REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Students are tardy for a variety of reasons, but being late to class can

become a habit that can have a negative effect on their success in school.

Schools often establish an attendance policy that includes punishment for

multiple tardies. A firm policy can help schools promote student punctuality and

accountability -- traits that students can carry with them even after they finish

school.

When students are tardy or absent, or when they drop out of school, sequential

learning cannot occur, subject matter and skills cannot be developed, and much student

talent is wasted. at–risk students identify in the school setting include goes exhibiting

signs of alcohol consumption, drug abuse, or anti-social behavior .this student need

assistant to overcome their problems and to achieve in school. When counselling in the

school setting is not sufficient, this students need to be referred to appropriate services

in the community. For some high school students the immediate earnings from

employment seems more significant than staying in school. This student need courses

in vocational education and assistance to help them developed positive attitudes toward

education, perceive alternative to dropping out, and realize the worth of long term goals.

Family situations, such as cultural differences between values taught, at home and

school, separation, divorce, or out. School personal need to be determine causes of

tardiness, absenteeism and dropping out and to provide necessary remediation (Ediger,

Marlow 1987).

In evaluating the deleterious effects of missing in school time, research has

almost exclusively focused on absences, and almost no attention has been paid to
tardiness. Hence, this study contributes a new dimension to the field by examining the

effect of student tardiness on academic achievement. Employing an empirical model on

a large-scale, longitudinal, multilevel data set of urban elementary school children over

6 years of observation there are 2 significant findings. First, students with greater

tardiness perform worse on both standardized reading and math test. Second, holding

constant an individual’s own record of tardiness, students whose classmates are tardy

more frequently also have lower test score. Hence, the achievement gap widens even

further for students who also have greater individual level of tardiness.

Policy implications are discussed. (Michael Gottfried 2012)

Personality as a ‘’pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that determine an

individual’s characteristics, behavior and traits he further describes personality as ‘’the

dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that

determine his characteristics behavior and thoughts’’ (Gordon All port 1990)

Personality as the end result of the typical ways in which and person reacts, the

product of his motivation, emotions feeling tones, style of thinking and attitudes,”

personality is partly in born and nervous system are largely responsible for the inborn

aspects the associate either through imitation or through hostile reactions when we are

thwarted Habits are reaction so often repeated as to become fixed characteristics or

tendencies good habits results from choice and are required through effort (the

encyclopaediainternational,1967)
 Anxiety may appear any time think of anxiety as a feeling of uneasiness,

comprehension or fear that has a vague or unknown source. Anxiety affect students’

performance anxiety at relatively low to moderate levels can be destructive and non-

adaptive within the classroom setting there are numerous sources of anxiety for

students teachers examinations peer relations achievements settings like or dislike of

subjects however there are certain situations in which the students feel particularly

anxious last not in other situations this describe the condition called situational anxiety

there are other individuals however who are almost always in a state of anxiety called

neurotic or trait anxiety (educational psychology pg.21)

Pseudo-Feebleminded is more of an emotional disorder rather than of mental

retardation the term ‘’pseudo-feebleminded” has been used because individuals in this

category react with stupid behavior manifest lack of interest in work or in ambition and

reacts with extreme withdrawal from fear failure or criticism.

Dreaming state is the part of the sleep continuum called the’ ’paradoxical sleep’’

between waking and sleeping, so called because the subject is near to being

awake (by EEG criterion i.e., use of the encephalogram-a low voltage and relatively fast

pattern of changes) and hard to arouse by another increase arousal threshold it is at

this stage when R.E.M (Rapid Eye Movement) occur and when REM is occurring it is

difficult to arouse a sleeping subject.