑚𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 ×
1𝐿
1𝐿 1000 𝑚𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 2.93 × 10−4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 0.0100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 1 𝐿 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟑 𝒎𝑳

5. a.b.
Given:
Buret reading initial = 3.70 mL
Buret reading final = 25.40 mL
Mass of vinegar = 3.06 g
Molarity of NaOH = 0.0940 M

Volume of NaOH used (mL):

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝑚𝐿) = 𝐵𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝐵𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝑚𝐿) = 25.40 𝑚𝐿 − 3.70 𝑚𝐿 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟕 𝒎𝑳

Moles of NaOH added (mol):

1𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × × 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
1000 𝑚𝐿
1𝐿 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 21. 7 𝑚𝐿 × × 0.0940 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍
1000 𝑚𝐿 𝐿

Moles of CH3COOH in vinegar (mol):

From the balanced equation,

𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂2(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 2.04 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 ×
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯
Mass of CH3COOH in vinegar (g):

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 (𝑔) = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 ×
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
60.05 𝑔 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 (𝑔) = 2.04 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 × 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻 3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
3

= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒈 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯

Percent by mass of CH3COOH in vinegar (%)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 (%) = × 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
0. 123 𝑔 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 (%) = × 100 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟐%
3.06 𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟

5. b.a
Given:
% by mass CH3COOH in vinegar Trial 2 = 5.01%
% by mass CH3COOH in vinegar Trial 3 = 4.66%

Required: Average percent by mass of CH3COOH in vinegar

Solution:
Average percent by mass of CH3COOH in vinegar (%)
% 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 1 + % 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 2 + % 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 3
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 % 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 3

4.02% + 5.01% + 4.66%

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 % 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔%
3
5. b.b
Required: standard deviation and relative standard deviation

Solution:

Standard deviation:
∑3𝑖=1(𝑥− 𝑥)2
𝑠= √ 𝑁−1
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3
𝑥= 3
 4.02 + 5.01 + 4.66
𝑥= = 4.56
3

(𝑥1 − 𝑥)2 = (4.02 − 4.56)2 = 0. 2916

(𝑥2 − 𝑥)2 = (5.01 − 4.56)2 = 0.2025
(𝑥3 − 𝑥)2 = (4.66 − 4.56)2 = 0. 01
3
∑𝑖=1(𝑥 − 𝑥)2 (0.2916 + 0.2025 + 0.01)
= = 0. 252
𝑁−1 3−1

𝑠 = √0.252 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟐

Relative standard deviation:

100 × 𝑠
𝑅𝑆𝐷 (%) =
|𝑥|

100 × 0.502
𝑅𝑆𝐷 (%) = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟏%
|4.56|

𝑅𝑆𝐷 = 4.56 ± 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟏%