5 Mine Surveying PDF

Mining Surveys
- Includes geo-physical surveys for mineral and

energy resource exploration.
Mine Surveying - Utilizes the principles for control, land,
geologic, and topographic surveying to
control, locate and map underground and
surface works related to mining operations.
- Includes underground surveying as well as
surface operations associated with
underground work and open-pit mining.
Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
GE 12 – General Surveying II Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
GE 12 – General Surveying II
1
Terminologies
Minerals – refers to all naturally occurring
inorganic substance in solid, gas, liquid, or
any intermediate state including energy
materials such as coal, petroleum, natural
gas, radioactive materials, and geothermal
energy.
Outcrop – exposed part of the vein.
Adit – a horizontal or nearly horizontal passage
driven from the surface for working or
dewatering a mine

2
Terminologies Terminologies
Shaft – a vertical or inclined excavation in a Back – the top of a drift, cross cut or stope. Also
mine extending downward from the surface called a roof.
or from some interior point as a principal
opening. Back fill – waste rock or other materials used to
fill a mined out stope to prevent caving.
Cross cut – a horizontal opening driven from the
shaft to a vein across the course of a vein in Bedded deposit – an ore deposit of tabular
order to reach the ore zone. form that lies horizontally or slightly
Collar – the term applied to the timbering or inclined and is commonly parallel to the
concrete around the mouth or top of a shaft stratification of the enclosing rocks.
Stope – underground “room” or working area Sump – an excavation made at the bottom of a
from which ore is removed. shaft to collect water.
3
Terminologies
Level – horizontal passage or drift which starts

from shafts and are commonly spaced at
regular intervals in depth. Either numbered
from the surface in regular order or are
designated by their actual elevation below
the top of the shaft.
Headframe – a construction at a top of a shaft
which houses hoisting equipments.
Raise – a vertical or inclined opening driven
upwards in ore from a level.
4
Terminologies
Foot wall – the wall or rock under a vein or
other steeply inclined mineral formation.
Hanging wall – the wall or rock on the upper
side of steeply inclined deposits.
Winze – a vertical or inclined opening driven
downwards (sunk) from a point inside the
mine for the purpose of connecting with a
lower level.
Sill – synonymous with floor.
Waste – mined rocks that do not contain minerals.
5
Cage – an elevator for workers and materials in Drawpoint – a place where ore can be loaded
a mine shaft. and removed; it is located beneath the
Chute – a channel or trough underground, or stoping area, and gravity flow is used to
inclined trough above ground, through transfer the ore to the loading place.
which ore falls or is shot by gravity from a Entry – manway, haulage, way, or ventilation
higher to a lower level; can also be spelled way below the ground, of a permanent
shoot. nature.
Cone – a funnel-shaped excavation located at Face – end wall of a drift or cross cut or of
the top of a raise, and it is used to collect bedded deposit.
rock from the area above. Gangway – a main haulage road underground.
6
Terminologies
Finger Raise – used for transferring ore; the
usual arrangement is as a system of several
raises that branch together to the same
delivery point.
Gangue – undesired minerals associated with
ore.
Grizzly – an arrangement that prevents
oversized rocks from entering an ore
transfer system; consists of a steel grating
for coarse screening or scalping.

7
Terminologies
Ore – a mineral deposit that can be worked at
a profit under existing economic conditions.
Ore pass – vertical or diagonal opening
between levels to permit the movement of
ore by gravity.
Pillars – natural rock, or ore supports, left in
slopes to avoid or decrease the roof
subsidence as mining progresses.
Prospect – a mineral deposit for which the
economic value has not yet been proven.
8
Rib – wall in an entry; can also be called as Vein – thin deposit of minerals between definite
wall. boundaries.
Slot – a vertical or inclined ore section that is Strike – the line of intersection between vein and
excavated to open up for further stoping. the horizontal plane.
Tunnel – a horizontal or nearly horizontal Dip – angle of inclination of the vein from the
underground passage that is open to the horizontal plane.
atmosphere at both ends. Drift – a horizontal opening in or near a mineral
Ramp – an inclined underground opening that deposit and parallel to the course of the
connects levels or production areas; usually vein or long dimension of the deposit.
driven downward.
9
VEIN
Department of Geodetic Engineering

10
VEIN
ike
str
Drift
11
N
Dip
ike ike
str Bearing of strike str
Bearing of drift
Drift Drift
grade of drift
12
Dip and Grade of Drift Solving for Dip
B B D
D
sinθ = BD/AD
strike
tan dip = CD/BD C
θ
tan dip = grade of drift
A sinθ
D
A
grade of drift
grade of drift = CD/AD

C
13
examples exercise
A vein has a strike with bearing N 27o 30’ E. A drift in Please bring out a piece of paper. 
the vein having a 3% grade is due N 30o 20’ E. Solve A vein facing north-west has a drift driven
for the dip of the vein.
N 67o W in the plane of the vein on a
Answer: dip = 31o 15’ 14.11”
A vein of ore has strike of N 45o00' E. The vein dips at
grade of 3%. If the vein dips at 5o 15’
angle of 15o. Determine the bearing of the drift of the 53.08”, what is the bearing of the strike
vein having a grade of 6%, drilled NE relative to the of the vein?
strike.
Answer: bearing of drift = N 57o 56’ 22.41” E
(Answer it in 5 minutes)
Answer: bearing of the strike: N 48o W

14
Solving for Strike and Dip rface
d su
using Boreholes groun
BOREHOLES – any narrow shaft bored in the

ground, either vertically or horizontally ,
constructed for extraction of water or other
liquid or gases, as part of a mineral exploration,
geotechnical investigation and environmental site
assessment.

15
d su rface d su rface
groun groun
in
Ve
of
e
an
Pl
• a 3D coordinate system
is being chosen such that
its z-axis passes thru the
highest point (C)
16
d su rface d su rface
groun z groun z
C C
• the line connecting the

in n
highest two points should
i
Ve lie on the yz plane
Ve
of • choose the lowest point of
e C' B e C' B
an an
(in this case A) to lie on
P l the xy plane (horizontal Pl
B' plane), z = 0 B'
x x
D
A A strike
y y
To solve for the strike, extend the line of the 2 highest points to the horizontal Here, points A and D lie on the horizontal plane
plane. It intersects the plane at a point, D. and the plane of the vein
17
sine law:
example
θ = azimuthAB – azimuthAC C'B' = (AC')sinθ / sinφ
φ = azimuthCB – azimuthAB
AB' = (AC')sin α / sinφ
α = 180 - θ - φ Three boreholes were sunk to a vein of ore. The depth of
the three holes at the points A, B, and C, and the surface
similar triangle measurements connecting them are:
C ' B ' BB' Elevation of surface @ A = 4750 ft ;
DB' depth of hole = 3500 ft
sine law: CC ' – BB '
DB' Elevation of surface @ B = 4920 ft ;
σ = 180 – φ depth of hole = 2860 ft
DA
Elevation of surface @ C = 4790 ft ;
depth of hole = 2080 ft
AzimuthAC=60o22‘(from South); AzimuthAB=80o30‘(from
cosine law: South); AzimuthCB=140o20’ (from South)
(DA)2 = (DB')2 + (AB')2 – 2(DB')(AB')cosσ AC = 1320 ft (horizontal distance)
bearing of strike = azimuthAB + β Find the strike and dip of the vein.
18
θ = azimuthAB – azimuthAC = 20o 8’ sine law:
C'B' = 1320 * sinθ / sinφ
elevation @ depth of elevation z- φ = azimuthCB – azimuthAB = 59o 50’
Point α = 180 - θ – φ = 100o 2’
= 525.53 ft
surface hole @ vein coordinate
AB' = 1320 * sin α / sinφ
= 1503.43 ft
A 4750 3500 1250 0
sine law: similar triangle
525.53 ' 810 '
654.89 DB'
1460 1460 – 810
1918
B 4920 2860 2060 810
= sin-1(0.2952)
= 654.89 ft
= 17o 10’ 11” 525.53 810

