Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Journal Vol. XI, No.

1, 2005

ANALYSIS OF OPERATION OF CLASS E ZVS

RESONANT INVERTER
El¿bieta SZYCHTA
Technical University of Radom, Poland

Summary: The article discusses class E zero-voltage-switching resonant inverter (ZVS). The Key words:
resonant circuit of the inverter is subject to mathematical analysis using the method of state Class E ZVS resonant
variables with the aid of MATLAB software. Results of simulation testing, based on Simplorer inverter
software, of an inverter at the operating frequency of 100kHz are presented. Output capacitance
MOSFET transistor
Zero-voltage-switching

1. INTRODUCTION capacitance C, and load resistance R form a series resonant

circuit. Capacitance C1 includes: parasitic capacitances of
Demand for energy-saving converter systems of high the choke Ld and of connections, as well as the parasitic
operating frequencies led to development of resonant inver- output capacitance of the transistor T.
ters where switching of semi-conductor power components In the state of conducting, transistor T with resistance RT
occurs at zero voltage (ZVS) or zero current (ZCS) [1]. (RT << R) short-circuits capacitance C1. The series resonant
Designs of class E ZVS resonant inverters [3] include circuit consists of: inductance L, capacitance C, load resi-
switches whose semi-conductor components are switched stance R and transistor resistance RT. Pulsation of w01 of the
at zero voltage. A switch consists of a high switching frequ- resonant circuit R, RT, L, C is given by:
ency transistor, a discharging diode, and a resonant circuit
that overloads at the inverter’s operating frequency. The in- 2
verter’s load is an element of the resonant circuit. Since the ω 01 = 1 −  R + RT 
LC  2 L  (1)
transistors are switched at zero voltage, class E ZVS inver-
ters are the most efficient inverters known so far.
MOSFET power transistors enable inverters switching at
frequencies of several MHz [5]. They are characterised by and the quality factor Q01 of the resonant circuit R, RT, L, C
output capacitance of several hundred pF, which can be used is:
in the process of switching of the transistors’ operation as a
component part of the resonant circuit [2]. ω 01 L 1
Q01 = = (2)
Properties of resonant class E inverter including MOS- ( R + RT ) ω01C ( R + RT )
FET transistor as its component part have been analysed, for
instance, in [1, 3]. For purposes of the analysis, an ideal mo-
del of the transistor and ideal current source were assumed. When transistor is off, the series resonant circuit compri-
A full mathematical model to comprise non-steady states was ses: inductance L, capacitances C and C1, and load resistan-
not provided, however. This article will discuss a class E ZVS ce R. The capacitances C and C1 are in series, and the equ-
resonant inverter, in consideration of the presence of resi- ivalent capacitance CZ is lower than C and C1, and equals:
stance and the transistor output capacitance. A mathemati-
cal model of the circuit will be presented using equations of CZ = CC1
state variables. State variables will be analysed with the aid (C + C1) (3)
of MATLAB software. Results of simulation testing of the
inverter based on Simplorer software will also be provided.

2. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE INVERTER

The circuit of the class E resonant inverter ZVS with one

transistor switched at zero voltage is shown in Fig.1.
High-inductance choke Ld in series with the source of
voltage E supplies current to the inverter. Power MOSFET T
is switched at pulsation ùT. Backward diode D is an integral
part of the transistor and enables bi-directional conductance
of current iS across the leg of the transistor. Inductance L, Fig.1. Class E ZVS resonant inverter

El¿bieta SZYCHTA: Analysis of Operation of Class E ZVS Resonant Inverter #%

 Analysis of the inverter’s resonant circuit will be stated in
relative units; base quantities of the voltage, current, and
time are respectively: E, EwT C, 1/wT.

