Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Communication
Department of Communication Research
NDC Campus Anonas Street Sta. Mesa, Manila

HIV/AIDS Awareness among Youths

Submitted by:

Remi Rose C. Jacob

BACR 1-2

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course

Fundamentals of Human Inquiry
First Semester AY 2019-2020

Submitted to:

Mr. Racidon P. Bernarte

ABSTRACT

Awareness is a preventive action establishes in individuals certain concepts to improve

health. It is essential element in the averting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among youths. The AIDS caused
by HIV remains the most serious infectious disease that challenges the public health.
Youths are at high risk of being a victim mostly because of a low level of awareness and
inadequate access to HIV prevention and treatment. Young people are vulnerable to
HIV at two stages of their lives; early in the first decade of their life when HIV can be
transmitted from mother-to-child and the second decade of life when adolescence
brings new vulnerability to HIV. The school education has been described as a „social
vaccine‟ to combat the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and it can serve as a powerful
preventive tool. The main objective of this study is to assess the awareness of youths
towards HIV/AIDS. The method of this study is Meta-analysis wherein the researcher
systematically combines pertinent study data from several selected studies and
literature to develop a single conclusion. Based on the findings of the study the
researcher concludes that education reinforces knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS. Majority
of the youths has the idea about HIV/AIDS and the mode of transmission of the disease.
However, most of the youths have misconceptions between HIV and AIDS. The barriers
to fully prevent HIV among young people are low HIV and sexual health knowledge in
remote areas, lack of access to HIV services and the struggle to persuade people at
higher risk of HIV to periodically test for HIV. Despite the ongoing efforts to address the
problem, continued educational campaigns is still needed to prevent the new cases of
HIV among youths.

INTRODUCTION

Awareness is the process of averting information or knowledge in an individual or

group of individuals. The important of it is recognized as a technique of prevention and
education for behavior change, especially to /HIV and AIDS. Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) is a virus that damages the immune system. HIV is a lifelong condition and
currently no cure and might lead to AIDS if not prevented. HIV has rapidly established
itself throughout the world over the past three decades. The youth is one of the most
vulnerable groups as far as risk of HIV/AIDS is concerned. They are mostly exposed to
the risk of being victims because of poor level of awareness, misperceptions about HIV
and AIDS and insufficient access to HIV prevention and treatment services.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), adolescent is any person whose

age is between 10-19 years; this is a transitional period involving physical maturation,
identity formation and acquisition of social rules. It is associated with disclosure of
awareness of sexuality and the desire to explore and means to meet up sexual desires.
Young people are vulnerable to HIV at two stages of their lives; in the first decade of
their life wherein HIV can be transmitted known as vertical transmission, and the second
of life when adolescence brings new vulnerability to HIV.

Because of rapid increase of number of cases of HIV/AIDS among youths,

various government and non-government organizations all over the world have
undertaken programs to raise awareness among young people regarding HIV/AIDS.
Assessment of awareness levels in adolescents is important to help determine the
impact of previous awareness and prevention efforts made by the government and
other non-government groups and also to gauge the need for intervention.

Foreign Studies and Literature Review

According to Taukeni, S. and Ferreira, R., (2016) in a study about HIV and AIDS
Awareness among Adolescents in a South African at Risk Rural Community stated that
majority of adolescents in at-risk rural community in South Africa are knowledgeable
about HIV and/or AIDS infection and prevention, thereby confirming related studies in
this field. Even though preventative and informative-focused interventions and
campaigns therefore seem to reach far-off rural communities, whether through mass
media or other avenues, it is also argued that continued educational campaigns are
required, for example, to also guide parents in terms of discussions on HIV and/or AIDS
with their children, including discussions of their own status. Recommendations can
furthermore include information on disclosure of HIV and/or AIDS status in ways and by
people that can potentially reduce the possibility of stigma and discrimination.
Community health workers, nurses, social workers and counselors can fulfill supporting
roles in enhancing parents‟ and caregivers‟ skills to communicate about HIV and/or
AIDS with children. More intervention is furthermore needed to address stigma and
discrimination against people living with HIV and/or AIDS and their families. This need
for change has been an ongoing priority in research on HIV and/or AIDS37 and remains
to require urgent attention.

