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On the ground
It supplies bleed air for starting the
engines and for the Air
Conditioning System. It supplies
electrical power to the Electrical
System.
During take-off
It supplies bleed air for Air conditioning, In flight
thus avoiding a reduction in engine It backs up the electrical system. It backs up the Air
thrust caused by the use of engine Conditioning. It can be used to start the engines. The
bleed air for this purpose when APU may obtain power for starting from the aircraft's
optimum aircraft performance is batteries or normal electrical system.
required. Depending on the APU type, some may allow starting
and running throughout the normal flight envelope 2
Main Components-APU Engine
APU Engine
The basic element of the APU is a single-shaft gas turbine that
delivers mechanical shaft power for driving the accessory gearbox
(electrical generator, starter, etc.) and produces bleed air (engine
starting and pneumatic supply).
The APU is installed in the
unpressurised portion of
the fuselage and is located
within firewalls to provide
protection for adjacent
critical aircraft structures
and equipment.
Access to the APU compartment
is through exterior doors situated on the underside of the fuselage.
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Main Components-APU Engine
Air for the APU enters the fuselage through the air inlet door.
Ducting leads the air into the air inlet plenum where it is used to
supply the aircraft pneumatic systems and APU combustion
systems.
Indications
The A320 ECAM indications is used in this case. Indications are
provided in the flight deck to provide pilots and engineers the
necessary information to monitor the performance of the systems
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Main Components - Controls & Indications
Electronic Control Box
The Electronic Control Box (ECB) is a full-authority digital electronic
controller that performs the bulk of the APU system logic for all
modes of APU engine operation, such as :
• Sequences the start and monitors it.
• Monitors speed and temperature.
• Monitors bleed air.
• Sequences the shutdown.
• Controls the automatic shutdown.
Master Switch
This switch controls the electric power supply
for the operation of the APU and its protective
features. It also controls the starting and
shutdown sequences.
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Operating the APU
Starting
When starting the APU, the following sequence is followed:
1. Aircraft / APU battery switches are turned ‘ON’
2. APU master switch is depressed, which causes the
blue ‘ON’ light to come on. This causes the
• ECB to power up
• Air intake flap to open
• Fuel valve to open
• Fuel pump to run (Can be DC or AC pump)
• APU ECAM page will appear if AC
power is available
3. APU ‘Start’ switch is depressed to allow
the APU to start up.
4. “Avail’ light comes on once the ECB
detects that the APU is at the correct speed.
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Operating the APU
Shutdown
When shutting down the APU, the following sequence is followed:
1. Select the APU Master switch to off by depressing it out. This will cause
the
• ‘ON’ Blue light to go off
Protective Shutdown
• ‘Avail’ green light to go
Protective shutdown occurs when the
off
continued operation of the APU can cause
• APU to run for a further
damage to the aircraft or the APU. The
120 sec to allow it to
following are some of the conditions in
cool down
which this type of shutdown can occur.
•Air intake flap to close
•Fire
at 7 percent
•Air Inlet flap not open
•Fuel pump and fuel
•No Acceleration
valve to shut off and
•High Oil Temperature
close respectively.
•EGT Over Temperature
•Low Oil Pressure
2. Aircraft/APU batteries
are to be turned off.
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Operating Envelope
The APU operating envelope and maximum
loads vary considerably between different
aircraft installations. Refer to the appropriate
documentation accordingly.
There are varying conditions in
which the APU can be started /
restarted. The table above
summarizes these conditions.
There are varying
conditions in which the
APU generator can be
operated. The left
table summarizes
these conditions.
APU air bleed extraction limits the
permissible APU generator loading
in flight. Priority is given to
electrical power. 10
Ignition & Starter System
Starter
The ECB controls the electric
starter. The starter engages if
the air intake is fully open and
the MASTER SW and the
START pushbutton are ON.
The starter motor is designed
to accelerate the APU from
start initiation through light off
and to assist the APU in
reaching self sustaining
speed. Starter drop-out is
programmed to occur at 50 %
RPM.
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Ignition & Starter System
Ignition
The ignition system
provides an effective high
energy spark for light-off
during the start cycle,
from 7 to 95 % RPM.
Activation of the ignition
system until 95 % RPM
provides a relight
capability in the event of a
flame-out.
Typically the ignition system consists of
Igniter
the following:
Leads Igniters (1 or 2)
Ignition Unit Ignition Units or exciters (1 or 2)
Leads
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Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensors
Exhaust Gas Temperature
(EGT) sensors
13
Speed Pickup Sensors
Speed Pickup
Sensors
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Lubrication
The APU’s lubrication provides oil to lubricate, clean and cool the gears,
bearings and shafts of the power section and gearbox section modules.
The lubrication system also provides cooling oil for a customer furnished
generator. There are two main areas in the APU that require lubrication.
At the front is the accessory gearbox that houses gears, shafts and the
ball bearing that supports the front end of the rotating group. The other
area is the roller bearing on the turbine power section.
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Lubrication
Power Section Turbine Bearing Cavity
The flow of oil through the power
section turbine bearing cavity is as
follows:
• The lubricating oil enters the rear
turbine cavity through a tube to
lubricate the rear turbine roller-
bearing.
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