u* = u (t )/E

i* = i (t )/EùT C (6)
ô = ù t
 T
Fig. 2. Resonant circuit for the first interval of the inverter’s opera-
tion
where:
u * — voltage in relative units,
w02 of the resonant circuit R, L, C, C1 is: i * — current in relative units,
u(t) — voltage as a function of time,
i(t) — current as a function of time,
( )
2
ω02 = 1 − R wT — operating pulsation of the transistor.
LCC1 (C + C1) 2 L (4)
Cycle of the inverter’s operation is divided into two inte-
rvals (Fig. 4). During the first interval: (0=t / p ) the transistor
and the quality factor Q02 of the resonant circuit R, L, C, C1 T is on.
is: Resonant circuit for the first interval of the operation,
shown in Fig.2, is given by differential equations:
ω02 L 1
Q02 = = (5)
R ω 02 RCC1 ( C + C1 )  di0
uC1 = i0 R + L dt + uC

The inverter can operate in three ranges which depend on i = uC1 + i + C1 duC1
the value of load resistance R:  d RT 0
dt
— at R = Ropt the inverter is in the range of optimum opera- 
i = C duC (7)
tion. The transistor is turned on and turned off at zero 0 dt
voltage, and turned on at zero current (soft commuta-  di
tion) [5].  E − Ld d − uC1 = 0
 dt
— at R < Ropt the inverter is in the range of suboptimum
operation. The transistor is switched at zero voltage (soft
commutation) and at hard current commutation. Power
losses during transistor switching are greater than in the The system of equations (7) in relative units becomes:
case of optimum operation, and the output power of the
inverter is lower. The amplitude of load current is lower
than in the case of optimum operation.  di*0
 = 1 u*C1 − 1 i*0 − 1 u*C
— at R > Ropt the inverter is in the range of non-optimum P1Q1 Q1 PQ
 dô 1 1
operation. The transistor is turned on at hard voltage  di*
and current commutation, and turned off at zero voltage  d = 1 − 1 u*C1
(soft commutation) and at hard current commutation.  dô YPQ 1 1 YP1Q1
 *
Power losses during transistor switching are greater than  duC1 1 * 1 * 1 *
in the cases of optimum and sub-optimum operation.  dô = D id − P uC1 − D i0 (8)
 2
 du*C
 = i0*
 dô
3. ANALYSIS OF THE INVERTER’S
RESONANT CIRCUIT
where:
For purposes of the analysis, the following assumptions
are made:  ùT L
— The inverter is in the range of optimum operation, i.e. Q1 = R ;
R = Ropt . 
1 1 = ωT LC;
2
— The transistor on switch duty cycle d equals 0.5 [3].  PQ
 P = ω R C1
— Transistor and the backward diode form a switch where  2 T T
the transistor on-resistance equals RT, resistance of the  D = C1 ; (9)
backward diode during conducting is zero. Switching  C
times of the switch are zero. 
L
Y = d ;
 L

#& Power Quality and Utilization, Journal • Vol. XI, No 1, 2005

Introducing designations of state variables:
 −a 0 b −b  0
0 0 −c 0  c 
i*0 ( ô ) = x1 ( ô ) A1 =  ; B1 =  
  −d d −e 0  0 (16)
i*d ( ô ) = x2 ( ô )    
 *  1 0 0 0  0 
uC1 ( ô ) = x3 ( ô ) (10)
 *
uC ( ô ) = x4 ( ô )
U (τ ) = 1(τ ) (17)

and marking: The vector of initial conditions X01 is:

a = 1  x1 (0 )   A1 
0
 Q1    0
 x (0 )  F1 
b = 1 = 2 =
 x3 (0 )  B 0 
X01
 (18)
  1
PQ
1 1 
 x4 (0 ) G10 
 1  
c = YPQ
 1 1
 1 (11)
d = D Applying Laplace transformation to the equation (14) and
 considering that t = wT t , the following obtains:
e = 1
 P2
  1  s   s 
s ⋅ 1 X s  − X01 = A1 ⋅ ù X  ù
1
 + B1 ⋅ ù ⋅ U  ù  (19)
ùT  ùT  T  T  T  T 
equations of state are obtained:
where:
 x1 = −ax1 + bx3 − bx4 s — Laplace operator.
 Determining .1 = [sI – A1], transform of the solution to
 x2 = −cx3 + c the equation (14) becomes:

 x3 = −dx1 + dx2 − ex3 (12)
 x4 = x1

{
L  X (τ ) = Ö1−1 ⋅ X 01 + B1 ⋅ 1
s } (20)