The study concludes that even though current campaigns and informative
interventions have seemingly succeeded in ensuring HIV and/or AIDS awareness
among adolescents – also those in remote areas – continued educational campaigns
are important. Such initiatives may prove to be beneficial by focusing on ways that
parents can discuss HIV and/or AIDS-related issues with their children and disclose an
HIV-positive status.

Saluja et al., (2014) reported in their study, explored the awareness of HIV/AIDS
among adolescents of a rural area of Haryana concluded that the knowledge about how
HIV is transmitted is incomplete among the students. Though all the students had heard
about the HIV/AIDS but there are still many misconceptions about the disease. The
majority of the students first heard about HIV/AIDS from media. Media is an effective
way of spreading information but the school also plays an important role. The
awareness of protection against HIV is insufficient among the students and there are
misunderstandings about it. The most important way to prevent the rapid spread of HIV
is to raise the level of knowledge about the transmission of and the protection against
HIV. The gap in knowledge between boys and girls, suggests the need for targeting girls
in rural areas in the national AIDS education and awareness campaigns.

In a study conducted by the UNICEF in Eastern and South Africa released in

2009, the risk of becoming infected by AIDS is “disproportionately higher for girls and
young women. The regional HIV prevalence among young women aged 15 to 24 years
is 4.8 percent, which is two and a half times higher than among men of the same age.”
The highest increase in prevalence occurs when young women start engaging in regular
sexual relationships. However, it is seen that adequate information can change attitudes
and behavior towards HIV markedly. Evidence shows that adolescents and young
people are less likely to be vulnerable to HIV when they are offered relevant gender-
sensitive prevention information, skills and services in an enabling and protective
environment. The much lower infection rate among adolescent girls is a promising sign
for prevention efforts in comparison to married women. This age group provides a
“window opportunity” for halting the spread of HIV infection if younger girls are
empowered with life skills and provided with a protective family and community
environment. However, the proportion of young people aged 15 to 24 years with
comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention is low. Comprehensive knowledge is a
combination of 5 indicators: knowledge of 2 modes of transmission and 3
misconceptions. The regional average of such knowledge now stands at 41 percent for
men and 33 percent for women. Across the countries, enormous variations occur,
ranging from 4 percent of young women with comprehensive knowledge of HIV
prevention in Somalia, to 65 percent in Namibia.

Saad et al., (2013) in their study about awareness and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS
among girls, they revealed that despite the fact that all the respondents have heard
about HIV/AIDS but not having a comprehensive knowledge about how it is being
transmitted may possibly place them in the high risk group who are vulnerable to the
HIV infection. Evidence has shown that sex education helps in containing the spread of
HIV by delaying the onset of sexual activity and encouraging safer sexual behavior.
Thus, in order to lower the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate, level of education, specifically,
sex education, that tackles the root cause of the problem should be emphasized at an
early age. It is clear that prevention, care and treatment campaigns have to
fundamentally changed and adapted to the new scenario if the HIV/AIDS epidemic in
Malaysia is to be ultimately stabilized.

According to Smith (2002), in her study about HIV/AIDS and gender in Africa,
HIV/AIDS is one of the major obstacles to achieving the 2015 development targets in
Africa, and it is now the leading cause order to cope with household economic crisis.
This exposes them to HIV infection and they in turn will transmit HIV to their clients.
Young girls are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection because of intergenerational
sexual relationships, violence, and limited access to information. The HIV/AIDS
epidemic has been fuelled by gender inequality. Unequal power relations, sexual
coercion, and violence are a widespread phenomenon faced by women of all age
group, and have an array of negative effects on female sexual, physical and mental
health. HIV/AIDS infection reveals the disastrous effects of discrimination against
women on human health, and on the socio-economic structure of society. New studies
reveal extremely high levels of infections among young girls, which are higher than
those for boys. This is mainly because of the fact that at young age, boys have sex with
girls of similar age, while girls have relations with older men, who are more likely to be
infected (Gregson et al., 2002).

