CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The electrical energy produced by the conventional sources is not enough to meet
worlds demand while all human beings need electricity for sustainable development and
poverty reduction. The world primary energy demand is expected to increase by 1.7% per
year from the year 2002 and expanding to more than 50% in 2030. The energy source which
the society can depend on is renewable energy since it is clean, pollution free, and endless.
PV system is one of power generations that utilize renewable energy (solar energy). To
reduce consumption of conventional energy, Photovoltaic (PV) sources are used today in
many applications from satellite power systems to battery chargers and home appliances. PV
is an important green energy source because it has the advantages of being pollution free, low
maintenance, with no noise or wear due to the absence of moving parts. The power produced
by a solar panel depends on two factors; irradiation and temperature. As irradiation and
temperature levels change rapidly, the voltage produced fluctuates and becomes inconstant. A
converter is therefore required to produce a constant voltage that is matched to the
requirements of the load and supplied efficiently.

Solar energy is abundantly available that has made it possible to harvest it and utilize
it properly. Solar energy can be a standalone generating unit or can be a grid connected
generating unit depending on the availability of a grid nearby. Thus it can be used to power
rural areas where the availability of grids is very low. Another advantage of using solar
energy is the portable operation whenever wherever necessary.

Photovoltaic systems are designed to perform the following functions:

 Convert solar energy to direct current electrical energy

 Regulate the electrical energy output
 Feed the electrical energy into an external load circuit to perform work, or
 Store the electrical energy in a battery subsystem for later use.

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 Four different system configurations are widely developed in grid -connected PV
power applications the centralized inverter system, the string inverter system, the multistring
inverter system and the module integrated inverter system. Generally three types of inverter
systems except the centralized inverter system can be employed as small scale distributed
generation (DG) systems, such as residential power applications.

The most important design constraint of the PV DG system is to obtain a high voltage
gain. For a typical PV module, the open circuit voltage is about 21 V and the maximum
power point (MPP) voltage is about 16 V. And the utility grid is 220 or 400 Vac. The power
capacity range of a single PV panel is about 100W to 300W, and the maximum power point
(MPP) voltage range is from 15V to 40V, which will be the input voltage of the ac module in
cases with lower input voltage, it is difficult to use. However, employing a high step-up dc–
dc converter in the system improves power-conversion efficiency and provides high voltage
gain.

The dc–dc converter requires large step-up conversion from the panel’s low voltage
to the voltage level of the application. The dc-input converter must boost the 48 V of the
dc bus voltage to about 380–400 V.

The conventional system requires large numbers of PV modules in series, and the
normal PV array voltage is between 150 and 450 V, and the system power is more than 500
W. This system is not applicable to the module integrated inverters, because the typical power
rating of the module integrated inverter system is below 500 W, and the modules with power
ratings between 100 and 200 W are also quite common.

The other method is to use a line frequency step up transformer, and the normal PV
array voltage is between 30 and 150 V. But the line frequency transformer has the
disadvantages of larger size and weight.

2
 In the grid connected PV system, power electronic inverters are needed to realize the
power conversion, grid interconnection, and control optimization. Generally, gird -connected
pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source inverters (VSIs) are widely applied in PV
systems, which have two functions at least because of the unique features of PV modules.
First, the dc - bus voltage of the inverter should be stabilized to a specific value because the
output voltage of the PV modules varies with temperature, irradiance, and the effect of
maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

Second, the energy should be fed from the PV modules into the utility grid by
inverting the dc current into a sinusoidal waveform synchronized with utility grid. Therefore,
it is clear that for the inverter - based PV system, the conversion power quality including the
low THD, high power factor, and fast dynamic response, largely depends on the control
strategy adopted by the grid - connected inverters.

Ac inverter has the capability of stabilizing the dc bus voltage to a specific value.
The grid – connected PV power system can offer a high voltage gain and guarantee the used
PV array voltage is less than 50 V, while the power system interfaces the utility grid. On the
one hand, the required quantity of PV modules in series is greatly reduced. And the system
power can be controlled in a wide range from several hundred to thousand watts only by
changing the quantity of PV module branches in parallel.

In this paper, a grid connected PV power system with high voltage gain is
proposed.

3
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1.1 J. T. Bialasiewicz [et al], “RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS WITH

PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERGENERATOR SOPERATION AND MODELING,”IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2752–2758, Jul. 2008

A substantial increase of photovoltaic (PV) power generators installations has taken

place in recent years, due to the increasing efficiency of solar cells as well as the
improvements of manufacturing technology of solar panels. These generators are both grid
connected and standalone applications. We present an overview of the essential research
results. The paper concentrates on the operation and modeling of stand-alone power systems
with PV power generators. Systems with PV array inverter assemblies, operating in the slave
and master modes are discussed and the simulation results obtained using a renewable energy
power system modular simulator are presented.[2]

These results demonstrate that simulation is an essential step in the system

development process and that PV power generators constitute a valuable energy source. They
have the ability to balance the energy and supply good power quality. It is demonstrated that
when PV array inverters are operating in the master mode in stand-alone applications, they
well perform the task of controlling the voltage and frequency of the power system. The
mechanism of switching the master function between the diesel generator and the PV array
inverter assembly in a standalone power system is also existing and analyzed. [2]Finally, some
experimental results on a practical system are compared to the simulation results and confirm
the usefulness of the existing approach to the development of renewable energy systems with
PV power generators.

4
2.1.2 B. Yang,[et al]“DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A GRID CONNECTED
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM,”IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,vol. 25, no. 4, pp.
992–1000, Apr. 2010.

A grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power system with high voltage gain is
analyzed, and the steady state model analysis and the control strategy of the system are
presented in this paper. For a typical PV array, the output voltage is relatively low, and a high
voltage gain is obligatory to realize the grid connected function. The existing PV system
employs a ZVT interleaved boost converter with winding coupled inductors and active clamp
circuits as the first power-processing stage, which can boost a low voltage of the PV array up
to a high dc bus voltage.[17]

An accurate steady-state model is obtained and verified by the simulation and

experimental results, and a full bridge inverter with bidirectional power flow is used as the
second power processing stage, which can stabilize the dc bus voltage and shape the output
current. Two compensation units are added to perform in the system control loops to achieve
the low total harmonic distortion and fast dynamic response of the output current.
Furthermore, a simple maximum power point tracking method based on power balance is
applied in the PV system to reduce the system complexity and cost with a high performance.
At last, a 2-kW prototype has been built and tested to verified [17].

5
2.1.3 W.Li[et al],“REVIEW OF NON-ISOLATED HIGH-STEP-UP DC/DC
CONVERTERS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC GRID-CONNECTED APPLICATIONS ”, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1239–1250, Apr. 2011.

The photovoltaic (PV) grid connected power system in the residential

applications is becoming a fast growing segment in the PV market due to the shortage of the
fossil fuel energy and the great environmental pollution. A new research trend in the
residential generation system is to employ the PV parallel connected configuration rather than
the series connected configuration to satisfy the safety requirements and to make full use of
the PV generated power How to achieve high step up, low cost and high efficiency dc/dc
conversion is the major consideration due to the low PV output voltage with the parallel
connected structure.[10]

The limitations of the conventional boost converters in these applications are analyzed
then most of the topologies with high step up, low-cost and high efficiency performance are
covered and classified into several categories. The advantages and disadvantages of these
converters are discussed.[10]. Furthermore, a general conceptual circuit for high step up, low
cost and high efficiency dc to dc conversion is existing to derive the next generation
topologies for the PV grid connected power system. Finally, the major challenges of high step
up, low cost and high efficiency dc to dc converters are summarized. This paper would like to
make a clear picture on the general law and framework for the next-generation non isolated
high step up dc to dc converters.

6
2.1.4 James Dunia, Bakari M. M. Mwinyiwiwa “ Performance Comparison between

ĆUK and SEPIC Converters for Maximum Power Point Tracking Using
Incremental Conductance Technique in Solar Power Applications” , IEEE
Transactions On Power Electronics, Vol. 7, No. 12, November 2013.

The comparison between Ćuk and SEPIC converter in maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) of photovoltaic (PV) system. In the paper, advantages and disadvantages of both
converters are described. Incremental conductance control method has been used as
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The two converters and MPPT algorithm
were modelled using MATLAB/Simulink software for simulation. Simulation results show
that both Ćuk and SEPIC converters can track the maximum power point with some minor
variations.
This study compares the performance of Ćuk and SEPIC converters used in MPPT
design using incremental conductance technique. MATLAB/Simulink software has been used
to simulate the system comprising Ćuk and SEPIC Converters.
Modeling of the system by using Matlab/Simulink comprises of: Modeling of PV
system according to Modeling of MPPT control system based on the flow chart given in Fig.
3 and modeling of dc–dc converters based on the required parameters given circuits shows
the combined system modeled in such a way to compare two systems, the system with Ćuk
converter and the system with SEPIC converter. The two systems are exposed under the same
conditions (Temperature and irradiation) and also have the same PV parameters.
The results show that all systems track the maximum power point although SEPIC is
more stable with less power ripple as compared to Ćuk converter at maximum power output.
On the other hand, the advantage of Ćuk converter is the reduction of circuit parameters
(capacitor and inductance) as compared to SEPIC converter and hence reduced cost.
Selection of one converter from the two depends on the system requirements and budget. For
good quality of output power, SEPIC converter is favorable while Ćuk converter offers low
cost system.

2.1.5 Mrs.N.Nagarani ,Dr.M.Santhi “Analysis and Design of Soft

Switching Isolated SEPIC Converter for DC Distribution
Systems ” , IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, Vol 1 (4), pp 245
– 252, July 2013 .

7
 This paper investigates the possibility of new soft-switching with
isolated time-sharing multiple-input Converters (TS-MICs) and large input
voltage differences. During the energy transfer from the leakage
inductance in the isolating coupled inductor into the input switches, there
will be more switching losses. The input switches are addressed with a
common active clamping leg for all input legs. In order to minimize the
additional switching losses and voltage stresses on input legs, an active
clamping technique is applied to isolated TS-MIC. This active clamping
technique is to be discussed with an operational analysis of an isolated
time-sharing dual-input single-ended primary-inductor converter (I-TS-DI-
SEPIC). The proper driving strategy and circuit parameter is being used on
the active clamping leg and Zero Voltage switching is to be achieved. To
demonstrate the performance in the application of split-phase dc
distribution systems, a prototype model of the I-TS-DI-SEPIC with the
active clamping technique is to be used. This experimental analysis of the
prototype model will prove the improvement in converter efficiency and
also decreases the voltage and component stresses.
The active clamping technique that is applied to the TS-MIC is only
designed for ZVS on the first-turned-on input leg. Therefore, the analysis
of switch transient of each input leg is critical, especially when cost is one
of the converter design factors. In addition, the input-to-output voltage
relationship and the component stresses of the ACL are also important for
the isolated TS-MIC design.
The proposed converter not only has the capability of bilateral power flow, but it also
has zero voltage switching losses and conduction losses due to its zero voltage switching
ZVS conditions can be achieved on switches S1 and Sac with proper dead-time setting and
resonant parameters. Although the active clamping technique applied to the TS-MIC is only
designed for ZVS on the first-turned- on input leg, it is shown that the turn-on switching
losses on other input legs are also reduced. The experimental results show that the voltage
stresses on input switches are greatly reduced with ACL applied, and the effect of Lr on iS1 is
also shown. In addition, the experimental results show that the converter efficiency is
noticeably improved when the active clamping technique is applied. The proposed technique

8
also achieves a nearly constant efficiency profile, which is a desirable feature in power
electronic circuits for this type of applications.
2.1.6 Mr.Weerachat Khadmun and Wanchai Subsingha “High Voltage Gain
Interleaved DC Boost Converter Application for Photovoltaic Generation
System ” , EMSES2012, Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) 390 – 398 2013 .

This paper presents a novel high voltage gain interleaved DC boost converter. This
converter is non-isolated boost converter, which can level up DC voltage from 24 Vdc input
voltage to 130 Vdc output voltage. This is adequate suitable in order to develop and apply
with any dc output renewable energy source, such as PV generation system and etc. The
converter in this paper has power rating at 350W. The proposed converter has totally four
modules of DC boost converter, which are connected in parallel. At the same purpose, these
switching devices are controlled by 90 degree shifting to each other, due to an interleaving
technique. This will leads to a smoother output dc current. Nevertheless, the High gain DC
boost converter in this project was done by MATLAB / SIMULINK based Digital Signal
Processing Board (here is TMS320F2812) implementation.

High voltage gain DC boost converter that proposed in this paper is a combination of
two 2 phase interleaved boost converter from Figure 5 and 6 together as shown in Figure 7.
Such circuit is called as 4 phase interleaved DC boost converter. The four switching devices
(here is Power MOSFET IRF3415) are controlled in 90 phase delay to each others
simultaneously (interleave technique method), in order to smooth output ripple current,
raising power rating and efficiency as described above. The proposed DC boost converter is
built in a laboratory scale using TMS320F2812 DSP board. The DSP board is set for
generating a suitable control signals for all four switching devices in the circuit. However, in
order to controlling the essential data and some important control parameters,
MATLAB/Simulink is used as a basis platform for managing the control model and such
control data through TMS320F2812 DSP board

This converter is non-isolated boost converter, which can level up DC voltage from
24Vdc input voltage to 130Vdc output voltage at power rating of 350W. Four phase of each
switching control signal are differentiate 90 degree. However, inductor currents in each phase
in the experimental results are not exactly the same because of Inductors parasitic. High

9
voltage gain interleaved DC boost converter in this paper could be applied to any renewable
energy systems and some related applications.
2.1.7 S.Daison Stallon, K.Vinoth Kumar, S.Suresh Kumar “High Efficient Module of
Boost Converter in PV Module ” , IJECE Vol.2, No.6, December 2012, pp.

In this paper within the photovoltaic (PV) power-generation market, the PV module
has shown obvious growth. However, a high voltage gain converter is essential for the
module’s grid connection through a dc–ac inverter. This paper proposes a converter that
employs a floating active switch to isolate energy from the PV panel when the ac module is
OFF; this particular design protects installers and users from electrical hazards. Without
extreme duty ratios and the numerous turns-ratios of a coupled inductor, this converter
achieves a high step-up voltage-conversion ratio; the leakage inductor energy of the coupled
inductor is efficiently recycled to the load. These features explain the module’s high-
efficiency performance. The detailed operating principles and steady-state analyses of
continuous, discontinuous, and boundary conduction modes are described. A 15V input
voltage, 200V output voltage, and 100W output power prototype circuit of the proposed
converter has been implemented; its maximum efficiency is up to 95.3% and full-load
efficiency is 92.3%.

The proposed converter, shown in Fig.3, is comprised of a coupled inductor T1 with

the floating active switch S1. The primary winding N1 of a coupled inductor T1 is similar to
the input inductor of the conventional boost converter, and capacitorC1 and diode D1 receive
leakage inductor energy from N1. The secondary winding N2 of coupled inductor T1 is
connected with another pair of capacitors C2 and diode D2 , which are in series with N1 in
order to further enlarge the boost voltage. The rectifier diode D3 connects to its output
capacitor C3. The proposed converter has several features:
1) The connection of the two pairs of inductors, capacitor, and diode gives a large step-up
voltage-conversion ratio;
2) The leakage-inductor energy of the coupled inductor can be recycled, thus increasing the
efficiency and restraining the voltage stress across the active switch; and
3) the floating active switch efficiently isolates the PV panel energy during non operating
conditions, which enhances safety. The proposed converter achieves high step-up voltage
gain, of up to 13 times the level of input voltage. The experimental results show that the

10
maximum efficiency of 95.3% is measured at half load, and a small efficiency variation will
harvest more energy from the PV module during fading sunlight.
2.1.8 Archana Priyadharshni , R N Rathod ” HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOFT
SWITCHED DUAL BOOST CONVERTER FOR HIGH VOLTAGE OUTPUT ” ,
©2014 IJIRT | Volume 1 Issue 2 | ISSN: 2349-6002.

This paper proposes hardware implementation of soft switched dual boost converter
which can give higher voltage output for smaller input voltage depending on the duty cycle of
the semiconductor switches used in it. Boost converter which is most preferable among the
converters for power quality improvement and high voltage output is
modified for the purpose. It has paralleled inductor branch so that it could be used for high
current applications and also smaller inductors could be used. Zero voltage transition
switching enables the filter to have minimum losses and therefore maximum efficiency. Here
ZVT is achieved by using only an auxiliary inductor which is connected wisely in the circuit.
Smaller number of components makes the active filter simple in construction. The hardware
circuit gives 300 volts for 120 volts input.

This paper proposes hardware implementation of soft switched dual boost converter
composed of two paralleled elementary boost conversion units and an auxiliary inductor. This
converter is able to provide zero voltage switching to the switches reducing switching power
loss and giving higher voltage at the output according to the duty cycle selected. Converter is
designed for 600W input. The practical working of soft switched dual boost converter shows
that the input of 120 volts will give 300 volts output with switching frequency of 5 KHZ.

The proposing hardware implementation of soft switched dual boost converter it is

seen that high voltage at the output is obtained. Soft switching (ZVS turn on) can minimize
losses and hence increases converter efficiency. Increase in gate to source voltage can further
decrease the losses occurring in switches because high gate to source voltage will produce a
low resistive path for the flow of drain to source current. The converter can be easily
controlled by varying the duty cycle of the switches. Inductor La determines the performance
of the converter.

11
2.1.9 Sheng-Yu Tseng * and Hung-Yuan Wang ” A Photovoltaic Power
System Using a High Step-up Converter for DC Load Applications ” ,
Energies 2013, 6, 1068-1100; doi:10.3390/en6021068
This paper presents a power system using a high step-up converter for dc load
applications. The high step-up converter adopts a boost converter with interleaved mode and
a coupled inductor to raise its powering ability and increase its step-up voltage ratio,
respectively. In order to increase conversion efficiency, an active clamp circuit is introduced
into the proposed one to provide soft-switching features to reduce switching losses.
Moreover, switches in the converter and active clamp circuit are integrated with a
synchronous switching technique to reduce circuit complexity and component counts,
resulting in a lower cost and smaller volume. A perturb and observe method is adopted to
extract the maximum power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays. Furthermore, a microchip
associated with PWM IC is used to implement maximum power point tracking operation,
voltage regulation and power management. Finally, a prototype PV power system with 400
V/6 A has been implemented for verifying the feasibility of the proposed PV power system. It
is shown to be suitable for PV energy conversion applications when the duty ratios of
switches in the dc/dc converter are less than 0.5.
Two dc/dc converters adopt an interleaved active clamp boost converter with coupled
inductor, respectively. The one with MPPT control algorithm is used to extract the maximum
power from the PV arrays. The other one, equipped with a voltage regulation control method,
is required to regulate the power between the PV arrays and loads and to generate a constant
output voltage for supplying power to the dc loads. Since the one with the MPPT control
algorithm uses PV arrays as its power source, its controller, which is a microcontroller, is
divided into two control units: MPPT unit and power management unit. Its control method
adopts the perturb and observe method, The power management one can separately regulate
the output voltage of dc/dc converters with MPPT control algorithm and with the voltage
regulation control method, according to the relationships between the maximum power
PPV(max) of the PV arrays and the load power PL by signals M1 and SP. Moreover, the
PWM IC unit is adopted to control the dc/dc converter by the voltage regulation control
method to obtain a constant output voltage. Regulation of the output power by control signal
Sp is also required. All of the protections are implemented by the microcontroller. The
protections include over-current and -temperature protections of two dc/dc converters and
battery undercharge. Therefore, the proposed PV power system can achieve the optimal
utility rate of PV arrays.

12
1.3 MOTIVATION

Photovoltaic power control is one of the burning research fields these days.
Researchers are round the clock to develop better solar cell materials and efficient control
mechanisms. The challenge of the project and the new area of study were the motivations
behind the project.

1.4 OBJECTIVE

 To achieve the high gain output voltage of Solar Panels.

 Reduce the complications of grid connection.
 Reduce the Total Harmonics distortions (THD) in the output.

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

This project is organized in Six Chapters.

 In Chapter 1, Introduction and Literature survey

 In Chapter 2, Overview of PV system is described.
 In Chapter 3, A brief introduction to the converters and its topologies
 In Chapter 4, Existing system: PV HID Street Light system by using SEPIC
converter is presented.
 In Chapter 5, The proposed system operation is explained.
 In Chapter 6, Discuss MATLAB simulation results of the proposed system and
conclusions and the further development.

CHAPTER 2

13
OVERVIEW OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
Photovoltaic systems are designed for many applications varying in size and
complexity some are isolated from ac power lines. Remote systems include navigational aide
along coastlines beacons on mountain peaks, remote homes, and isolated villages in
developing countries. Some photovoltaic systems have ac power or fossil fuel generators as a
source of auxiliary electric power. Systems are designed for water pumping stations, for
supplying power to TV and communication equipment, village power, auxiliary power for
heating and cooling private homes and industrial applications.

TYPES OF PV SYSTEMS

 Grid-connected or net-metered systems

 Grid-tie with battery backup
 Remote or standalone solar photovoltaic (spv)
 PV DIRECT

2.1 COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS

A block diagram of a typical system is shown in figure 1-1 to identify the components
and their functions. The key components are the solar panel, the voltage regulator, the
storage battery, the dc-ac inverter (or dc to dc converter), and the load.

Fig 2.1components of photovoltaic system

2.1.1 PV MODULE

14
PV modules are mounted on mounting racks and are attached to a structure or may be
mounted on a pole. A number of modules assembled together is called an array. Individual
modules produce electric current and voltage that depends upon the specific module. The
electric output wires of the modules are wired together in a combiner box in order to get the
voltage and current required by the inverter.The array output can be disconnected by a DC
disconnect switch. In order for the system to be disconnected from the grid by utility
workers, a utility accessible AC disconnect switch is installed on inverter output. The
inverter may have two connections to the breaker panel.

System Components are

 Solar cells
 Arrays
 Mounting Structures
 WCombiner Box
 Inverters
PV CELL

The basic photovoltaic device that is the building block for PV modules

Fig 2.2 PV Cells

 PV array One silicon solar cell produces 0.5 volt.

 36 cells connected together have enough voltage to charge 12 volt batteries and run
pumps and motors.
 72-cell modules are the new standard for grid-connected systems having a nominal
voltage of 24-Volts and operating at about 30 Volts.
 Module is the basic building block of systems can connect modules together to get
any power configuration.
PV Module

A group of PV cells connected in series and /or parallel and encapsulated in an

environmentally protective laminate.

15
PV Panel

A structural group of modules that is the basic building block of a PV Array.

PV Array

A group of panels that comprises the complete direct current PV generating unit.

Fig 2.3 Photovoltaic cells, modules, panels and array

Solar panels are an orderly arrangement of solid state photovoltaic cells in series and
parallel strings which convert incident solar energy into direct unregulated current. Panel
electrical performance if normally described by its characteristics delivered under maximum
sunlight

 Peak power
 Voltage at peak power
 Current at peak power
 Short circuit current
 Open circuit voltage

Incident sunlight, or insolation, varies during the day, with elevation, and with
geographical location. Panel output therefore also varies and must be regulated by the charge
controller to control the charging of the battery subsystem. Excessive overcharging of a
battery is a major cause of short battery life.

16
 Fig 2.4 Voltage Varies with Temperature curve

Fig 2.5 Solar Module Performance at Different Cell Temperatures

2.1.2 Charge Controller:

The charge controller regulates the flow of electricity from the PV modules to the
battery and the load. The controller keeps the battery fully charged without overcharging it.
When the load is drawing power, the controller allows charge to flow from the modules into
the battery, the load, or both. When the controller senses that the battery is fully charged, it
stops the flow of charge from the modules. Many controllers will also sense when loads have
taken too much electricity from batteries and will stop the flow until sufficient charge is
restored to the batteries. This last feature can greatly extend the battery’s lifetime. However,
controllers in stand-alone photovoltaic system are more complex devices that depend on

17
battery state-of-charge, which in turn depends on many factors and is difficult to measure.
The controller must be sized to handle the maximum current produced.

Several characteristics should be considered before selecting a controller:

• Adjustable Set points.
 High voltage disconnects.
 Low voltage disconnects.
• Temperature compensation.
• Low voltage warning.
• Reverse current protection.

The controller should ensure that no current flows from the battery to the array at night.

2.1.3 Batteries:

Batteries are often used in PV systems for storing energy produced by the PV array
during day time and supplying it to electrical loads as needed (during night time or cloudy
weather). Moreover, batteries are also needed in the tracker systems to keep the operation at
MPP in order to provide electrical loads with stable voltages. Nearly, most of the batteries
used in PV systems are deep cycle lead-acid [27]. These batteries have thicker lead plates that
make them tolerate deep discharges. The thicker the lead plates, the longer the life span. The
heavier the battery for a given group size, the thicker the plates and the better the battery will
tolerate deep discharges.

All deep cycle batteries are rated in ampere-hour where Ampere-hour (AH) capacity
is a quantity of the amount of usable energy it can store at nominal voltage. For example an
ampere-hour is one ampere for one hour or 10 A for one-tenth of an hour and so forth [29]. A
good charge rate is approximately 10% of the total capacity of the battery per hour (i.e. 200
ampere-hour battery charged at 20A). This will reduce electrolyte loss

and damage to the plates [28]. A PV system may have to be sized to store a sufficient
amount of power in the batteries to meet power demand during several days of cloudy
weather. This is known as “days of autonomy”.

18
2.1.4 DC – AC Inverters

The dc-ac inverter changes dc power from the solar panel or the battery to ac power to
perform work in ac loads (motors, transmitters, lights, etc.). A dc-dc converter can be used if
the load is designed for de power. 2-4 At night and during continuing overcast days, the
energy stored in the battery subsystem can be depleted. When the battery voltage drops
below a predetermined value, the auxiliary dc power supply cuts in to carry the load and
recharges the battery. In the simplest stand-alone system, the only components which may
appear to be needed are the solar module, the battery and the de load. The battery is sized to
accept the highest power output from the solar panel without overcharge damage. In most
cases, however, insulation is not that predictable, and the array output varies over such a wide
range that charge regulators are needed and recommended to control charging current. A low
voltage disconnect is also recommended to protect the battery from deep discharge. The
battery stores excess energy generated by the solar array during bright days of high insolation
and discharges this stored energy back into the load at night or on overcast days. For a
continuous power output capability, the battery is a very essential component. Batteries can
be selected to give a higher peak output than the solar array to provide:

 High peak energy for starting motors or engines

 For opening and closing circuit breakers
 For steady power output for long periods of time 2-5

19
 Fig 2.6 Classification of inverters.

In addition, the battery can repeat these functions through many charge-discharge cycles
within wide temperature range during its long life. Correct battery selection and sizing is
most important to the success of the solar photovoltaic system.

Due to the output voltage of such PV cell and PV panel is not high enough to
provide to a customer in general, thus the PV’s output voltage has to be boosted up
higher enough for providing any electrical appliances, it is depending on its
applications.

48 V (Power Net) a new standard voltage for automobile systems,

48 V, 120 V or 400 V to 480 V for stand-alone or parallel grid connections,
230V or 350 V for the standard on all Electric aircraft
350 V – 750 V Transit bus system and tramway locomotive system

2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING OUTPUT:

20
 PV systems produce power in proportion to the intensity of sunlight striking the solar
array surface. Thus there are some factors that affect the overall output of the PV system.

 Temperature:
Output power of a PV system reduces as the module temperature increases.
For Crystalline modules, a typical temperature reduction factor recommended
by CEC is 89% in the middle of spring or a fall day, under full light
conditions.
 Dirt and Dust:
Dirt and dust can accumulate on the solar module surface, blocking some of
the sunlight and reducing output. A typical annual dust reduction factor to use
is 93%. J. P. Thornton showed that sand and dust can cause erosion of the PV
surface which affects the system’s running performance by decreasing the
output power to more than 10% [30].
 DC–AC Conversion:
Since the power from the PV array is converted back to ac as shown
previously, some power is being lost in the conversion process, in addition to
losses in the wiring. Common inverters used have peak efficiencies of about
88–90%. Thus a 100 Watts module under well controlled conditions is actually
a 95 Watts module under normal condition.

This power is then reduced due to the factors listed to:

Effect of Temperature: 95 × 0.89 = 85 Watts

Effect of Dirt and Dust: 85 × 0.93 = 79 Watts
Effect of Conversion: 79 × 0.90 = 71 Watts

2.3 PROBLEMS RELATED WITH GRID CONNECTIONS:

21
 In a grid-interconnected photovoltaic power system, the direct
current (DC) output power of the photovoltaic array should be converted
into the alternating current (AC) power of the utility power system. Under
this condition, an inverter to convert DC power into AC power is required.
Various types of inverters are shown in Figure 1.

A line commutated inverter uses a switching device like a

commutating thyristor that can control the timing of turn on but cannot
control the timing of turn-off by itself. Turn-off should be performed by
reducing circuit current
to zero with the help of a supplemental circuit or a source. Conversely,

A self-commutated inverter is characterized in that it uses a switching

device that can freely control the ON-state and the OFF-state, such as an
IGBT or a
MOSFET. A self-commutated inverter can freely control the voltage and the
current waveform at the AC side, adjust the power factor, and suppress
the harmonic current, and is highly resistant to utility system disturbance.
Due to advances in switching devices, most inverters for distributed
power sources such as photovoltaic power generators now employ self
commutated inverters.

22
 CHAPTER-3

OVERVIEW OF CONVERTERS & ITS TOPOLOGIES

Modern electronic systems require high-quality, small, lightweight, reliable, and

efficient power supplies. Linear power regulators, whose principle of operation is based on a
voltage or current divider, are inefficient. This is because they are limited to output voltages
smaller than the input voltage, and also their power density is low because they require low
frequency (50 or 60 Hz) line transformers and filters. Linear regulators can, however, provide
a very high-quality output voltage. Their main area of application is at low power levels.
Electronic devices in linear regulators operate in their active (linear) modes, but at higher
power levels switching regulators are used.

Switching regulators use power electronic semiconductor switches in on and off

states. Because there is a small power loss in those states (low voltage across a switch in the
on state, zero current through a switch in the off state), switching regulators can achieve high
energy conversion efficiencies. Modern power electronic switches can operate at high
frequencies. The higher the operating frequency, the smaller and lighter the transformers,
filter inductors, and capacitors.

In addition, the dynamic characteristics of converters improve with increasing

operating frequencies. The bandwidth of a control loop is usually determined by the corner
frequency of the output filter

The functions of dc-dc converters are

 Convert a dc input voltage VS into a dc output voltage VO

 Regulate the dc output voltage against load and line variations
 Reduce the ac voltage ripple on the dc o/p voltage below the required level
 Provide isolation between the input source and the load (isolation is not always
required)
 Protect the supplied system and the input source from electromagnetic interference
(EMI)
 Satisfy various international and national safety standards.

23
The dc-dc converters can be divided into two main types:

 Hard-switching pulse width modulated (PWM) converters,

 Resonant and soft-switching converters.

PWM dc-dc converters are very popular and that are widely used at all power levels.
Topologies and properties of PWM converters are well understood and described in the
literature.

Advantages of PWM converters include low component count, high efficiency,

constant frequency operation, relatively simple control and commercial availability of
integrated circuit controllers, and ability to achieve high conversion ratios for both step-down
and step-up application.

A disadvantage of PWM dc-dc converters is that PWM rectangular voltage and

current waveforms cause turn-on and turn-off losses in semiconductor devices, which limit
practical operating frequencies to hundreds of kilohertz. Rectangular waveforms also
inherently generate EMI.

Switching Consideration of DC-DC Converters:

The converter switch can be implemented by using

a) Pwer bipolar junction transistor (BJT
b) Power Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
c) Gate Turn Off Thyristor (GTO)
d) Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)

Practical devices have a finite voltage drop ranging from 0.5V to 2V but during the
calculations for the sake of simplicity of the understanding, these switches are considered
lossless.

24
3.1 TYPES OF CONVERTERS

1. The BUCK converter - Step Down

2. The BOOST converter - Step Up
3. The BUCK-BOOST converter
4. The CUK converter
3.1.1 BUCK CONVERTER

A buck converter is a step-down DC to DC converter. Its design is similar to the step-

up boost converter, and like the boost converter it is a switched-mode power supply that uses
two switches (a transistor and a diode), an inductor and a capacitor.
The simplest way to reduce the voltage of a DC supply is to use a linear
regulator (such as a 7805), but linear regulators waste energy as they operate by dissipating
excess power as heat. Buck converters, on the other hand, can be remarkably efficient (95%
or higher for integrated circuits), making them useful for tasks such as converting the 12–
24 V typical battery voltage in a laptop down to the few volts needed by the processor.