It is assumed that the initial conditions for the first interval

are expressed by: where:
I — unit matrix,
. 1 –1 — reverse matrix of .1:
i*0 (0 + ) = x1 (0 ) = A10

i*d (0 + ) = x2 (0 ) = F10 s + a 0 −b b
 *  0
uC1 ( 0 + ) = x3 ( 0 ) = B1
0
(13) s c 0 
Ö1 = 
 *  d −d s + e 0 (21)
uC (0 + ) = x4 (0 ) = G1
0
 
 −1 0 0 s 

The system of equations (12) in the matrix form becomes:

The determinant det. is a characteristic polynomial of the
 (τ ) = A ⋅ X (τ ) + B ⋅ U (τ )
X (14) transform (20), and the equation:
1 1

where: M ( s ) = det Ö1 = 0 (22)

X(t) — state vector
U(t) — input function is called a characteristic equation, whose roots decide the
A1 — the system matrix for the first interval system’s dynamics.
B1 — control matrix for the first interval According to the equations (21) and (22), the characteri-
stic polynomial M(s) becomes:
 x1 (τ ) 
  M ( s ) = s 4 + a3 s 3 + a2 s 2 + a1s + a0 (23)
 x2 (τ )
X (τ ) =
 x3 (τ ) (15) where:
 
 x4 (τ )

El¿bieta SZYCHTA: Analysis of Operation of Class E ZVS Resonant Inverter #'

 where: Ä1 = det Ö1 = M (s ) .
 a3 = a + e
 In the first interval, the vector of initial conditions X01= 0,
 a2 = b + ae + bd + cd 0 0 0 0
which means all its elements A1 ,F1 ,B1 ,G1 are zero. In view

 a1 = be + acd (24) of the foregoing conditions and based on the (20), the equ-
 a0 = bcd ation (17) solves by:


After applying (11) and (24), coefficients of the characte-

  c ⋅ bds 
ristic polynomial are produced as a function of parameters  s 
Q1, P1Q1, P2, Y, D:  c 
  ⋅ {( s + a )( s + e ) s + b ( s + e ) + bds} 
  
X (τ ) = L−1  1 ⋅ 
s
Ä
 s {(
 1 c
⋅ s + a ) ds + bd }   (29)
a = 1 + 1  
 3 Q1 P2  c 
  ⋅ bd  
( )
 s 
 a2 = 1 + 1 + 1 1+ 1
 PQ Q1 P2 DPQ Y
 1 1 1 1
  
 a1 = 1  1 + 1  After determining the original transform (29), state varia-
 1 1 2
PQ P YDQ1
(25)
bles of the inverter are expressed by:
 1
 a0 =
 ( PQ1 1 ) DY
2
x1 ( ô ) = A1e − áô + B1e − âô + C1e − ãô cos (äô ) +

In the case of data assumed for purposes of simulation D1 − C1ã − ãô (30)

testing (p.4), which are defined in (9), the characteristic poly- + e sin (äô )
ä
nomial M(s) in the equation (23) has two real roots, s1 and s2,
and two complex conjugate roots, s3 and s4:

 s1 = −á x2 ( ô ) = E21( ô ) + A2 e − áô + B2 e − âô +

 s2 = − â (26) (31)
 s = − ã ± jä
 3,4 D2 − C2 ã − ãô
+C2 e − ãô cos (äô ) + e sin (δτ )
ä
therefore, the (23) can be represented by:

M ( s ) = ( s + α )( s + β ) ( s + γ ) + δ 2 
2
  (27) x3 ( ô ) = E31( ô ) + A3e − áô + B3e − âô +

This form of characteristic polynomial is particularly im- (32)

D − C3 ã − ãô
portant for determination of the state vector X(t). The values +C3e − ãô
cos (äô ) + 3 e sin (äô )
a, b, g, d of the roots s1, s2, s3, s4 can be calculated using a ä
number of software programmes, for instance, MATLAB or
MAPLE.
The reverse matrix of .1 is: x4 ( ô ) = E4 1( ô ) + A4 e − áô + B4 e − âô +