σ = 180 – φ
= 120o 10’
C 4790 2080 2710 1460
1503.43 654.89
= 17o 10’ 11”
elevation @ vein = elevation @ surface - depth of hole
cosine law: (ΔAB’D)
z – coordinate = (elevation @ vein)i - (elevation @ vein)min (DA)2 = (654.89)2 + (1503.43)2 – 2(654.89)(1503.43)cosσ
= 1918 ft
19
bearing of strike = azimuthAB + β
= 80o 30’ + 17o 10’ 11”
= 97o 40’ 11”
sin β = EB’ / AB’
Mine Survey Limitations
EB’ = AB’ sin β = 1503.43 sin β
= N 82o 19’ 49” W (from A)
= 443.82 ft
tan(dip) = BB’ / EB’ = 810 / 443.82 Special conditions in the underground surveys:
dip = tan-1 (1.83)
1. Limitations of space: small instruments of
= 61o 16’ 50”
special designs with extension tripod legs or
suspension rods are used.
dip
AzAB= 80o 30’ 810
2. Very short and very steep (or vertical) sights:
special methods of observations are necessary
= 17o 10’ 11” with particular care to avoid the accumulation
E of excessive errors in measurements.
N

20
Mine Survey Limitations Eccentric Telescopes
Special conditions in the underground surveys:

These are small telescopes attached to the
3. Instrument station markers are on the roof: main telescope to correct the value of the
modification of the traverse procedures. measured angles.
4. Darkness: special arrangements for Eccentricity (e) – distance between the

illumination of both the instrument and target. eccentric telescope and the main telescope.
5. Slope distances: vertical angles are

measured and three dimensional coordinates of
instrument stations are determined.

21
Top Telescope example
β=α–θ Point D is sighted using a theodolite with a top
where: θ = tan-1(e / BD)
telescope at an angle of –65o 23'. The distance
(AD)2 = (BD)2 + e2
from the top telescope to point D is 100m. The
V = (AD) sinβ
elevD = elevA – V
elevation of point C (station occupied) is 150m
and the eccentricity of the instrument is 0.05m.
Find the correct vertical angle and the elevation
of point D if the height of the instrument is 1.5m.
answer: corrected vertical angle = 65o 21’16.87”

- a small telescope mounted
on top a transit or theodolite. elevation of pt. D = 60.61 m
22
Side Telescope example
- a small telescope attached at the side of a A side telescope was used to obtain angle and
transit or theodolite. distances. The distance to point B is 10.5 m
and it was turned clockwise 63o25' to sight
point A which is 14.3 m from the side
telescope. If the side telescope's offset is 0.20
m from the main telescope, what is the correct
horizontal angle between A and B?
θ1= tan-1(e / OA')
θ2= tan-1(e / OB')
β = α – θ1 + θ2
(AB)2 = (OA)2 + (OB)2 – answer: corrected angle = 63o 7’ 36.75”
(OA)2 = (OA')2
+ e2 2(OA)(OB)cos β
(OB)2 = (OB')2 + e2

23
Underground Traverse:
Exercise through adits and tunnels
Control network of traverses (frequently open-

From the given data, find the corrected vertical angles
and the elevation of station X end traverses) that must follow existing net
of mining workings and excavations.
Vertical angle Slope Executed with the utmost care and are usually
Rod
Sta. Occ. Sta. Obs. (using top distance(m)
reading (from top telescope independently checked by a second
telescope) to point sighted)
resurvey.
-3.06
(Note: negative
X Z + 60o rod reading 80
means station is on
the FLOOR)
e = 0.06 m; HI = 1.3 m; elevZ = 200 m above msl

24
Monumentation and
Control Network
marking of points
The stations of the
horizontal control network
first-order control are usually marked in the
a) 1 : 10,000 in small and medium-size mines roof (back) or walls of the
b) 1 : 20,000 in large mines extended over mining workings.
areas of several kilometers in diameter.
second-order control 1 : 5000
third-order control 1 : 1000

25
Angle and Distance
measurements
Traverse Computation
Coordinates of underground stations should be
The old-type vernier transits, although still
calculated in the surface coordinate system so
in use, are being replaced by much smaller
that positions of details on the surface can be
and lighter theodolites with the optical
analytically correlated with individual levels and
micrometer readout.
sublevels of the mine.
Steel tapes are still the most popular tools
in distance measurement. Light weight First-order and second-order underground
electronic distance measurements (EDM) traverse loops should be simultaneously adjusted
instruments are also becoming popular as by the method of least squares.
long as they are fire- and damp-proof.

