Chapter 18

Two-Port Circuits

18.1 The Terminal Equations

18.2 The Two-Port Parameters
18.3 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port
Circuit
18.4 Interconnected Two-Port Circuits

1
Motivation

 Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits are

used in representing the contribution of a circuit
to one specific pair of terminals.
 Usually, a signal is fed into one pair of
terminals (input port), processed by the system,
then extracted at a second pair of terminals
(output port). It would be convenient to relate
the v/i at one port to the v/i at the other port
without knowing the element values and how
they are connected inside the “black box”.
2
How to model the “black box”?

Source
Load
(e.g.
(e.g.
CD
speaker)
player)

 We will see that a two-port circuit can be

modeled by a 22 matrix to relate the v/i
variables, where the four matrix elements can
be obtained by performing 2 experiments.
3
Restrictions of the model

 No energy stored within the circuit.

 No independent source.
 Each port is not a current source or sink, i.e.
i1  i1, i2  i2 .
 No inter-port connection, i.e. between ac, ad,
bc, bd.

4
Key points

 How to calculate the 6 possible 22 matrices of

a two-port circuit?
 How to find the 4 simultaneous equations in
solving a terminated two-port circuit?
 How to find the total 22 matrix of a circuit
consisting of interconnected two-port circuits?

5
Section 18.1
The Terminal Equations

6
s-domain model

 The most general description of a two-port

circuit is carried out in the s-domain.

 Any 2 out of the 4 variables {V1, I1, V2, I2} can be

determined by the other 2 variables and 2
simultaneous equations. 7
Six possible sets of terminal equations (1)

 V1   z11 z12   I1 

       ; Z  is the impedance matrix;
 V2   z21 z22   I 2 

  I1    y11 y12   V1 ; Y   Z -1 is the admittance matrix;
  I 2   y21 y22  V2 


 V1   a11  a12  V2 

       ; A is a transmission matrix;
  I1  a21  a22   I 2 

 V2    b11  b12   V1 ; B   A-1 is a transmission matrix;
  I 2  b21  b22   I1 


8
Six possible sets of terminal equations (2)

 V1   h11 h12   I1 

       ; H  is a hybrid matrix;
  I 2  h21 h22  V2 

  I1    g11 g12   V1 ; G   H -1 is a hybrid matrix;
 V2   g 21 g 22   I 2 


 Which set is chosen depends on which

variables are given. E.g. If the source voltage
and current {V1, I1} are given, choosing
transmission matrix [B] in the analysis.

9
Section 18.2
The Two-Port Parameters

1. Calculation of matrix [Z]

2. Relations among 6 matrixes

10
Example 18.1: Finding [Z] (1)

 Q: Find the impedance matrix [Z] for a given

resistive circuit (not a “black box”):

V1   z11 z12   I1 

V    z   
 2   21 z22   I 2 

 By definition, z11 = (V1/I1) when I2 = 0, i.e. the

input impedance when port 2 is open.  z11=
(20 )//(20 ) = 10 .
11
Example 18.1: (2)

 By definition, z21= (V2/I1) when I2 = 0, i.e. the

transfer impedance when port 2 is open.
 When port 2 is open:
 15 
V2  5   15  V1  0.75V1 ,
V V
 1  z11  10 ,  I1  1 ,
 I1 10 
V2 0.75V1
 z21    7.5 .
I1 V1 (10 )

12
Example 18.1: (3)

 By definition, z22= (V2/I2) when I1 = 0, i.e. the

output impedance when port 1 is open.  z22 =
(15 )//(25 ) = 9.375 .

 z12 = (V1/I2) when I1 = 0, 

 20 
V1  20   5  V2  0.8V2 ,
V V2
 2  z22  9.375 ,  I 2  ,
 I 2 9.375 
V1 0.8V2
 z12    7.5 .
I 2 V2 (9.375 )
13
Comments

 When the circuit is well known, calculation of

[Z] by circuit analysis methods shows the
physical meaning of each matrix element.
 When the circuit is a “black box”, we can
perform 2 test experiments to get [Z]: (1) Open
port 2, apply a current I1 to port 1, measure the
input voltage V1 and output voltage V2. (2) Open
port 1, apply a current I2 to port 2, measure the
terminal voltages V1 and V2.

14
Relations among the 6 matrixes

 If we know one matrix, we can derive all the

others analytically (Table 18.1).
 [Y]=[Z]-1, [B]=[A]-1, [G]=[H]-1, elements between
mutually inverse matrixes can be easily related.
 E.g.
1
 z11 z12   y11 y12  1  y22  y12 
z       ,
 21 z22   y21 y22  y  y21 y11 
where y  detY   y11 y22  y12 y21.

15
Represent [Z] by elements of [A] (1)

 [Z] and [A] are not mutually inverse, relation

between their elements are less explicit.
 By definitions of [Z] and [A],
V1   z11 z12   I1  V1   a11  a12  V2 
V    z    ,  I   a    ,
 2   21 z22   I 2   1   21  a22   I 2 
the independent variables of [Z] and [A] are {I1,
I2} and {V2, I2}, respectively.

 Key of matrix transformation: Representing the

distinct independent variable V2 by {I1, I2}.
16
Represent [Z] by elements of [A] (2)

 By definitions of [A] and [Z],

V1  a11V2  a12 I 2  (1)

 I1  a21V2  a22 I 2  ( 2)
1 a22
(2)  V2  I1  I 2  z21 I1  z22 I 2  (3),
a21 a21
 1 a22 
(1), (3)  V1  a11  I1  I 2   a12 I 2
 a21 a21 
a11  a11a22 
 I1    a12  I 2  z11 I1  z12 I 2  ( 4)
a21  a21 
 z11 z12  1 a11 a 
     , where a  detA.
 z21 z22  a21  1 a22  17
Section 18.3
Analysis of the Terminated
Two-Port Circuit

1. Analysis in terms of [Z]

2. Analysis in terms of [T][Z]

18
Model of the terminated two-port circuit

 A two-port circuit is typically driven at port 1 and

loaded at port 2, which can be modeled as:

 The goal is to solve {V1, I1, V2, I2} as functions

of given parameters Vg, Zg, ZL, and matrix
elements of the two-port circuit.
19
Analysis in terms of [Z]

 Four equations are needed to solve the four

unknowns {V1, I1, V2, I2}.
 V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2  (1)
  two - port equations
V2  z21 I1  z22 I 2  ( 2)
V1  Vg  I1Z g  (3)
  constraint equations due to terminations
V2   I 2 Z L  ( 4)
 1 0 z11 z12  V1   0 
 0 1 z z22  V2   0 
{V1, I1, V2, I2} are
 21       ,
1 0 Zg 0   I1  Vg  derived by inverse
     
0 1 0 Z L   I 2   0  matrix method.
20
Thévenin equivalent circuit with respect to port 2

 Once {V1, I1, V2, I2} are solved, {VTh, ZTh} can
be determined by ZL and {V2, I2}:

 ZL
V2  Z  Z VTh  (1)
 Th L

 I 2  V2  VTh  ( 2)
 ZTh

1
Z L  V2  VTh  V2 Z L  VTh   Z L  V2  V2 Z L 
      ;     .
1 I 2   ZTh   V2   ZTh   1 I2   V2 
21
Terminal behavior (1)

 The terminal behavior of the circuit can be

described by manipulations of {V1, I1, V2, I2}:
V1 z12 z21
 Input impedance: Z in   z11  ;
I1 z22  Z L
 z21Vg
 Output current: I 2  ;
( z11  Z g )( z22  Z L )  z12 z21
I2 z21
 Current gain:  ;
I1 z22  Z L

Voltage gains:  2 
V z21Z L
 ;
 V1 z11Z L  z

V2  z21Z L
;
Vg ( z11  Z g )( z22  Z L )  z12 z21
22
Terminal behavior (2)
z21
 Thévenin voltage: VTh  Vg ;
z11  Z g
z12 z21
 Thévenin impedance: Z Th  z22  ;
z11  Z g

23
Analysis in term of a two-port matrix [T][Z]

 If the two-port circuit is modeled by [T][Z],

T={Y, A, B, H, G}, the terminal behavior can be
determined by two methods:
 Use the 2 two-port equations of [T] to get a new
44 matrix in solving {V1, I1, V2, I2} (Table 18.2);
 Transform [T] into [Z] by Table 18.1, borrow the
formulas derived by analysis in terms of [Z].

24
Example 18.4: Analysis in terms of [B] (1)

 Q: Find (1) output voltage V2, (2,3) average

powers delivered to the load P2 and input port
P1, for a terminated two-port circuit with known
[B]. Rg

Vg RL

  20 3 k -b12
B    -b
  2 mS 0. 2  22 25
Example 18.4 (2)

 Use the voltage gain formula of Table 18.2:

V2 bZ L
 ;
Vg b12  b11Z g  b22 Z L  b21Z g Z L
b  b11b22  b12b21  ( 20)( 0.2)  ( 3 k)( 2 mS)  4  6  2,
V2 ( 2)(5 k) 10
   ,
Vg ( 3 k)  ( 20)(0.5 k)  ( 0.2)(5 k)  ... 19
10
 V2  5000  263.160 V.
19

26
Example 18.4 (3)

 The average power of the load is formulated by

2
1 263.160 V
2 
1 V2
P2    6.93 W.
2 RL 2 5 k 
 The average power delivered to port 1 is
formulated by P1  I1 ReZ in .
1 2
2
V b Z b ( 0.2)(5 k)  (3 k)
Z in  1  22 L 12   133.33 ;
I1 b21Z L  b11 ( 2 mS)(5 k)  20
Vg 5000 V
I1    0.7890 A,
Z g  Z in (500 )  (133.33 )
1
 P1  (0.789) 2 (133.33)  41.55 W.
2 27
Section 18.4
Interconnected Two-Port
Circuits

28
Why interconnected?

 Design of a large system is simplified by first

designing subsections (usually modeled by
two-port circuits), then interconnecting these
units to complete the system.