D4 − C4 ã − ãô (33)
 s ( s + e ) + cds bds
2 +C4 e − ãô cos (äô ) + e sin (äô )
 ä
cds ( s + a )( s + e ) s + b ( s + e ) + bds
Ö1−1 = 1 
Ä1 − ds

2
( s + a ) ds + bd The constant coefficients A1 – A4, B1 – B4, C1 – C4, D1 –
 s ( s + e ) + cd bd D4, E2 – E4 in the expressions (30) – (33) depend on the

values of a, b, c, d, e as defined in the equations (11), and on
(28)
the roots a, b, g, d of the characteristic polynomial (27). They
can be determined by analytical methods, using e.g. MAPLE
bs 2 − {sb ( s + e ) + bcd } 
 9 application.
− {( s + a ) cs + bc} −bcd  The dependencies (30), (31), (32), (33) give a mathematical

description of state variables of: load current i0∗ , source cur-
( s + a ) s 2 + bs bds 
 rent id∗ , voltage uC1
∗ ∗
capacitance C1 and voltage uC of the
bs s ( s + a )( s + e ) + bds + cd ( s + a )
capacitor C in the first interval of the resonant inverter ope-

$ Power Quality and Utilization, Journal • Vol. XI, No 1, 2005

ration. The first operating interval finishes when t = p. Trans- The system matrix A2 and the control matrix B2 become:
∗
istor T stops conducting, voltage uC1 = 0 , and the circuit
continues on to the second operating interval.
 −a 0 b −b  0
The second interval of the inverter’s operation: (p < t £ 0
2p) begins the moment transistor T stops conducting. 0 −c 0  c 
A2 =  ; B2 =  
The resonant circuit for the second interval, shown in −d d 0 0 0 (38)
Figure 3, is described by differential equations:    
 1 0 0 0   0 

 di0 The vector of initial conditions X02 is defined by:

 L dt + uC + i0 R − uC1 = 0

i = C1 duC1 + i  i0* (ð )   x ð   A20 
d   1 ( )  
0
dt  *

i = C duC  id (ð )   x2 (ð )  F20 
(34) = * = =
  0
X02
uC1 (ð )  x3 (ð )  B2 
0 dt (39)
 did  *  x (ð ) G 0 
 E − Ld
 dt
− uC1 = 0  uC (ð )   4  2 

The system of equations (34) in relative units becomes: After transforming the equation (37), the dependence results:

  1  s   s 
s⋅ 1 X s  − X02 = A 2 ⋅ ù X  ù
1
 + B2 ⋅ ù ⋅ U  ù 
 di*0 ùT  ùT   T   T 
 = 1 u*C1 − 1 u*C − 1 i*0 T T

 dô P1Q1 PQ
1 1 Q1 (40)
 di*
 d = 1 − 1 u*C1
 dô PQ
1 1Y PQ
1 1Y and hence the solution — the original vector X(t) is:

 du*C1 1 * 1 *
 dô = D id − D i0

 du*C
(35) 
{ 
X (τ ) = L−1 Ö 2−1 ⋅ X02 + B 2 ⋅ 1 
 s  } (41)

 dô = i0
*

In the event, the matrix .2 is given by:

Introducing state variables (10), (11), equations of state

s + a 0 −b b 
for the second interval are following:  0 s c 0 
Ö 2 = [ sI − A 2 ] = 
 d −d s 0 (42)
•  
 x1 = −ax1 + bx3 − bx4  −1 0 0 s 
•
 x 2 = −cx3 + c
• The characteristic polynomial M(s) in this interval is
 x3 = −dx + dx (36) expressed by:
 1 2
•
 x 4 = x1 M (s) = det Ö2 = s 4 + b3 s 3 + b2 s 2 + b1s + b0 (43)

The system of equations (36) in the matrix form becomes: where:

 (τ ) = A ⋅ X (τ ) + Â ⋅ U (τ )
X (37)
2 2 b3 =a

b2 = b + bd + cd

b1 = acd (44)
b0 = bcd


After applying (11) and (44), coefficients of the characte-

ristic polynomial are produced as a function of the parame-
ters Q1, P1Q1, P2, Y, D:
Fig. 3. Resonant circuit for the second interval of the inverter’s operation