Fig 3.1 Buck Converter Block Diagram

Operating principle:
The operation of the buck converter is fairly simple, with an inductor and two
switches (usually a transistor and a diode) that control the inductor. It alternates between
connecting the inductor to source voltage to store energy in the inductor and discharging the
inductor into the load.

25
3.1.2 BOOST CONVERTER - Step-Up Converter

A boost converter (step-up converter) is a power converter with an output DC

voltage greater than its input DC voltage. It is a class of switching-mode power supply
SMPS) containing at least two semiconductor switches (a diode and a transistor) and at least
one energy storage element. Filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination
with inductors) are normally added to the output of the converter to reduce output voltage
ripple.

Fig 3.2 Boost Converter Block Diagram

Operating principle:

The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to resist
changes in current. When being charged it acts as a load and absorbs energy (somewhat like a
resistor); when being discharged it acts as an energy source (somewhat like a battery). The
voltage it produces during the discharge phase is related to the rate of change of current, and
not to the original charging voltage, thus allowing different input and output voltages.

3.1.3 BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER:

26
 Two different topologies are called buck–boost converter. Both of them can produce
an output voltage much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage. Both of them
can produce a wide range of output voltage from that maximum output voltage to almost
zero.
The inverting topology – The output voltage is of the opposite polarity as the input
A buck (step-down) converter followed by a boost (step-up) converter – The output
voltage is of the same polarity as the input, and can be lower or higher than the input. Such a
non-inverting buck-boost converter may use a single inductor that is used as both the buck
inductor and the boost inductor.

Fig 3.3 Buck Boost Converter Block Diagram

Operating principle:

While in the On-state, the input voltage source is directly connected to the inductor
(L). This results in accumulating energy in L. In this stage, the capacitor supplies energy to
the output load. While in the Off-state, the inductor is connected to the output load and
capacitor, so energy is transferred from L to C and R.

3.1.4 CUK CONVERTERS

The Cuk converter is used for getting the output voltage with different polarity. That

27
means output voltage magnitude can be either larger or smaller than the input, and there is a
polarity reversal on the output.
The inductor on the input acts as a filter for the dc supply, to prevent large harmonic
current. Unlike the previous converter topologies where energy transfer is associated with the
inductor. Energy transfer for the cuk converter depends on the capacitor C1.
A non-isolated cuk converter comprises two inductors, two capacitors, a switch
(usually a transistor), and a diode. Its schematic can be seen in figure 1. It is an inverting
converter, so the output voltage is negative with respect to the input voltage.
The capacitor C is used to transfer energy and is connected alternately to the input and
to the output of the converter via the commutation of the transistor and the diode.
The two inductors L1 and L2 are used to convert respectively the input voltage source
(Vi) and the output voltage source (Co) into current sources. Indeed, at a short time scale an
inductor can be considered as a current source as it maintains a constant current. This
conversion is necessary
because if the capacitor were connected directly to the voltage source, the current would be
limited only by (parasitic) resistance, resulting in high energy loss. Charging a capacitor with
a current source (the inductor) prevents resistive current limiting and its associated energy
loss.

As with other converters (buck converter, boost converter, buck-boost converter) the
Cuk converter can either operate in continuous or discontinuous current mode. However,
unlike these converters, it can also operate in is continuous voltage mode (i.e., the voltage
across the capacitor drops to zero during the commutation cycle).

Fig 3.4 CUK Converter Block Diagram

3.1.5 Disadvantages of DC Boost Convertors

28
Normally, a traditional non-isolated DC boost converter has a significant disadvantage
due to its low voltage. Thus, a high gain DC converter has to be proposed. However,
such DC converter must have a good reliability in long time operation. In which, it also
should be a small size in order to ease of installation, maintenance, power lossless and
toughness

CHAPTER-IV
THE EXISTING SYSTEM

4.1 PV HID STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM WITH SEPIC CONVERTER

Photovoltaic (PV) high-intensity- discharge (HID) street lighting system with Single-
ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) is used for maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) and battery charging. High conversion efficiency and high MPPT accuracy can be
achieved under different atmospheric conditions.

A pulse-current-charging scheme with an adaptive rest-period is also applied to avoid

29
battery over-charging. An electronic ballast circuit is also designed to release the solar energy
stored in battery for powering HID lamps. The studied PV HID street lighting system is
connected to the ac-line utility with a SEPIC power factor correction converter. High in-put
power factor can be achieved when energy is drawn from the ac-line utility to drive the HID
lamp and to prevent the battery from over-discharging.

PV street lighting systems during daytime and night operations. has the advantages of
high power density, simple circuit, and long lifetime. The operating principle and design
considerations were analyzed and discussed in detail.

4.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING SYSTEM

Fig 4.1 Existing System Block Diagram

THE photovoltaic (PV) street lighting system shown the conventional PV HID street
lighting system with a PV inverter that releases the solar energy in the battery to the ac-line
utility. The boost maximum power point tracking (MPPT) PV charger is applied to extract
maximum power from the PV panel under all solar irradiation conditions. A boost power
factor correction (PFC) circuit is series connected with the electronic ballast to achieve high
power factor input and drive the HID lamp.

This PV HID street lighting system has the drawbacks of high circuit complexity and
low system efficiency due to a four-stage power conversion from the PV panel to the HID
lamp.

30
4.1.2 PV HID Street Lighting System with SEPIC Converter

Fig 4.2 PV based HID street light system with Sepic converter block diagram

Fig. a shows another PV HID street lighting system with a high-voltage dc bus (e.g.,
400 V) design. High conversion efficiency can be achieved due to only two-stage power
conversion. However, the use of a high-voltage battery bank causes maintenance and safety
issues. The voltage imbalance among series-connected battery stacks during charging and
discharging process damages the batteries.

Fig. b shows a PV HID street lighting system with a low-voltage dc bus (e.g., 24 V or
48 V) design. The use of a high-voltage battery bank can be avoided. However, the
conversion efficiency at PFC mode is reduced due to the addition of a voltage-step-down
battery charger behind the boost PFC stage.

Fig. c shows the latest PV HID street lighting system. With a single-ended primary
inductance converter (SEPIC) PFC converter, this PV HID street lighting system is connected
to the ac-line utility. As such, the HID street lighting system will not be extinguished even if
the battery is fully discharged. High efficiency performance can be achieved due to only two-
stage power conversion both at PV mode and PFC mode.

A SEPIC is also used for MPPT and battery charging under a wide range of PV panel

31
voltage variations. A pulse-current battery-charging scheme with an adaptive rest period is
proposed to avoid battery overcharging. The state of charge (SOC) is estimated to pro-long
battery lifetime. The solar energy stored in the battery can be released to power the HID lamp
at night using the studied electronic ballast circuit.