In India, McManus and Dhar (2008) in their study of knowledge, perception and
attitude of urban adolescent school girls towards HIV in South Delhi, found out that
there was good awareness about the modes of transmission and prevention among
adolescent girls. Despite that, “there is an immense need to implement gender-based
sex education regarding STIs, safe sex options and contraceptives in schools of India”
to create awareness among the school going girls.

Ailicky et al., (2013) in his study on HIV knowledge among high school students
in Turkey, revealed a significant gender difference in AIDS knowledge with females
being more knowledgeable than males, particularly in the areas concerning HIV/AIDS
treatment and prevention. The internet and media, for instance television and radio,
were cited as the largest sources of information regarding HIV/AIDS.

Momoh et al., (2006) in their study about the awareness of school aged girls in
Nigeria showed a moderate level of awareness among female undergraduate students,
including other specific objectives of age, level of study and marital status. Gupta (2002)
asserts that out of every 23 infected people, 13 infected are women, and this gender
gap is especially pronounced among those who are younger than 25 years. According
to AVERT (2006) survey on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria in 2003, 3.3 million were living with
HIV, of these 1.9 million (57%) were females. Females had lower awareness of HIV
compared to their male counterparts. Arowojolu (2002) in a study on sexuality,
contraceptive choice and AIDS awareness, discovered that women were more likely
than men to have relationships with older partners, for monetary gains, maturity and
understanding by older partners, as well as security. It was equally discovered that 60%
had two or more current sexual partners.

According to Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (2019) in an article about HIV and

youths in United States of America that in 2017 youth aged 13 to 24 made up 21%
(8,164) of the 38,739 new HIV diagnoses in the United States and dependent areas.
Youth with HIV are the least likely of any age group to be linked to care in a timely
manner and have a suppressed viral load. Addressing HIV in youth requires that young
people have access to information and tools they need to reduce their risk, make
healthy decisions, and get treatment and care if they have HIV.

The prevention challenges to decrease the rate of HIV/AIDS among youths are
inadequate sex education, health-related behaviors, low rate of testing, substance use
like drugs, low rate of condom use, number of sex partners, low rates of pre-exposure
prophylaxis, socio-economic challenges for young people and stigma and misperception
about HIV and AIDS.

According to Averting HIV and AIDS in an article about HIV and AIDS in South
Africa, young people (10 to 24 years) and adolescents (10 to 19 years), especially
young women and young key populations, continue to be disproportionately affected by
HIV. AIDS is now the leading cause of death among young people in Africa and the
second leading cause of death among young people worldwide. The majority of young
people living with HIV are in low- and middle-income countries, with 84% in sub-
Saharan Africa. In fact, half of the 15 to 19-year-olds who are living with HIV in the world
live in just six countries: South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, India, Mozambique and Tanzania.

Sobze et al., (2017) stated on their study about the Youth Awareness on
Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS in Secondary Schools in the Dschang
Municipality (Cameroon): The Mobile Caravan Project, students of secondary schools of
general education have more knowledge on STI/HIV and AIDS and in reproductive
health (RH), including ARHthan those doing technical education. This could be due to
the fact that in general education, there is introduction of basic lessons on reproductive
health such as human biology (consist of aspects like physical development risk factors
of sexually transmitted infections, HIV and AIDS and their means of prevention).In
technical institutions, disciplines based on the RH in the second cycle are almost absent
while priority is given to professional disciplines such as carpentry, masonry, sewing, in
the Industry and dressing. Abstinence is also promoted in secondary schools, reducing
the risk of early and unwanted pregnancies, abortions, promiscuity, early sex and loss
of virginity, STIs and HIV/AIDS.