El¿bieta SZYCHTA: Analysis of Operation of Class E ZVS Resonant Inverter $

 M ( s ) = ( s + m ) + n 2   ( s + p ) + p 2  = Ä2 (47)
2 2
b = 1   
 3 Q1
 The reverse matrix.2-1 of .2, described in (42), becomes:
b2 = 1 + 1 + 1
 P1Q1 DP1Q1 DYP1Q1
 1 ⋅ 1
b1 = (45)
 Q 1 DYP 1Q1  s 3 + cds bds
 1 
b0 =  cds ( s + a ) s 2 + bs + bds
 ( P 1 1 ) DY
Q
2
Ö 2 −1 = 1
Ä2  −ds 2
 ( s + a ) ds + bd
 2
 s + cd bd
For the data assumed for purposes of simulation testing (48)
(p.4), as defined in the dependencies (9), the characteristic
polynomial M(s) defined in (43) has two pairs of complex bs 2 − s 2 b − bcd 
conjugate roots: 
− ( s + a ) cs − bc −bcd 

 s1,2 = −m ± jn ( s + a ) s + bs bds
2


 s3,4 = − p ± jq
(46) bs ( s + a ) s 2 + bds + cd ( s + a )

Hence, the expression (43) can be given by:

On the basis of (41), the system of equations (36) solves by:


 ( ) (
 A0 ⋅ s 3 + cds + bd F 0 s + c +
 2 2 ) 



 0 2
(
 + B2 bs − G2 s b + bcd
0 2
) 

  
  

  2 ( 2 )
 A0 cds + F 0 s + c  s s + a + b 1 + d  − 
 ( ) ( ) 
  0 
 − B2 ( s + a ) sc + bc  − G2 bcd
0
 
  
X (τ ) = L−1  1  
 Ä2
 1  2 ( 2 )
  − A0 ds 3 + F 0 s + c  s + a ds + bd  +  
( )  
 s  0 2 
  + B2 s  s ( s + a ) + b  + G2 bds  
0 2

  
  


  0 2
( ) ( )
 1  A2 s s + cd + F2 s + c bd + B2 bs +  
0 0 2 

 s  0 
   +G2 s ( s + a ) s + bds + cd ( s + a )  
2
   

(49)

Fig. 4. Current and voltage waveforms, in relative units, during opti-

mum (steady) operation of the inverter Fig. 5. Simulation model of the inverter

$ Power Quality and Utilization, Journal • Vol. XI, No 1, 2005

Table 1. Electrical parameters of the transistor MOSFET IRFM460 [7].

parameter symbol value unit

drain-to-source voltage uDS 500 V
drain-to-gate voltage uGS 20 V
DC iD 19 A
current between the drain and source
puls iDM 76 A
drain-to-source resistance RDS 0,27 Ù
input capacitance Ciss 4300 pF
output capacitance Coss 1000 pF
upward slope of current ID tr 120 ns
delay of turn-on td(on) 35 ns
switch times
downward slope of current ID tf 98 ns
delay of turn-off td(off) 130 ns

Fig.6. Current and voltage waveforms during the inverter’s start-up generated from simulation; R = 6.7W, optimum operation; a) load current i0,
b) supply current id, c) voltage uC1 across transistor T, d) voltage uC across capacitance C

After determining the original transform (49), the system’s

state variables are expressed by:

B1 − mA1 − mô
x1 ( ô ) = A1e − mô cosnô + e sinnô + B2 − mA2 − mô
n x2 ( ô ) = A2e − mô cosnô + e sinnô +
n
(50)
D1 − C1ã − pô (51)
+ C1e− pô cosqô + e sinqô D2 − pC2 − pô
q + C2 e− pô cosqô + e sinqô
q

El¿bieta SZYCHTA: Analysis of Operation of Class E ZVS Resonant Inverter $!