4.2 SEPIC CONVERTER

The Existing work is about PV system implemented with the single-ended primary
inductance converter (SEPIC).

The single ended primary-inductor converter is a type of DC-DC converter allowing

the electrical potential (voltage) at its output to be greater than, less than, or equal to that at its
input; the output of the SEPIC is controlled by the duty cycle of the control transistor. The
SEPIC converter has the relatively good feature that follows:

1. The polarities of the input and output voltage are the same from the same ground
reference.
2. The input current ripple is low due to the existence of large input inductor.
3. A version with a transformer exists so that the galvanic isolation between the input
and output
The effectiveness of the existing methods is proved with prototype and experimental
results in the base paper.

A SEPIC is essentially a boost converter followed by a buck-boost converter,

therefore it is similar to a traditional buck-boost converter, but has advantages of having non-
inverted output (the output has the same voltage polarity as the input), using a series capacitor
to couple energy from the input to the output (and thus can respond more gracefully to a
short-circuit output), and being capable of true shutdown: when the switch is turned off, its
output drops to 0 V, following a fairly hefty transient dump of charge.

4.2.2 Circuit Diagram of SEPIC

32
 Fig 4.3 SEPIC converter Circuit diagram

4.2.2 Simulation Diagram of SEPIC

Fig 4.4 SEPIC converter Simulink diagram

4.2.3Circuit operation

The schematic diagram for a basic SEPIC is shown in Figure 1. As with other
switched mode power supplies (specifically DC-to-DC converters), the SEPIC exchanges
energy between the capacitors and inductors in order to convert from one voltage to another.
The amount of energy exchanged is controlled by switch S1, which is typically a transistor
such as a MOSFET; MOSFETs offer much higher input impedance and lower voltage drop
than bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), and do not require biasing resistors as MOSFET
switching is controlled by differences in voltage rather than a current, as with BJTs).

Continuous mode

33
 A SEPIC is said to be in continuous-conduction mode ("continuous mode") if the
current through the inductor L1 never falls to zero. During a SEPIC's steady-state operation,
the average voltage across capacitor C1 (VC1) is equal to the input voltage (Vin). Because
capacitor C1 blocks direct current (DC), the average current across it (IC1) is zero, making
inductor L2 the only source of load current. Therefore, the average current through inductor
L2 (IL2) is the same as the average load current and hence independent of the input voltage.

Looking at average voltages, the following can be written:

Because the average voltage of VC1 is equal to VIN, VL1 = −VL2. For this reason, the two
inductors can be wound on the same core. Since the voltages are the same in magnitude, their
effects of the mutual inductance will be zero, assuming the polarity of the windings is correct.
Also, since the voltages are the same in magnitude, the ripple currents from the two inductors
will be equal in magnitude.

The average currents can be summed as follows:

When switch S1 is turned on, current IL1 increases and the current IL2 increases in the negative
direction. (Mathematically, it decreases due to arrow direction.) The energy to increase the
current IL1 comes from the input source. Since S1 is a short while closed, and the
instantaneous voltage VC1 is approximately VIN, the voltage VL2 is approximately −VIN.
Therefore, the capacitor C1 supplies the energy to increase the magnitude of the current in IL2
and thus increase the energy stored in L2. The easiest way to visualize this is to consider the
bias voltages of the circuit in a d.c. state, then close S1.

Fig 4.5 Circuit Operation CCM

34
 Here with S1 closed current increases through L1 (green) and C1 discharges
increasing current in L2 (red)

When switch S1 is turned off, the current IC1 becomes the same as the current IL1,
since inductors do not allow instantaneous changes in current. The current IL2 will continue in
the negative direction, in fact it never reverses direction. It can be seen from the diagram that
a negative IL2 will add to the current IL1 to increase the current delivered to the load. Using
Kirchhoff's Current Law, it can be shown that ID1 = IC1 - IL2. It can then be concluded, that
while S1 is off, power is delivered to the load from both L2 and L1. C1, however is being
charged by L1 during this off cycle, and will in turn recharge L2 during the on cycle.

Fig 4.6 Circuit operation DCM

Here with S1 open current through L1 (green) and current through L2 (red) produce
current through the load

Because the potential (voltage) across capacitor C1 may reverse direction every cycle, a non-
polarized capacitor should be used. However, a polarized tantalum or electrolytic capacitor
may be used in some cases,[1] because the potential (voltage) across capacitor C1 will not
change unless the switch is closed long enough for a half cycle of resonance with inductor
L2, and by this time the current in inductor L1 could be quite large.

The capacitor CIN is required to reduce the effects of the parasitic inductance and
internal resistance of the power supply. The boost/buck capabilities of the SEPIC are possible
because of capacitor C1 and inductor L2. Inductor L1 and switch S1 create a standard boost
converter, which generates a voltage (VS1) that is higher than VIN, whose magnitude is
determined by the duty cycle of the switch S1. Since the average voltage across C1 is VIN, the
output voltage (VO) is VS1 - VIN. If VS1 is less than double VIN, then the output voltage will be
less than the input voltage. If VS1 is greater than double VIN, then the output voltage will be
greater than the input voltage.
35
 The evolution of switched-power supplies can be seen by coupling the two inductors
in a SEPIC converter together, which begins to resemble a Flyback converter, the most basic
of the transformer-isolated SMPS topologies.

Discontinuous mode

A SEPIC is said to be in discontinuous-conduction mode (or, discontinuous mode) if

the current through the inductor L1 is allowed to fall to zero.

4.3 RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY

The voltage drop and switching time of diode D1 is critical to a SEPIC's reliability
and efficiency. The diode's switching time needs to be extremely fast in order to not generate
high voltage spikes across the inductors, which could cause damage to components. Fast
conventional diodes or Schottky diodes may be used.

The resistances in the inductors and the capacitors can also have large effects on the
converter efficiency and ripple. Inductors with lower series resistance allow less energy to be
dissipated as heat, resulting in greater efficiency (a larger portion of the input power being
transferred to the load). Capacitors with low equivalent series resistance (ESR) should also be
used for C1 and C2 to minimize ripple and prevent heat build-up, especially in C1 where the
current is changing direction frequently.

4.4 DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM

• Distorted grid current.

• Voltage stress across the switch is high.
• Cost of the system is medium not low due to additional block capacitor.
• Medium efficiency.
 Like buck–boost converters, SEPICs have a pulsating output current. The similar Ćuk
converter does not have this disadvantage, but it can only have negative output
polarity, unless the isolated Ćuk converter is used.

 Since the SEPIC converter transfers all its energy via the series capacitor, a capacitor
with high capacitance and current handling capability is required.