The Caravan Mobile Project against STI/HIV and AIDS in the Dschang
Municipality has greatly contributed to youth awareness in secondary schools in
Dschang. However, the need of subsidies is a prerequisite for the sustainability of its
activities; it is important that further evaluations of this project are carried out to boost
the results thereby reducing the risks of early pregnancy, irresponsible parenthood and
new infections in HIV/STI and AIDS among youth through awareness.

In a case study about Spreading HIV Knowledge through Football, Tackle Africa
trains football coaches across Africa to deliver interactive HIV and SRHR education to
young players on the pitch. The informality of the football pitch allows young people to
discuss intimate issues more freely, and the game itself means young people can play
out the consequences of different decisions in an enjoyable and safe way. Tackle
Africa‟s partner in Kenya, Moving the Goalposts (MTG), works primarily with 10 to 14
year-old girls from rural areas who have low literacy levels. Health messaging is simple
and depersonalized with each session focusing on one key piece of information to take
away, for example „getting tested is the only way to know your HIV statuses. Sessions
for older players are more complex in terms of football and health messaging.

In a case study about Youth friendly HIV Services in Lesotho, it is stated that
AVERT has been in partnership with Phelisanang Bophelong (PB) since 2015, helping
young people (aged 15 to 24) in Lesotho access youth-friendly HIV services and
engage in open discussions with peers and parents about SRHR. In 2016, 3,600 young
people received HIV testing and counseling from PB, with more than 2,500 getting
tested for the first time. PB also provided SRH information to more than 5,600 young
people. PB trains community-based volunteers to run youth groups linked to clinics and
also runs a group for young prisoners and an LGBT group peer-led by an LGBT young
person. The groups use WhatsApp to mobilize and support each other outside of youth
group meetings, which has proved a useful way to share information safely and quickly.

Local Studies and Literature Review

According to Abrigo (2017) in his study about HIV and AIDS knowledge and
sexual behaviors of female young adults in the Philippines, implementing sex education
programs as part of mandatory school curricula has always been a contentious issue in
many developing countries. Specifically, the researcher finds that knowledge delays
sexual initiation, limits sexual activity, and increases condom use among some groups
in the population. The results that were presented have important policy implications. It
shows that increasing HIV/AIDS knowledge may result in substantial cost-savings from
averted STIs. When sex education is included as part of regular large-scale public
school curricula, the cost of increasing STI knowledge would be trivial, implying
considerable resources that could be freed for other government programs because of
better sexual behaviors.

Ronqquillo et al., (2017) stated in their study about decentralizing HIV/AIDS

education in the Philippines, that there is better understanding of the issue on HIV/AIDS
on the population which has decentralized education about HIV/AIDS that directly
proved the hypothesis that awareness campaign provides better understanding of the
issue.

HIV awareness is also pushed in the schools in the Philippines. Pursuant to

Republic Act No. 8504, otherwise known as the “Philippine Aids Prevention and Control
Act of 1998”, and the Civil Service commission (CSC) Announcement No. 21 dated
March 25, 2010 entitled “Guidelines in the Implementation of Workplace Policy and
Education Program on HIV and Aids” and in compliance with its duties and
responsibilities as member of the Philippine National Aids Council (PNAC), DepEd will
accelerate the implementation of SBHAEP nationwide. Based on the DepEd order, the
move is guided by a deep sense of urgency to address the unabated increase in the
incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among key affected
populations in high-risk areas in the country.

According to Rehal, (2011) on his study about the HIV/AIDS prevention for
adolescents from the perspective of the Philippines and Kenya, despite the widely
divergent HIV prevalence rates, the Philippines and Kenya are both seeking to
strengthen their respective national programs on HIV/AIDS. The Philippines is
compelled to act owing to the burgeoning number of its new HIV infections. Both
countries intend to cast greater attention to and create more impact on young people.
Currently, the Philippines and Kenya are failing in their goal to control the number of
adolescents to acquire new HIV infections. Moreover, efforts must be cognizant of the
social system (government, family, schools and etc.) and structures for their immense
and lingering influence and impact on adolescent‟s infection chances.