26
27
Traverse Computation example
Remark:
In long traverses with many stations, the
positional accuracy of the last point may be
smaller in a traverse with measured angles,
compared with a traverse with azimuths
measured, even when the angles are measured
with a much higher accuracy than the azimuths.
If NA = 10,000 and EA = 10,000, find NE and EE.

28
Mine orientation surveys: basic
principles and classification Shaft-plumbing procedure:
Plumblines P1 and P2 serve as
intermediate traverse stations
Very often, the only access to the mine is by way between points
of vertical shafts, therefore, direct traversing
Problem: solve for orientation
from the surface is impossible. angles β1 and β2 which must be
– Shaft plumbing with two or more plumblines in one determined indirectly.
vertical shaft.
• Weisbach method
• Quadrilateral (Hause) method
– Shaft plumbing through two or more vertical shafts
with one plumbline in each shaft.

29
Weisbach Method Weisbach Method
(triangle method) (triangle method)
The orientation angles, β1 Angles β1 and β2 are calculated from the
and β2 are determined
from measurements of: simple trigonometric function:
- the angle α1 and distance a, b1
and c1 on the triangle on the
surface
- angle α2 and distance b2 and
c2 in the underground triangle.
The distance a is also measured underground to

approximately check the verticality of the wires.
The angle α2 is made to the predetermined vertical
positions of the wires on the scales (one scale for
each wire) perpendicular to the line of sight.
To complete the orientation measurements, the
angles δ1 and δ2 are measured at stations B and C.

30
Hause Method Hause Method
(quadrilateral method) (quadrilateral method)
The following The coordinates of P1 and

values are P2 are calculated in the local
measured in the system by simple intersection
quadrilateral from the base CD.
method: angles δ1 ,
δ2, γ1 and γ2 and
distance P1P2 and
CD in the figure.

31
Vertical control surveys Problem
and leveling
Surface Coordinate System
Special steel tapes of lengths up to STA. NORTHING EASTING
• A mine orientation survey was performed
using shaft plumbing with 2 plumblines in
1000 m stored on large reels are A
B
1690002.675
1690012.198
506999.507
507006.262 1 vertical shaft and the following data
available for transfer of heights were gathered in the field:
from the surface to the underground STA HOR. ANGLE
DIST (m)
workings. OCC OBS
A
(clockwise)
0-00-00.00 11.676
B P1 217-33-59.07 8.398
P2 253-36-11.13 5.728
Underground Coordinate System

LINE DIST. (m) Assumed AZIMUTH
C-D 12.505 270-00-00
STA HOR. ANGLE STA HOR. ANGLE

OCC OBS (counterclockwise) OCC OBS (clockwise)
D 0-00-00.00 C 0-00-00.00
C P1 51-57-27.00 D P2 46-21-05.00
P2 76-55-53.00 P1 61-16-10.00
32
For practice References
• From the results of the previous • Anderson, J. Mikhail, E. Surveying Theory and Practice
(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Science, 1998.
problem, perform a check by using the
• Davis, R., Foote, F., et al. Surveying Theory and
formulas discussed (Hause method). Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Verify if the coordinates of A, B, P1 1981.
and P2 that you will get using the
solved coordinates of C and D is
correct. 

33
Thank you for listening!

34

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Mining Surveys

- Includes geo-physical surveys for mineral and

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

Level – horizontal passage or drift which starts

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

grade of drift = CD/AD

Answer: bearing of the strike: N 48o W

BOREHOLES – any narrow shaft bored in the

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

• the line connecting the

= 17o 10’ 11” 525.53 810

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Special conditions in the underground surveys:

4. Darkness: special arrangements for Eccentricity (e) – distance between the

5. Slope distances: vertical angles are

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

answer: corrected vertical angle = 65o 21’16.87”

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

Control network of traverses (frequently open-

e = 0.06 m; HI = 1.3 m; elevZ = 200 m above msl

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

The distance a is also measured underground to

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

The following The coordinates of P1 and

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

Underground Coordinate System

STA HOR. ANGLE STA HOR. ANGLE

Department of Geodetic Engineering Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

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