36
 • The fourth-order nature of the converter also makes the SEPIC converter difficult to
control, making them only suitable for very slow varying applications

CHAPTER-V
PROPOSED SYSTEM

5.1 DOUBLE DUAL BOOST CONVERTER

The proposed system is a double dual boost dc – dc converter.

The configuration is composed of two conventional boosts with input coupled inversely.
Switches commands of each boost are delayed of a half switching period each.

Moreover structures like boost, the higher the duty-cycle, the lower the efficiency.
This is an advantage of double dual boost compared with a classical boost in the case of the
same power, same input and output voltage.

5.1.1 Proposed System Block Diagram

37
 Fig 5.1 PV System by using Double dual Converter block diagram

5.2 DC BOOST CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES

5.2.1 Typical boost converter

High voltage gain DC converter that proposed in this paper is considered from a
traditional non-isolated DC boost converter as shown in Figure 2. However, the
difference between DC Converter in Figure 2 and 3 is the location of diode, but its
operations of both circuits are the same.

5.2.2 Circuit Diagram – Positive side

38
 Fig. 5.2. Boost converter with inductor and diode in positive side

5.2.3 Circuit Diagram – Negative side

Fig. 5.3. Boost converter with inductor and diode in negative side
5.2.4 Voltage Gain

Thus, voltage gain of the circuit is given in equation

5.3 PROPOSED TOPOLOGY

Double Dual Boost Converter Topology

The topology of this converter is shown in Figure 4.1 The configuration is composed
of two conventional boosts with input coupled inversely. Switches commands of each boost
are delayed of a half switching period each.

39
5.3.1 Circuit Diagram Double Dual Converter

Fig 5.4.Double dual Converter

5.3.2 Circuit Design

The Double Dual Boost with two phases is shown in Fig, where Us is the input
voltage and the resistor U� represents the load. Each of the two phases of the converter is
composed by one inductor and its corresponding pair of switches, e.g. the phase

 Inductors L1 and L2 are inductances and their currents are identical constants i.e.
IL1 = IL2 = IL.
 Output capacitances of the switches Ca and Cb are same.
 The two switches are operated with identical PWM pulses and with same duty
ratios.
 The pulses are separated by half the switching cycle.

Boost converter that is also very good at improving power factor and is used for power
quality improvement purpose. It consists of an inductor that stores energy when the MOSFET
switch is turned on and transfers its energy along with the source that charged it, to the load.
Because the inductor delivers its energy to load along with the source, a higher output is
obtained at the load as compared to the input.

The converter is comprised by the inductor �1 and switches S1, and capacitor �a is
here denoted by “module 1”,while phase 2 and capacitor �b is here denoted “module 2”.

40
 The resistors �1 and �2 represent the parasitic resistance of the inductor and of the
switches. This version of the converter where every switch is implemented and a diode allows
bidirectional power flow, as usually needed for the interface with energy storage devices as
batteries and ultra capacitors.

5.4 CIRCUIT OPERATION

Mode 1 [t0,t1]:At t=t0, the power switches S1 and S2 are both turned ON.
Magnetizing inductors L1 and L2 are linearly charged by the input voltage source Uo. And
energy stored in the form of magnetic energy across the inductors, The diodes are in OFF
mode

Mode 2 [t1,t2]:At t=t1, the power switch S1 and S2 are switched OFF, thereby
turning ON diodes D1 and D2. The energy that magnetizing inductor L1 and L2 has stored is
transferred to the secondary side charging the output capacitor Ca and Cb. The input voltage
source, magnetizing inductor L1 and L2, and voltage-lift capacitor release energy to the
output load.

5.4 .1 Voltage Gain Analysis

The relation of voltage gain and duty-cycle of this topology is given

(2)

From (1) and (2), it is clear that GDDB is greater than GB (D + 1) times. Moreover,
structures like boost, the higher the duty-cycle, the lower the efficiency. This is an advantage
of double dual boost compared with a classical boost in the case of the same power, same
input and output voltage.

Voltage gain of the circuit can be determined by applying KVL in two separated
circuits as follows is (3) and (4).

41
when
U S is DC input voltage
UO is DC output voltage
UCa is Capacitor voltage across Ca
UCb is Capacitor voltage across Cb

This means that the voltage can be raised over than a traditional non-isolated boost converter
depend on the value of the duty cycle.
The output voltage 𝑣� (i.e. the voltage at the load U�) is given by (1).

𝑣� = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑖� (3)

Using (1), neglecting all the losses in the converter (�1 =�2 = 0), and with the
hypothesis that the phases are operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) with the
same duty cycle

(�), it can be shown that the static gain of the converter is (2).

𝑣�/𝑣𝑖�= 1 + �/1 (4)

The input current of the converter (i.e. the current delivered by the source 𝑣𝑖�), is
given by

𝑖𝑖� = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 − 𝑖�. (5)

Where 𝑖� = 𝑣0⁄�0 is the output current of the converter.

5.5 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

 Simplicity in circuit and system design

 Simple operation and produce High voltage gain
 Reduce Voltage stress on circuit switches
 High conversion efficiency compared to the other topologies

42
  Higher the duty cycle lower the efficiency
 Good reliability in long time operation
 Small in size and easy for Installation and maintenance
 Less power loss and toughness
 Suitable for universal Grid connected application

5.6 APPLICATIONS

 Consumer electronics.
 Communication.
 Industrial control.
 Digital cameras.
 Cellular phones.
 LCD /LED Drives.
 Portable medical devices.
 Security systems

43
 CHAPTER-6
SIMULATION RESULTS

6.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM SIMULINK

Fig 6.1 Proposed Dual Converter Simulink model

6.2 PROPOSED PV Grid Connected SYSTEM SIMULINK

Fig 6.2 Proposed PV Grid connected system simulink model

6.3 PV Panel output Waveform (Low voltage)

Fig 6.3 PV Panel output waveform

6.4 Triggering Pulse Waveform

Fig 6.4 Triggering pulse waveform

6.5 Boost Converter output Waveform

Fig 6.5 Double Dual Boost Converter I/P and O/P waveform
6.6 Grid Waveform

Fig 6.6 Grid Voltage waveform

 .CONCLUSION

This paper present DC- Double Dual Boost Converter for implemented in the grid
connected photovoltaic generation system to achieve high voltage gain. This converter is non-
isolated boost converter, which can boost up PV panel DC voltage from 49V to 500Vdc
output voltage. Since we are using low voltage components the overall cost of the system is
less and reliability is high. This voltage gain Double dual boost converter in this paper could
be applied to any renewable energy systems and industrial applications. Further research is
output level can be increased to more than 500V and further more in future.
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