Fig.7. Current and voltage waveforms generated from simulation; R = 6.7W, optimum operation; a) control pulsation, b) supply current id, c)
current iC1 of capacitance C1, d) current iS in the transistor T leg, e) voltage uC1 across capacitance C1 or voltage uT across transistor T, f) load
current i0

The coefficients A1 – A4, B1 – B4, C1 – C4, D1 – D4, E3 –

E4 from (50) – (53) depend on the values of a, b, c, d as
B3 − mA3 − mô defined in the system of equations (11), and on the roots m,
x3 ( ô ) = E31( ô ) + A3e − mô cosnô + e sinnô +
n n, p, q of the polynomial (47). Like in the first interval, they
can be determined using MAPLE 9 software.
(52) The dependencies (50), (51), (52), (53) are a mathematical
D3 − pC3 − pô
+ C3e − pô cosqô + e sinqô ∗
description of the state variables of: load current i0 , source
p ∗ ∗ ∗
current id , voltage uC1 capacitance C1, and voltage uC of the
capacitor C in the second interval of the inverter operation.
Waveforms in subsequent cycles of the inverter’s opera-
B4 − mA4 − mô tion are determined in a way analogous to the method ap-
x4 ( ô ) = E4 1( ô ) + A4 e − mô cosnô + e sinnô + plied in the first cycle. The final conditions of the successive
n
operation cycle become the initial conditions for the follo-
(53) wing cycle of the inverter’s operation.
D4 − pC4 − pô
C4 e− pô cosqô + e sin ( qô ) Current and voltage waveforms in the inverter, in relative
p units, during the inverter steady operation, as based on (31)
– (33) and (50) – (53), are illustrated in Figure 4.