According to Restar et al., (2018) in their study about the trends and emerging
directions in HIV risk and prevention research in the Philippines, the review identifies an
agenda for future HIV research that is needed to address the growing and shifting
nature of the HIV epidemic in the Philippines. The researchers identified a need to
improve the body of knowledge about HIV risk and transmission among key populations
in the Philippines.

According to Laguna (2004) in her study Knowledge of HIV and AIDS and
Unsafe Sex Practices among Filipino Youths, the various programs to increase
awareness of HIV/AIDS seems to have paid off as there is an almost universal
awareness and a moderate level of knowledge of HIV/AIDS among young people in the
country. However, study findings highlight the fact that misconceptions regarding AIDS
still exist in a sizeable proportion of the youth population. These include issues such as
modes of transmission, AIDS as a punishment from God, AIDS as curable and the
general feeling of non-susceptibility to infection.

These realities justify the need for more initiatives towards improving young
adult‟s knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Future studies can also take into consideration the
various social networks and adolescents‟ sources of information on HIV/AIDS. An
understanding of how and where they get information regarding AIDS contributes to a
better appreciation not only of knowledge formation among adolescents but also on how
information affects their attitudes and behaviors.

Bonnema and Rougoor (2012) stated in the project Raising the awareness on
HIV and AIDS in the Philippines through a Dance Party, organizing a dance event in
order to transmit information about and raise the awareness of HIV and AIDS to the
youth in Metro Manila is very well possible. It even is a very effective way as shown by
other organizations is a very useful way to create a positive vibe and a comfortable
atmosphere. Creating this vibe and atmosphere is one of the most important elements
of the dance party, because that is the only way to lift up the taboo on sex related
subjects and make the youngsters more open for new information. The results of the
heart connection tour of dance4life in 2011 were as follows: “During 2011, dance4life
aims to reach 325,000 young people in 27 countries through the heart connection tour
where they will receive information about HIV and AIDS and their Sexual and
Reproductive Health and Rights. 130,000 of these young people will be motivated by
dance4life to take action and make a change in their community to push back the
spread of HIV and AIDS. We call these young people agents4change.”

METHOD

In order to attain the aim of the study, the researcher used meta-analysis. Meta-
analysis according to (The Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library, 2019) is subset of
systematic reviews; a method for systematically combining pertinent qualitative and
quantitative study data from several selected studies to develop a single conclusion that
has greater statistical power. It is a statistical technique for combining the data from
multiple studies on a particular topic. This conclusion is statistically stronger than the
analysis of any single study, due to increase numbers of subjects, greater diversity
among subjects, or accumulated effects and results.
RESULTS

There are a lot of program and intervention program created by government and
non-government organization to raise awareness and to combat HIV. However, despite
of the efforts exerted by the government and non-government organization, continues
education is still greatly needed to prevent new cases of HIV among youths and to raise
awareness about the prevention and treatment of HIV.

Based on several data‟s gathered, majority of the youths has incomplete

knowledge about HIV and AIDS. Although they have heard about HIV and AIDS, they
don‟t have the comprehensive knowledge about HIV that makes them vulnerable to the
disease. Comprehensive knowledge is a combination of 5 indicators: knowledge of 2
modes of transmission and 3 misconceptions. Comprehensive knowledge includes
knowledge about HIV and AIDS and the difference, knowledge about the modes of
transmission and the prevention and treatment of HIV. Youths show less knowledge
about the modes of transmission of HIV and shows inadequate access to prevention
and treatment. It also shows that youths have misconception between the difference of
HIV and AIDS.