29
Five types of interconnections of two-port circuits

a. Cascade: Better
use [A].
b. Series: [Z]
c. Parallel: [Y]
d. Series-parallel: [H].
e. Parallel-series: [G].

30
Analysis of cascade connection (1)

 Goal: Derive the overall matrix [A] of two

cascaded two-port circuits with known
transmission matrixes [A'] and [A"].

A A
Overall two-port
circuit [A]=?
31
 Analysis of cascade connection (2)
V1  V2  V1 
   A    A    (1)
 I1   I 2   I1
V1 V2   a11   a12   V2 
   A        ,
 I1    a22
 I 2  a21    I 2 
 V1   a11   a12  V2  V2 
       A     (2)
 I1   a21     I 2 
a22  I 2 
V1  V2  V2 
By (1), (2),     A  A      A  ,
 I1   I 2   I 2 
 a11  a12   a11  a11
  a12  a21  a12
 (a11   a12
 a22
 ) 
 A   A A ,   .
a21  a22  a21  a11
  a22  a21   a12
 (a21   a22
 a22
 ) 32
Key points

 How to calculate the 6 possible 22 matrices of

a two-port circuit?
 How to find the 4 simultaneous equations in
solving a terminated two-port circuit?
 How to find the total 22 matrix of a circuit
consisting of interconnected two-port circuits?

33
Practical Perspective
Audio Amplifier

34
Application of two-port circuits

 Q: Whether it would be safe to use a given audio

amplifier to connect a music player modeled by
{Vg = 2 V (rms), Zg = 100 } to a speaker modeled
by a load resistor ZL = 32  with a power rating of
100 W?

35
Find the [H] by 2 test experiments (1)
V1   h11 h12   I1 
 Definition of hybrid matrix [H]:        ;
 I 2  h21 h22  V2 

 Test 1:
I1= 2.5 mA (rms) V2 = 0 (short)

V1= 1.25 V (rms) I2= 3.75 A

(rms)

V1 1.25 V Input
V1  h11 I1 ,  h11    500 .
I1 V 0 2.5 mA impedance
2

I2 3.75 A Current
I 2  h21 I1 ,  h21    1500. gain
I1 V 0 2.5 mA 36
2
Find the [H] by 2 test experiments (2)
V1   h11 h12   I1 
 Definition of hybrid matrix [H]:        ;
 I 2  h21 h22  V2 

 Test 2:
I1 = 0 (open) V2 = 50 V (rms)

V1 = 50 mV I2 = 2.5 A
(rms) (rms)

V1 50 mV Voltage
V1  h12V2 ,  h12    103.
V2 50 V gain
I1  0

I2 2.5 A -1 Output
I 2  h22V2 ,  h22    ( 20 ) . admittance
V2 I1  0
50 V 37
Find the power dissipation on the load

 For a terminated two-port circuit:

the power dissipated on ZL is

PL  Re V I   Re (  I 2 Z L ) I   I 2 ReZ L ,

* * 2
2 2 2

where I2 is the rms output current phasor.

38
Method 1: Use terminated 2-port eqs for [H]

 By looking at Table 18.2:

h21Vg
I2   1.98 A (rms),
(1  h22 Z L )( h11  Z g )  h12h21Z L

 h11 h12  500  103 

where    -1 
;
h21 h22   1500 ( 20 ) 
Vg  2 V (rms), Z g  100 , Z L  32 .
Not safe!
 PL  I 2 ReZ L   (1.98) 2 (32)  126 W  100 W.
2

39
Method 2: Use system of terminated eqs of [Z]

 Transform [H] to [Z] (Table 18.1):

 z11 z12  1  h h12   470 0.02

z       .
 21 z22  h22   h21 1   30,000 20 

 By system of terminated equations:

1
V1   1 0 z11 z12   0   1.66 V 
V   0  1 z z22   0    63.5 V
 2   21      .
 I1   1 0 Zg 0 Vg   3.4 mA 
       
 I2   0 1 0 ZL    
0 1. 98 A 
 PL  I 2 ReZ L   (1.98)2 (32)  126 W  100 W.
2

40