$" Power Quality and Utilization, Journal • Vol. XI, No 1, 2005

Fig. 8. Current and voltage waveforms in the inverter generated from simulation; R = 6W, suboptimum operation; a) control pulsation, b) supply
current i d, c) current iC1 of capacitance C1, d) current iS in the transistor T leg, e) voltage uC1 across capacitance C1 or voltage uT across
transistor T, f) load current i0
4. SIMULATION TESTS OF THE INVERTER
The resonant inverter was subject to simulation testing
based on Simplorer software. The following data were
assumed for purposes of designing the circuit: load power
P0 = 1000W, supply current Id = 10A, Q0 = 7, operating frequ-
ency of the inverter fT = 100kHz, circuit efficiency h = 0.93,
the transistor on switch duty cycle d = 0.5. According to [1],
the circuit of the resonant inverter contains elements with
the following values: L = 64.3µH, C = 50.7nF, C1 = 47.1nF,
Ld = 3.8mH, E = 141.3V, R = var, as shown in Figure 5. The
simulation tests were conducted for three operating ranges
of the inverter, depending on the assumed values of the load
resistance R. The simulation circuit comprised a MOSFET
transistor IRFM460 produced by International Rectifier, whose
parameters are described in Table 1. To calculate capacitance
C1, the value of the transistor’s output capacitance
El¿bieta SZYCHTA: Analysis of Operation of Class E ZVS Resonant Inverter
Coss = 1000pF was considered.
Figure 6 shows current and voltage waveforms during
start-up of the inverter at optimum operation. Inverter is swit-
ched at zero voltage uC1 across the transistor. The circuit is
turned on smoothly, current and voltage waveforms tend
towards the state of steady operation over a time proportio-
nal to the value of inductance Ld. Increasing value of Ld
extends the start-up time, decreasing value of Ld raises pul-
sation of the source current id of the inverter. Sufficiently
great inductance Ld produces a constant value of the inver-
ter’s supply current id during its steady operation.
Figures 7, 8, 9 illustrate current and voltage waveforms oc-
curring in the inverter in the three ranges of the inverter’s
operation, which depend on the value of load resistance R.
The inverter operates in a continuous way at frequencies of
100kHz. Operating pulsation of the inverter is greater than the
pulsation of the resonant circuit R, L, C. In effect, the load
becomes inductive in nature during the inverter operation.
$#
Fig. 9. Current and voltage waveforms in the inverter generated from simulation; R = 8W, non-optimum operation; a) control pulsation, b)
supply current id, c) current iC1 of capacitance C1, d) current iS in the transistor T leg, e) voltage uC1 across capacitance C1 or voltage uT across
transistor T, f) load current i0
Shape of the resonant load current i0 depends on the
quality of the circuit. A high quality factor Q allows for a
sinusoidal shape of the load current i0.
Maximum values of voltages uC1 across the transistor T
are about four times greater than the supply voltage E.
Figure 7 shows the optimum inverter operation at the load
resistance R = Ropt. The transistor is turned on and off at zero
voltage uC1, and turned on at zero current iS. Analysis of the
waveforms in Figure7 confirms that the optimum operation
reduces switching power losses, thus providing for high effi-
ciency and high frequency of the inverter’s operation.
There is only one set of parameters: L, C, C1, Ld, R, where
optimum operation is implemented at a given on switch duty
cycle d of the inverter.
If the value of load resistance R is lower than the value of
optimum resistance Ropt; R < Ropt, the inverter is in the ran-
ge of sub-optimum operation, as presented in Figure 8. The
transistor is turned on at zero voltage uC1 and at hard current
$$
commutation iS. Diode D takes over the current iS ”accelera-
ting” the transistor’s turn on. Switching power losses are
greater than in the case of optimum operation, and the inver-
ter’s output power is lower. The lower the value of resistance
R, the higher the maximum value of voltage uC1 across the
transistor.
If the value of load resistance R is higher than the value of
optimum resistance Ropt; R > Ropt the inverter works in
the range of non-optimum work, as presented in Figure 9.
The transistor is turned on at hard commutation of volta-
ge uC1 and of the current iS, and turned off at zero voltage
uC1 and hard commutation of the current iS. Turn on oc-
curs at the positive voltage uC1, which produces a peak of
the transistor’s current iS and increases power losses du-
ring the transistor’s switching. Amplitude of the load cur-
rent in the range of non- optimum operation is lower than
the amplitude of the load current in the range of optimum
operation.
Power Quality and Utilization, Journal • Vol. XI, No 1, 2005
 CONCLUSION
The mathematical analysis and simulation tests of the in-
verter lead to the following conclusions:
— A precise mathematical model was developed. The re-
sults of simulation tests in the range of optimum opera-
tion confirm the results of theoretical analysis.
— The results of simulation tests confirm that the trans-
istor is switched on and off at non-zero current in
the range of suboptimum operation, and at non-zero
voltage and current in the range of non-optimum
operation. In the event, switching losses occur in the
inverter.
— When the transistor is on, its output capacitance coope-
rates with the resonant capacitance and the circuit does
not generate parasitic oscillations. When the diode is
on, the transistor’s output capacitance and resonant in-
ductance generate parasitic oscillations. The maximum
operating pulsation at which class E operation is achie-
vable is limited by the output capacitance of the transi-
stor.
— In the optimum operation interval, the transistor is swit-
ched at zero voltage and turned on at zero current, which
reduces power losses at switching to a virtual zero.
— The peak voltage across the transistor is about four ti-
mes higher than the input voltage. Therefore, the circuit
is suitable for low input voltage applications.
— The optimum operation range is associated with one
value of the load resistance at a given operating pulsa-
tion of the circuit. The inverter can also be in the subop-
timum range of operation, but switching losses occur
then, that are due to the hard current commutation.
— The inverter is very efficient and can be operated at high
frequencies.
Researches should be continued to focus on real models
in order to verify and confirm results of mathematical analy-
sis and simulation testing in definite conditions of power
supply and inverter load.
El¿bieta SZYCHTA: Analysis of Operation of Class E ZVS Resonant Inverter
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El¿bieta Szychta
Graduated from the Electrical Faculty of Warsaw Po-
lytechnic in 1981. Obtained a degree of doctor of
engineering from the Electrical Faculty of Warsaw
Polytechnic in 1988. Since 1981 she has worked for
the Transport Faculty Kazimierz Pulaski at the Tech-
nical University of Radom. An assistant professor in
the Department of Electrical Machinery and Equip-
ment. Interested in industrial power electronics.
Address: Politechnika Radomska, Wydzia³ Transportu
26-600 Radom, ul. Malczewskiego 29; tel: (048) 361 77 00
e-mail: e.szychta@pr.radom.pl
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$& Electrical Power Quality and Utilization, Journal • Vol. XI, No 1, 2005