African Countries which are countries with a large number of cases of HIV
among youths shows a large number of HIV cases among female adolescents. The risk
of having AIDS is higher for girls in African countries because of intergenerational
sexual relationships, violence and limited access to information. Female adolescents in
African countries are subject to violence and sex works that leads them more vulnerable
to HIV infections. Female adolescents in African countries are more vulnerable to male
because they are more likely to have adult partners.

Sex education is highly recommended in order to combat the prevalent disease.

The root cause of the problem about HIV should be tackled at the early age. There is
also an immense need to implement gender-based sex education regarding STI, HIV,
safe sex option and contraceptives in order to raise awareness among youth especially
to female adolescents. Sex education is proposed to be implemented as part of the
curricula as a one way of reducing the HIV cases among youths. The increased
knowledge about HIV and AIDS results in better sexual behaviors among youths.

There are a lot of intervention programs created by the government and non-
government organization to combat HIV cases among youths. A Caravan Mobile Project
is launched in a secondary school in Dschang Municipality to raise awareness about
HIV and AIDS. Aside from the Caravan Mobile Project, abstinent is also promoted in
secondary schools, reducing the risk of early and unwanted pregnancies, abortions,
promiscuity, early sex and loss of virginity, STIs and HIV/AIDS. In Africa, HIV
awareness is raised through football. The informality of the football pitch allows young
people to discuss intimate issues more freely, and the game itself means young people
can play out the consequences of different decisions in an enjoyable and safe way. In
Lesotho, the AVERT together with the Phelisanang Bophelong offers a services to
youths like, free HIV testing, open discussion with peers about HIV and offers
counseling to those who have HIV.

In the Philippines, awareness among the youths of Metro Manila is raised

through a dance party called “dance4life.” It aims to lift up the taboo on sex related
subjects and make the youngsters more open for new information. The DepEd also
implemented the SBHAEP, which is the Implementation of the School-Based HIV and
AIDS Education Program pursuant to the Republic Act (RA) No. 8504 otherwise known
as the “Philippines and Control Act of 1998” and the Civil Service Commission (CSC)
Announcement No. 21 dated March 25, 2010 entitled “Guidelines in the Implementation
of Workplace Policy and Education Program on HIV and AIDS “ and in compliance with
its duties and responsibilities as a member of the Philippine National AIDS Council
(PNAC). This move is guide by the deep sense of urgency to address the unabated
increase in the incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among key
affected areas in the country. Adolescent sexual and reproductive health services,
including those against HIV/AIDS, are also provided by the government and non-
government organization at both the national and local levels in the Philippines. Most
services are based in communities; some in schools; and a light number are in the
workplace-based. Information and education focusing mainly on the youth and revolving
around sexuality and sexual and reproductive health is comprised the bulk of
interventions. However, it is highly recommended that the efforts by government and
other non-government organizations must be apprehensive of the social systems like
government, family and schools and structure like gender for their immense influence
and impact on adolescent‟s infection chances.

Social media and associated technologies are also substantially integrated into
the lives of young people in much of the world, including in low- and middle-income
countries. Useful and promising initiatives have been introduced to take advantage of
this growing connectedness and provide HIV awareness messaging and reminders to
take ARVs, among other interventions. More interventions that fit into the already
complex and challenging lives of young people have great potential for strengthening
young people‟s ability to respond more effectively to HIV.

DISCUSSION

The knowledge about HIV/AIDS is incomplete among youths. Though almost all
of the youth have the idea about HIV and AIDS, there are still misperception and
misconception about the disease. Further education and implementation of intervention
program is needed to fully abate the rate of new cases of HIV infection among youths.
The majority of the students first heard about HIV/AIDS from media and ascertains it as
an effective way of spreading information. The schools also play an important role in
spreading the awareness through the implementation of sex education as part of the
curricula and tackling the root cause of the problem at an early age. The most important
way to prevent the rapid spread of HIV is to raise the level of knowledge about the
modes of transmission, protection against HIV and adequate access to prevention and
treatment. The gap in knowledge between male and females, suggest the need for
targeting and giving more important to give knowledge among females.
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